黑麦草分泌有机酸的生物特性对铅污染修复的影响

为了揭示根系分泌有机酸对植物修复效果的影响,该文采用液培试验研究根系分泌有机酸对黑麦草生理特性及重金属pb2+吸收转移的影响.结果表明,黑麦草根系分泌有机酸为草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸、冰乙酸和柠檬酸.0.1～1 mmol/L的内二酸和2～3 mmol/L冰乙酸有利于黑麦草地上和根系干质量的增加.0.1 mmol/L的洒石酸、0.5～l mmol/L的丙二酸、2～3 mmol/L的冰乙酸促进耐性指数的增加.1～3 mmol/L的丙二酸,酒石酸对地上部分Pb2+质量浓度起促进作用,1～3mmol/L的冰乙酸有利于黑麦草 生物量的增加,同时也有利于根系重金属pb2+质量浓度的增加.该研究可为重金属污染的植物修复技术提供参考.     

续断菊与玉米间作的铅累积及根系低分子量有机酸分泌特征研究

为探明间作作物根系分泌低分子量有机酸对土壤重金属生物有效性的影响,采用矿区周边农田土壤进行室内盆栽试验,研究了云南本土超累积植物续断菊(Sonchus asper L. Hill)和玉米(Zea mays L.)间作下,植物生长、根系低分子量有机酸分泌量、根际土壤Pb提取形态以及植物Pb积累特点。结果表明:与单作相比,间作续断菊地上部和根部生物量、根长、根内径和根系体积均显著增加(P0.05);间作玉米根部生物量、根长、根内径和根系体积显著增加(P0.05)。柠檬酸、草酸是续断菊和玉米根系分泌的主要低分子量有机酸,间作导致续断菊根系低分子量有机酸的分泌量增加,玉米根系低分子量有机酸的分泌量降低。续断菊根际土壤生物有效态Pb含量增加85.2%(P0.05),而玉米根际土壤生物有效态Pb含量降低26.1%(P0.05)。续断菊体内Pb含量显著增加18.0%～43.2%(P0.05),富集系数提高26.0%,而转运系数降低42.0%;玉米地上部Pb含量显著降低24.3%(P0.05),转运系数降低43.1%。续断菊根系分泌的柠檬酸和草酸数量,均与土壤生物有效态Pb含量呈显著正相关,且土壤有效态Pb含量分别与续断菊地上部和根部的Pb含量呈显著正相关。表明间作增加了续断菊对Pb的吸收积累量,与间作体系植物根系分泌的低分子有机酸介导下的土壤有效态Pb含量增加密切相关。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷释放动力学的影响

模拟植物在缺磷条件下,根系所分泌的有机酸种类和数量,用流动法研究了柠檬酸,苹果酸,草酸和酒石酸对土壤磷释放的影响。结果表明：有机酸能明显促进土壤中磷的释放,不同有机酸对石灰性土壤活化能力大小的次序为草酸≥柠檬酸〉苹果酸〉酒石酸;而对酸性土壤磷的释放量与Ｆｅ＋Ａｌ释放量之间呈极 相关,有机酸活化土壤磷能力大小的次序为柠檬酸〉草酸〉酒石酸〉苹果酸。     

有机酸对活化土壤中镉和小麦吸收镉的影响

向土壤中加入外源有机酸,研究有机酸对活化土壤中镉的作用和小麦吸收镉的影响。结果表明：有机酸对土壤中镉有一定的活化能力,对镉活化能力强弱顺序为ＥＤＴＡ〉缺铁小麦根分泌物〉柠檬酸〉苹果酸〉水。但ＥＤＴＡ却降低了小麦地上部镉的含量,缺铁小麦根分泌物明显增加了小麦地上部镉含量。与对照相比,柠檬酸和苹果酸对小麦地上部的镉含量有一定的促进作用,也增加了小麦地上部镉含量。     

铅胁迫下小花南芥与玉米间作对根系分泌物 有机酸的影响

为了揭示Pb胁迫对间作和单作的超累积植物和作物根系分泌低分子有机酸的影响,研究设置400 mg·L?1Pb胁迫,采用水培曝气法试验,以玉米和小花南芥单作为对照处理,研究Pb胁迫下玉米和小花南芥间作对植物根系形态、根系分泌有机酸及Pb吸收的影响。结果表明:与单作相比,间作小花南芥情况下,玉米根系分泌物检测到乳酸;玉米分根条数、根表面积和根密度与单作相比分别增加60%、15%和42%,地下部和地上部干重生物量分别增加108%和75%,玉米地下部Pb含量下降44%;与单作相比,间作玉米条件下,小花南芥根系分泌物检测到乙酸和乳酸,小花南芥根系分泌物量与单作相比增加103%~1 700%,小花南芥地下部和地上部Pb累积量分别比单作增加49%和75%,转运系数增加22%。相关分析结果表明,单作小花南芥只有地上部Pb累积量与草酸显著相关,而间作小花南芥地下部和地上部Pb累积量与草酸、柠檬酸和苹果酸显著相关。研究表明超富集植物小花南芥与玉米间作体系,根系分泌的有机酸改变了Pb在小花南芥和玉米体内的累积特征,促进超累积植物小花南芥累积Pb,减少农作物玉米植株体内Pb含量。Pb胁迫下超累积植物小花南芥与玉米间作是一种可行的修复模式。     

苦荞根系分泌有机酸对低氮胁迫的响应机制

通过对两种不同低氮耐受性苦荞品种{迪庆苦荞(DQ,耐低氮)及黑丰1号(HF,不耐低氮)}的盆栽试验,研究了苦荞根系分泌有机酸(丙二酸、丙酸、草酸、酒石酸、乙酸)对低氮胁迫(尿素,80 mg kg~(-1))的响应机制。分析结果表明:幼苗期时,低氮处理(尿素,80 mg kg~(-1))与常氮处理(尿素,160 mg kg~(-1))相比,HF和DQ土壤含水量分别减少24.2%和14.32%,且这一时期低氮胁迫下DQ耗水量显著高于HF。DQ根际土壤pH值在幼苗期和开花期分别比HF低1.44%和8.44%。裂区分析显示,氮处理对苦荞根际土壤有机酸含量有显著的影响。低氮胁迫下苦荞根系分泌有机酸含量在品种间具有差异,根际土壤中丙二酸与其他有机酸相比含量较多但并未在品种间产生显著差异,DQ根际土壤中草酸含量在各个生育期分别显著高于HF 40.16%、25.24%和41.31%,酒石酸也在开花期和成熟期表现出相同的趋势。综上所述,苦荞可能通过根系有机酸的分泌来调节根际土壤养分有效性以应对低氮胁迫环境,对于未来贫瘠土壤上苦荞的种植应考量其耐瘠性的差异,选育耐瘠性强的品种来增加效益。     

低分子有机酸对贵州黄壤中镉释放及形态的影响

以贵州典型黄壤为研究对象,采用不同浓度的柠檬酸、苹果酸及酒石酸作为浸提剂,通过振荡浸提法及BCR连续提取法,研究了低分子有机酸对黄壤中Cd的浸提作用及黄壤中Cd的形态变化。同时,分析了低分子有机酸对黄壤中Cd活化的环境风险。结果表明:3种低分子有机酸均可促进土壤Cd的浸出,且随有机酸浓度的增加而增加,浸提效果大小为柠檬酸苹果酸≈酒石酸。苹果酸、酒石酸分别与柠檬酸复合添加的浸提率,均高于单一添加苹果酸、酒石酸,小于单一柠檬酸。在有机酸作用下,土壤中弱酸可溶态Cd比例增加,增幅在21.11%～64.25%之间;可还原态Cd减少,降幅为7.88%～24.03%之间。可氧化态和残渣态Cd变化不大。有机酸的复合添加后,可进一步增加土壤中弱酸可溶态Cd,降低可还原态Cd,其中复合方式N5+P5效果最明显,但会增加土壤中Cd活化的环境风险。环境风险分析表明,柠檬酸对土壤中Cd活化的环境风险要远大于苹果酸和酒石酸,且随有机酸浓度的增加有增加趋势。     

低分子有机酸对土壤中Pb形态的影响

为探讨螯合诱导修复技术的作用机制,研究2种低分子有机酸即柠檬酸和苹果酸对土壤中重金属Pb各形态的影响。结果表明,对于人工模拟不同污染程度的PbⅠ～PbⅣ土壤,随着柠檬酸和苹果酸添加浓度的升高,土壤中最具活性的可交换态Pb百分含量均有不同程度的提高,从而达到了活化重金属Pb的目的;Pb活化效果随柠檬酸浓度升高而升高,随苹果酸浓度升高呈先上升后基本不变趋势,当有机酸浓度为10,20 mmol/kg时,苹果酸和柠檬酸活化Pb效果分别达到最优;二者相比,柠檬酸活化Pb效果优于苹果酸的活化效果。     

添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化及苋菜镉积累的影响

植物根系分泌的低分子量有机酸能够与土壤中的镉形成镉–有机酸复合体,从而影响根际镉的移动性。本文通过添加有机酸对土壤镉形态转化的研究,阐明有机酸与镉生物积累的关系。采用盆栽试验及土壤培养等方法,研究了添加苹果酸、柠檬酸对赤红壤和黄棕壤中镉的形态转化以及超积累型苋菜天星米镉生物积累的影响。结果表明,与Cd 25 mg/kg处理比较,Cd 25 mg/kg＋苹果酸、Cd 25mg/kg＋柠檬酸处理对苋菜生物量未产生影响,但显著增加苋菜根系及地上部镉含量;添加苹果酸、柠檬酸处理显著降低土壤专性吸附态Cd含量,却显著增加了交换态Cd、碳酸盐结合态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量。说明添加苹果酸、柠檬酸还能够通过影响土壤镉形态转化而促进苋菜对镉的积累。     

黑麦草对土壤中Pb的富积作用及耐受性研究

通过土培实验研究了在单一因素影响下,不同浓度的Pb对黑麦草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,同时测定了其抗性生理指标的改变以及地上部分和根系对Pb的富集作用.实验结果表明,低浓度的Pb(＜500 mg/kg)单一污染时,对黑麦草种子萌发及幼苗生长有促进作用.高浓度时有显著的抑制作用.且随着浓度的升高(500～2 000 mg/kg),抑制作用和毒害作用都加强,各项指标均出现显著降低.同时,随Pb浓度增加,丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性糖含量显著增加,呈极显著正相关.叶片光合色素含量先增后减,呈负相关.黑麦草对Pb有一定的富集能力,当Pb浓度为500 mg/kg时,地上部分相对累计量达到最大.     

复合污染土壤中水稻根际元素特性及效应研究

【目的】以广东大宝山重金属复合污染农田为生长介质,通过研究水稻不同部位生长量、 金属含量、 对金属的富集系数,及其与根际、 非根际土金属含量、 形态变化的相关关系,探讨根际效应可能对水稻体内金属积累转运以及生物量的影响。【方法】选取了广东大宝山稻田重金属复合污染(As、 Pb、 Fe、 Cu、 Zn)土壤及当地常见的20个水稻品种进行根际袋试验,即将根际袋内的土视为根际土,根际袋外的土视为非根际土,将供试水稻品种种植于根际袋土壤中60天后收获,测定水稻各部位的生长量、 不同金属的含量,根际土和非根际土中各金属有效态的含量。【结果】Fe、 Cu、 Pb、 Zn、 As在根部的富集系数均大于其在茎叶的富集系数,各金属在茎叶和根部的富集能力排序分别为Zn Cu As ≈ Pb ≈ Fe和Fe Zn As Cu Pb。根际土和非根际土中各种金属有效态含量均为Fe Cu Pb Zn As。研究还发现,有效态Fe、 Cu和Zn浓度对整株干重的影响显著,作用强弱顺序为Cu Zn Fe,对水稻生长影响作用显著的三种有效态金属Fe、 Cu和Zn均为植物生长所必需的元素。供试土壤中有效态Cu浓度对水稻的生长所起的作用最强。根际土有效态Fe浓度对根系Fe的积累作用效果显著,有效态As浓度显著抑制了根系Fe的积累,且有效态As浓度的作用强于有效态Fe。【结论】根际土中有效态Fe对株高、 根干重、 茎叶干重和整株干重均起着抑制作用,有效态Cu对水稻生长起到了促进作用。根际土有效态As和非根际土有效态Zn对根部Fe的积累起到了抑制作用,根际土有效态Fe和非根际土有效态Cu则起到了促进作用。非根际土有效态Fe和有效态Zn对水稻根长的增加均起到了促进作用。     

Transformation of Lead Solid Fraction in the Rhizosphere of Elsholtzia splendens: The Importance of Organic Matter

The rhizosphere, enriched in organic matter, is the bottleneck of metal transfer in the soil–plant system. However, the transformation of metal fractions in the rhizosphere and the mechanisms that are involved, notably the role of organic matter, are poorly known. In this study, the solid-phase fractionation of lead (Pb) in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of Elsholtzia splendens in a Pb-contaminated soil was investigated using a nine-step selective sequential extraction method in a pot experiment. Compared to the non-rhizosphere soil, there were measurable increases in Pb-fulvic complexes, Pb-humic complexes, organic Pb, and amorphous Pb but no significant changes in other forms of Pb in the rhizosphere soil. Pb-fulvic complexes and organic Pb, increasing from 397 to 438 mg kg^?1 and 229 to 258 mg kg^?1, respectively, showed a stronger accumulating trend than Pb-humic complexes and amorphous Pb, with an increase from 15.9 to 17.3 mg kg^?1 and 6.04 to 7.80 mg kg^?1 respectively, in the rhizosphere soil relative to non rhizosphere soil. These results may be mainly due to the enrichment of organic matter in the rhizosphere soil, resulting from root exudation and the enhanced turnover of microorganisms. The accumulation of Pb-fulvic complexes in the rhizosphere soil increases the potential phytoavailable pool, thus likely facilitating the phytoextraction of Pb in metal-contaminated soil.     

Low molecular weight organic acids released from roots of durum wheat and flax into sterile nutrient solutions

Knowledge of the composition and quantity of organic substances released from roots of different plant species is necessary for understanding the chemical and biological processes in the rhizosphere. The present study was undertaken to quantify low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) released from roots of five cultivars/lines of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum L.): Kyle, Sceptre, DT618, DT627, and DT637 and four cultivars/ lines of flax (Linum usitatissiumum L.): Somme, Flanders, AC Emerson, and YSED 2. Plants were grown in sterile nutrient solution cultures and amounts of organic acids exuded by roots were analyzed by gas chromatography. The LMWOAs varied significantly among both durum wheat and flax cultivars and oxalic, malonic, fumaric, succinic, acetic, malic, citric and tartaric acids were detected in root exudates of both species. Generally, oxalic and acetic acids were predominant in durum wheat exudates and oxalic, acetic and malic acids were predominant in flax root exudates. High oxalic acid concentrations occurred in root exudates of durum wheat cultivars DT627 and DT637, and flax cultivar YSED 2. Compared with the other durum wheat cultivars, Kyle released the lowest total amount of LMWOAs, whereas among the flax cultivars, YSED 2 had the highest total amount of acids secreted from roots. The data showed that the release of LMWOAs from roots was cultivar dependent. The results provide valuable background information for studying the role of root exudates in soil‐plant relationships.     

Changes in microbial biomass C, soil carbohydrate composition and aggregate stability induced by growth of selected crop and forage species under field conditions

The effects of growth of various crop and forage species on microbial biomass C, soil carbohydrate content and monosaccharide composition, and mean weight diameter (MWD) were investigated in two field experiments. One experiment was conducted over one growing season (4 months) whereas the other had been conducted for three consecutive growing seasons (32 months). In the four-month experiment, aggregate stability (estimated as MWD) of soil from experimental plots followed the order Italian ryegrass > prairie grass > phacelia = pea = maize. At the 32-month site the order was perennial ryegrass > annual ryegrass > perennial white clover = barley. At both sites crops with the greatest root mass and root length density had the greatest effect on increasing MWD. In all cases, rhizosphere soil had a significantly higher microbial biomass and MWD than non-rhizosphere soil. However, organic C, total content of acid-hydrolysable carbohydrate and content of individual monosaccharides in acid hydrolysates were similar in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil. The fraction of soil carbohydrate extractable with hot water (representing about 6-8% of the total carbohydrate content) was significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil. This fraction has a galactose plus mannose over arabinose plus xylose ratio of 2.1–2.3 indicating that it was predominantly of microbial origin. It is suggested that the carbohydrate fraction extractable with hot water is made up of exocellular microbial polysaccharides that are involved in stabilizing soil aggregates in the rhizosphere. By comparison with arable crop species, grass species have a larger root mass and root length density, and therefore a higher microbial biomass and larger production of carbohydrate extractable with hot water. As a result they have a more marked effect on improving soil aggregate stability.     

Lead Phytostabilization and Cationic Micronutrient Uptake by Maize as Influenced by Pb Levels and Application of Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids

ABSTRACT

Phytoremediation is a promising technique to clean up toxic heavy metals including lead (Pb). A greenhouse trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of citric, succinic, malonic and oxalic acids on micronutrient uptake and phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil by maize under different Pb levels. Mean root and shoot dry weights of maize decreased with increasing Pb levels. At the lowest Pb level, application of citric and oxalic acids caused increase effects on root and shoot dry weight, respectively, as compared to the absence of organic acid. As Pb levels increased, micronutrient uptake in maize shoot decreased. Among the studied organic acids, only the application of oxalic acid increased uptake of all micronutrients in maize shoot as compared to control at the lowest Pb level. Mean root and shoot Pb concentration and uptake and also uptake index noticeably increased at the highest Pb level. All tested acids increased Pb concentration and uptake in maize root. At the highest Pb level, organic acids, except for citric acid, significantly increased shoot Pb uptake and uptake index as compared to the absence of organic acid. Translocation factors less than 1, demonstrated that most of Pb taken up by maize accumulated in root as compared to shoot. According to results reported herein, application of malonic, succinic and oxalic acids is a good strategy to enhance phytostabilization potential of Pb by maize in pb-polluted soils.     

氮锌配施对冬小麦根土界面锌有效性及形态分级的影响

【目的】 氮能够促进冬小麦根系对锌的吸收及在籽粒中的积累。研究氮锌配施对冬小麦根土界面锌有效性及形态分级的影响,有助于探究氮锌配施促进冬小麦吸收锌的可能机制,为合理施用氮肥来提高冬小麦籽粒锌含量提供一定的理论依据。 【方法】 以冬小麦为试材进行了根箱培养试验。分别设置三个氮水平 (0、0.2和0.4 g/kg) 和两个锌水平 (0和10 mg/kg),分析了冬小麦地上部锌含量、根际土和非根际土有效锌含量、pH以及六种锌形态含量。 【结果】 氮锌配施 (N_0.2Zn₁₀和N_0.4Zn₁₀) 处理显著提高了冬小麦地上部干物质重和锌含量。在不施锌 (Zn₀) 条件下,N_0.4处理显著提高根际土壤的有效锌含量;在Zn₁₀条件下,N_0.4和N_0.2处理均显著降低根际土有效锌含量,却提高了非根际土有效锌含量。无论施锌与否,N_0.4和N_0.2处理均显著降低根际土壤的pH,但对非根际土壤的pH影响不大。在Zn₀条件下,N_0.4和N_0.2处理显著降低了根际土壤交换态锌、碳酸盐结合态锌及非根际土氧化物结合态锌含量,提高了非根际土交换态锌、根际与非根际土壤残渣态锌含量。在Zn₁₀条件下,N_0.4和N_0.2处理显著提高了根际和非根际土交换态锌、非根际土松结有机态和紧结有机态锌及根际土残渣态锌含量,降低了根际土松结有机态、碳酸盐结合态锌及根际与非根际土壤残渣态锌含量。 【结论】 氮锌配施提高冬小麦锌含量,促进冬小麦锌的吸收,可能是由于氮锌配施与冬小麦根系共同作用降低了根际土壤pH,促进土壤中锌从松结有机态和碳酸盐结合态向交换态转化,从而提高了土壤锌的有效性。