岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡野生维管植物区系分析

采用野外调查结合收集资料的方法,在建立岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡野生维管植物名录的基础上,对该地区野生维管植物区系进行分析,结果表明：①岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡共有野生维管植物14科17属20种;②科的世界分布类型占优势,优势科及表征科不明显,单种科占优势;③区系地理成分以温带分布型为主,其中：在科级水平上,温带分布型科共有3科,占到总科数(不含世界广布科)的75%;在属级水平上,温带性质分布型的属有9属,占总属数(不含世界广布属)的69.23%;④岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡植物区系与其他地区联系广泛,尤其是与古南大陆植物区系和横断山区其他干旱河谷的植物区系联系密切。     

岷江上游干旱河谷不同土地利用类型的土壤有机碳和易氧化态碳特征

生态交错带是全球变化敏感区,研究生态交错带不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳的变化,可为生态交错带因人类活动引起的土地利用和覆被变化对土壤碳汇功能的影响提供基础数据。该文研究了岷江上流干旱河谷/山地森林交错带具有代表性的高山栎地、灌丛地、灌木林地、花椒地、农耕地以及人工刺槐林地不同土层深度土壤中有机碳和易氧化态碳的含量和分布特征,以及易氧化态碳与有机碳的关系。结果表明:不同土地利用类型的有机碳含量和易氧化态碳含量随土层深度的增加而减少;易氧化态碳与有机碳间呈极显著的相关性;土壤易氧化态碳占有机碳的比例波动为3.57%～12.71%,表现为高山栎地＞农耕地＞灌木林地＞人工刺槐林地＞灌丛地＞花椒地。研究结果说明植被类型是导致岷江上游干旱河谷/山地森林交错带不同土地利用类型土壤中有机碳和易氧化态碳含量差异的重要原因。     

岷江上游杂谷脑河流域林树下线土壤持水性及影响因素

在岷江上游杂谷脑河流域特殊的地理环境背景下,土壤水分成了限制林树下线树木生长和分布的关键因子,采用野外定位试验与室内试验相结合的方法,对岷江上游杂谷脑河流域具有代表性的林树下线土壤持水性及物理性质进行了研究,利用Gardner经验方程拟合出其土壤水分特征曲线,研究林树下线土壤持水性及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)典型土壤拟合参数a值大部分在20以上,同一种林地类型,土壤持水能力表现为阴坡阳坡;同一坡向土壤持水能力为天然林阴坡人工林;不同土层深度土壤持水能力为表层下层(人工林阳坡除外)。(2)天然林和人工林的比水容重均表现为:阳坡阴坡;阴坡和阳坡的比水容重在土层剖面上无明显规律。这说明土壤的供水能力受坡向影响大,植被类型、土层深度影响小。(3)岷江上游山区林地土壤以粉粒最多,黏粒最少,砂粒居中,且阳坡林地砂粒含量低于阴坡,粉粒和黏粒含量高于阴坡;阴坡林地土壤容重随海拔的升高而递增,阳坡林地土壤容重随海拔的升高而呈先增后减的规律,阴坡的土壤容重明显低于阳坡;林地土壤孔隙度结构总体阴坡优于阳坡。(4)林地土壤持水性与黏粒、非毛管孔隙度呈极显著正相关,与容重和毛管孔隙度呈显著正相关,退耕还林工程中,大量种植的经果林和生态林能有效改善土壤的质地。因此,在当地进行植被恢复过程中,首先要考虑的就是土壤水分问题,应当从高海拔交错带逐步向下进行,最终达到岷江上游干旱河谷困难地段的植被恢复可以顺利进行的目的。     

岷江上游土壤侵蚀时空演变特征及其成因分析

为研究岷江上游流域土壤侵蚀动态变化情况,使用通用土壤流失方程(USLE)和统计学、空间分析等方法探讨了该区域2001—2017年土壤侵蚀时空演变特征及其成因。结果表明：(1)岷江上游流域土壤侵蚀主要发生在西部、西南部、东北部和东南部。(2)土壤侵蚀模数显著减小区域主要分布在流域西部和西南部,从地形、降水和土地利用看,主要分布于海拔2 500～5 000 m、坡度大于15°、年均降水量800～1 200 mm的区域和林地侵蚀区。土壤侵蚀显著增加区域主要分布在北部和东南部,其中以中山、亚高山区域和年均降水量400～800 mm的干旱河谷区域为主。(3)土壤侵蚀状况与海拔、坡度、年降水量和植被类型在空间上呈显著正相关关系(p<0.05),随着海拔、坡度、年降水量增加,土壤侵蚀现象越明显。(4)未利用地、草地和林地土壤侵蚀较明显,侵蚀占比(轻度及以上侵蚀面积占该类型的比例)分别为87.11%,39.75%和9.49%。(5)不同类型林地侵蚀占比由大到小为疏林地(15.04%)>针叶林(13.50%)>混交林(4.41%)>阔叶林(0.97%)。林地土壤侵蚀主要受降水和植...     

岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡植物群落的β多样性分析

岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡历来都是该地区植被恢复的重点区域,选择β多样性指数为指标分析其植物群落,能够为岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡的植被保护,特别是"5.12"汶川大地震破坏区域的植被恢复提供一定的理论依据和实践指导。分析表明,岷江上游干旱河谷荒坡植物群落的β多样性及其波动幅度较小,但总体而言随着海拔的增加而呈现减小的趋势;其植物群落生境梯度的变化是非均匀的,在物种组成和结构上差异均不明显但相对稳定。     

土壤斥水性影响土壤水分运动研究进展

土壤斥水性广泛存在于各类土壤,是影响植物生长、土壤水分运动以及土壤侵蚀等水土过程的重要因素。该文阐述了土壤斥水性的基本概念,介绍了几种常用的斥水性强度测定方法及适用范围。在此基础上,论文对土壤斥水性如何影响土壤水力性质以及水分运动特征等研究现状作了全面评述,重点讨论了近年来该领域的研究热点,如土壤斥水性影响下的指流观测和理论模拟以及斥水性土壤蒸发过程等。最后,提出了相关研究中亟待解决的若干关键科学问题,主要包括确定土壤斥水性影响指流现象和蒸发过程的物理机制的揭示;考虑土壤斥水性参数的土壤水分运动数学模型的构建;以及对新模型的求解及对数值解的理论分析。由于土壤斥水性对土壤水分运动有重要的关联效应,相关问题的深入研究对进一步认识土壤水分运动的内在物理机制具有重要理论意义,也将为掌握和有效利用土壤斥水性提供实践指导。     

岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带植被恢复对土壤微生物量及酶活性的影*响

为了解岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带植被恢复对土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响,以交错带森林段及其下缘地段为研究对象,选取干旱河谷段封禁造林地为参照,分析了植被恢复过程中土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性的特征及其相关关系。结果表明:在交错带中土壤微生物量碳、氮以及蛋白酶的活性均随着海拔的升高呈逐渐增加的趋势;而土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性随海拔的升高先增多后减少。通过对交错带山地森林下缘3种植被恢复模式研究表明,恢复植被能显著提高土壤的养分,增加土壤的生物活性。同时,土壤微生物量碳、氮和酶活性变化均具有明显的空间层次现象,即随土层深度的增加而呈降低的趋势。相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量碳、氮和4种土壤酶活性均与土壤pH呈负相关关系,与土壤其他养分呈正相关关系,说明岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带土壤微生物量和酶活性受植被、pH值、土壤养分和含水量等因素的共同影响,可作为评价土壤肥力的指标。     

土壤斥水性影响因素及管理措施研究综述

土壤斥水性是影响土壤水文过程的一个重要因素。简述了土壤斥水性的基本概念，归纳了土壤水分、土壤有机质、土壤质地、土壤pH值、土地利用方式等对土壤斥水性的影响，总结了国内外改良土壤斥水性的措施，提出未来的研究重点是微生物和植物根系的分泌物、外源添加物等因素对斥水性的影响过程及机理，斥水性对农业生产的影响，斥水性的时空异质性，斥水性土壤在我国的分布及斥水性程度等。     

岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带退耕还林后土壤养分变化和微生物分布特征

通过实地调查与实验分析,对岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带退耕还林后土壤养分状况和微生物数量特征进行研究.结果表明:土壤有机质、全N含量为交错带山地森林段>交错带山地森林下缘地段>干旱河谷地段;土壤全P含量为交错带山地森林下缘地段>交错带山地森林段>干旱河谷地段;土壤pH值为干旱河谷地段>交错带山地森林下缘地段>交错带山地森林段;土壤真菌、细菌、放线菌、氨化菌以及固氮菌的数量随海拔的升高先增多后减少,纤维素分解菌的数量随海拔的升高而增多.同时,通过对交错带山地森林下缘3种植被恢复模式研究表明,恢复植被能显著提高土壤的养分,增加微生物的数量.土壤养分和微生物数量变化均具有明显的空间层次现象,即随土层的加深呈降低的趋势.本研究区域土壤微生物数量与土壤养分密切相关.     

再生水灌溉对土壤斥水性的影响

深入探求再生水灌溉条件下不同土壤中水分和溶质的分布及斥水性变化规律,能为再生水灌溉条件下土壤斥水性产生原因及其影响因素的研究提供一定的参考。选用砂土、砂姜黑土、塿土和盐碱土进行土柱再生水灌溉试验,取样测定不同灌水量条件下剖面土壤的潜在斥水性、含水率、Cl-、有机质(organicmatter,OM)含量及电导率(electrical conductivity,EC)等。结果表明:再生水灌溉后,塿土及盐碱土分别出现0～2,1～3级斥水性,砂土及砂姜黑土为0级斥水性,4种土表层表现出较强的斥水性。土壤斥水性随再生水灌水量和灌溉时间的增加而显著增强,并且灌水量越大,斥水性差异性越显著。4种土有机质含量OM与土壤斥水持续时间变化值TR呈正相关关系,Cl-含量、EC值与土壤斥水持续时间变化值TR呈负相关关系。相比较其他3种土而言,砂土更适合再生水灌溉。     

Effects of compaction on soil surface water repellency

Water repellency can reduce the infiltration capacity of soils over timescales similar to those of precipitation events. Compaction can also reduce infiltration capacity by decreasing soil hydraulic conductivity, but the effect of compaction on soil water repellency is unknown. This study explores the effect of compaction on the wettability of water repellent soil. Three air‐dry (water content ～4 g 100 g^?1) silt loam samples of contrasting wettability (non‐repellent, strongly and severely water repellent) were homogenized and subjected to various pressures in the range 0–1570 kPa in an odeometer for 24 h. Following removal, sample surface water repellency was reassessed using the water drop penetration time method and surface roughness using white light interferometry. An increase in compaction pressure caused a significant reduction in soil surface water repellency, which in turn increases the soil's initial infiltration capacity. The difference in surface roughness of soils compacted at the lowest and highest pressures was significant (at P > 0.2) suggesting an increase in the contact area between sessile water drops and soil surfaces was providing increased opportunities for surface wetting mechanisms to proceed. This suggests that compaction of a water repellent soil may lead to an increased rate of surface wetting, which is a precursor to successful infiltration of water into bulk soil. Although there may be a reduction in soil conductivity upon compaction, the more rapid initiation of infiltration may, in some circumstances, lead to an overall increase in the proportion of rain or irrigation water infiltrating water repellent soil, rather than contributing to surface run‐off or evaporation.     

Soil water repellency and infiltration in coarse-textured soils of burned and unburned sagebrush ecosystems

Millions of dollars are spent each year in the United States to mitigate the effects of wildfires and reduce the risk of flash floods and debris flows. Research from forested, chaparral, and rangeland communities indicate that severe wildfires can cause significant increases in soil water repellency resulting in increased runoff and erosion. Few data are available to document the effects of fire on the spatial and temporal variability in soil water repellency and potential impacts on infiltration and runoff on sagebrush-dominated landscapes. Soil water repellency, infiltration and runoff were assessed after two wildfires and one prescribed fire in three steep, sagebrush-dominated watersheds with coarse-textured soils. Water repellency was generally greater on unburned hillslopes and annual variability in water repellency had a greater impact on infiltration capacity than fire effects. The most significant impact of fire was canopy and ground cover removal on coppice microsites. Infiltration rates decreased on coppice microsites after fire even though soil water repellency was reduced. Fire-induced reduction in infiltration resulted from the combined effect of canopy and ground cover removal and the presence of naturally strong water repellent soils. Removal of ground cover likely increased the spatial connectivity of runoff areas from strongly water repellent soils. The results indicate that for coarse-textured sagebrush landscapes with high pre-fire soil water repellency, post-fire increases in runoff are more influenced by fire removal of ground and canopy cover than fire effects on soil water repellency and that the degree of these impacts may be significantly influenced by short-term fluctuations in water repellent soil conditions.     

斥水程度对脱水土壤水分特征曲线的影响

为研究斥水程度对土壤水分特征曲线的影响,该文基于滴水穿透时间法,人工配置7种斥水程度的黏壤土(L0~L6)和6种斥水程度的砂土(S0~S5),用高速离心机测定其土壤水分特征曲线,应用van Genuchten-Mualem(VG)模型进行拟合,得出VG模型水力参数。结果表明:在同一吸力条件下,斥水黏壤土的含水率比斥水砂土的高;随着斥水程度增加,在相同吸力情况下,土壤含水率随斥水程度增大而减小;斥水黏壤土的残余含水率随着斥水程度增加而减小,斥水砂土S0~S3的残余含水率没有差异,S4、S5的残余含水率显著减小;斥水黏壤土和砂土进气值的对数与斥水剂添加量呈负线性相关;随着斥水程度增加,田间持水率减小,凋萎系数没有明显差异,重力水增加,有效水和易有效水减小,易利用水比例随着斥水程度增加而减小;对于斥水黏壤土,微孔隙(0.3~5μm)和小孔隙(5~30μm)含量随着斥水程度的增加明显减小,土壤空隙(≥100μm)随着斥水程度的增加急剧增加;对于斥水砂土,中等孔隙(30~75μm)的含量随斥水程度的增加明显增加。该研究成果可为斥水土壤的入渗、蒸发和数值模拟提供理论支持。     

Water-repellent soil and its relationship to granularity, surface roughness and hydrophobicity: a materials science view

Considerable soil water repellency has been observed at a wide range of locations worldwide. The soil exhibiting water repellency is found within the upper part of the soil profile. The reduced rate of water infiltration into these soils leads to severe runoff erosion, and reduction of plant growth. Soil water repellency is promoted by drying of soil, and can be induced by fire or intense heating of soil containing hydrophobic organic matter. Recent studies outside soil science have shown how enhancement of the natural water repellency of materials, both porous and granular, by surface texture (i.e. surface roughness, pattern and morphology) into super‐hydrophobicity is possible. The similarities between these super‐hydrophobic materials and observed properties of water‐repellent soil are discussed from a non‐soil scientist, materials‐based perspective. A simple model is developed for a hydrophobic granular surface and it is shown that this can provide a mechanism for enhancement of soil water repellency through the relative size and spacing of grains and pores. The model provides a possible explanation for why soil water repellency should be more prevalent under dry conditions than wet. Consequences for water runoff, raindrop splash and soil erosion are discussed.     

金沙江干热河谷典型区土壤退化机理研究——土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的作用

云南省金沙江干热河谷典型区土壤侵蚀普遍而严重 ,对土壤退化有关键性影响。通过对该区不同退化土壤的侵蚀状况 ,从土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的空间分布格局 ,土壤侵蚀对土壤退化类型的发生和作用机制 ,探讨了土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的作用和影响。结果表明 :(1)侵蚀和水土流失是造成土壤退化的要因 ,不同侵蚀类型及其强度控制了土壤退化的空间分布 ;(2 )土壤侵蚀对土壤退化的作用机制主要是 :不同土壤侵蚀强度 ,决定了土壤退化发生类型的数量和程度 ;通过对该区几类主要土壤退化类型发生机制进行分析 ,看出土壤侵蚀是以冲刷剥蚀、搬运扩散和沉积掩埋等作用为主 ,造成和加速了土壤退化的发生和发展。     

斥水红黏土的增湿强度特性研究

在红黏土中加入十八胺使其由亲水变为斥水,分别对亲水和斥水土进行不同容重下增湿和不增湿直剪试验,通过试验对不增湿条件下红黏土由亲水变为斥水后的抗剪强度变化规律及增湿对亲水和斥水红黏土抗剪强度的影响展开研究.试验结果表明:不增湿条件下,亲水土壤变为斥水后其强度会降低,且随着正应力的增大斥水土壤抗剪强度降低越明显;增湿对亲水...     

The effect of dairy sewage sludge amendment on repellency and hydraulic conductivity of soil aggregates from two depths of Eutric Cambisol

Appropriate management of sewage sludge is an important worldwide issue due to the still growing amount of wastewaters. In the study we examined to what extent the addition of dairy sewage sludge compared with mineral fertilization affects porosity, repellency index, and hydraulic conductivity of variously sized aggregates from two soil depths of Eutric Cambisol derived from loess: 5–15 cm and 25–35 cm. The repellency index was calculated as a ratio of ethanol and water sorptivity. Data on water and ethanol sorptivities of initially air‐dry soil aggregate fractions were obtained from steady state flow measurements using an infiltration device. Hydraulic conductivity was determined by measuring water infiltration at five pressure heads: –8, –6, –4, –2, and 0 cm of water column with the same device as for sorptivity determination. Addition of sewage sludge to the soil decreased the soil repellency index by an average of 27% in topsoil and 32% in subsoil for both aggregate sizes, respectively, and increased hydraulic conductivity about four times in both layers. Smaller aggregates (15–20 mm diameter) from soil amended with sewage sludge, in comparison with larger ones (30–35 mm diameter), had a higher repellency index by 36 and 24% in topsoil and subsoil, respectively. As for aggregates from soil with mineral fertilization, those differences were smaller and equal to 15% in subsoil, in topsoil smaller aggregates even had slightly lower repellency index (by 5%). Aggregates taken from the upper soil layer were more water repellent and had smaller hydraulic conductivity than those taken from subsoil, regardless of soil treatment and aggregate size.     

Occurrence, prediction and hydrological effects of water repellency amongst major soil and land-use types in a humid temperate climate

Knowledge of soil water repellency distribution, of factors affecting its occurrence and of its hydrological effects stems primarily from regions with a distinct dry season, whereas comparatively little is known about its occurrence in humid temperate regions such as typified by the UK. To address this research gap, we have examined: (i) water repellency persistence (determined by the water drop penetration time method, WDPT) and degree (determined by the critical surface tension method, CST) for soil samples (0–5, 10–15 and 20–25 cm depth) taken from 41 common soil and land‐use types in the humid temperate climate of the UK; (ii) the supposed relationship of soil moisture, textural composition and organic matter content with sample repellency; and (iii) the bulk wetting behaviour of undisturbed surface core samples (0–5 cm depth) over a period of up to 1 week. Repellency was found in surface samples of all major soil textural types amongst most permanently vegetated sites, whereas tilled sites were virtually unaffected. Repellency levels reached those of the most severely affected areas elsewhere in the world, decreased in persistence and degree with depth and showed no consistent relationship with soil textural characteristics, organic matter or soil moisture contents, except that above a water content of c. 28% by volume, repellency was absent. Wetting rate assessments of 100 cm³ intact soil cores using continuous water contact (–20 mm pressure head) over a period of up to 7 days showed that across the whole sample range and irrespective of texture, severe to extreme repellency persistence consistently reduced the maximum water content at any given time to well below that of wettable soils. For slightly to moderately repellent soils the results were more variable and thus hydrological effects of such repellency levels are more difficult to predict. The results imply that: (i) repellency is common for many land‐use types with permanent vegetation cover in humid temperate climates irrespective of soil texture; (ii) supposedly influential parameters (texture, organic matter, specific water content) are poor general predictors of water repellency, whereas land use and the moisture content below which repellency can occur seem more reliable; and (iii) infiltration and water storage capacity of very repellent soils are considerably less than for comparable wettable soils.     

Modified technique to assess the wettability of soil aggregates: comparison with contact angles measured on crushed aggregates and bulk soil

Wettability parameters determined for individual soils often show a considerable variation depending on the kind of sample (aggregated or homogeneous material) and the method used. To investigate the causes of this variation, we assessed wettability of both intact and crushed aggregates and bulk soil using different methods. Wettability of intact aggregates was characterized by a modified technique where the specific infiltration rates of water and a completely wetting liquid were used to define a repellency index. Contact angles were determined on crushed aggregates and bulk soil using the Wilhelmy plate and capillary rise methods. The repellency index was found to be sensitive to slight differences in wettability and was in good agreement with Wilhelmy plate contact angles. Contact angles measured with the capillary rise method showed a strong deviation from those determined with the Wilhelmy plate method. This can be ascribed to the underlying assumptions of the capillary rise method (i.e. cylindrical and parallel capillaries) resulting in an over‐estimation of contact angle, particularly for the small‐sized particle fraction because of the impact of inertia and pore structure. No significant differences were found between intact and crushed aggregates whereas the bulk soil was slightly more water‐repellent, probably because of a somewhat larger organic carbon content. We conclude that the contact angle determined by the Wilhelmy plate method and the repellency index are appropriate parameters for characterizing soil water repellency because they detected small changes in wettability over a wide range extending from subcritical water repellency to hydrophobicity.     

长江流域水土流失历史发展过程探讨

长江流域水土流失的发生、发展和加剧 ,经历了长期的历史过程。据历史资料分析 ,长江流域在公元 10世纪前植被茂密 ,水土流失轻微 ;公元 10— 17世纪 ,水土流失有所发展 ;特别是 17世纪中叶以来 ,人口剧增 ,山丘过度开发 ,水土流失不断加剧 ,逐渐成为重大环境问题。人类对土地资源的不合理开发利用是导致水土流失的主导因素。