水稻氮吸收的动态模拟和氮肥管理的数学优化

简述了ＯＲＹＺＡ－０模型的建模理论和模型应用。模型能分析氮素在作物－土壤－大气系统中的复杂行为。因此，能用于模拟作物的氮素吸收和干物质形成过程。模型与Ｐｒｉｃｅ数学优化程序结合，能制定为取得模拟生物量或经济产量所需的最佳氮管理方案。验证结果表明，模型推荐的氮肥管理方案较当地常规氮管理方法具有的节氮增产作用。此外，还就模型的进一步完善提出了建议。     

水稻生产的氮肥优化模拟研究

本文阐述了水稻氮肥优化管理模型,模型由水稻干物质积累,植株中氮素运转和分配,植株对氮素的吸收,氮肥吸收,氮肥施用曲线和分次施氮等6个模块组成,其中氮肥施用躯线是在描述氮在作物－土壤系统的复杂行为基础上,结合Price(1979)规则系统数学优化,制定出给定氮素水平下的模拟产量或纯收入所必需的氮肥优化管理曲线,并根据生产实际把氮肥管理曲线转化为实际的分次间歇施氮方案,实践验证结果表明,本模型推荐的氮肥管理方案既可节省氮肥又可提高水稻产量。     

水稻氮肥管理的ORYZA－0模型之理论及验证

ＯＲＹＺＡ－０模型系统能分析氮在土壤－作物－大气复杂系统中的复杂行为，包括土壤供氮力、作物氮吸收和氮在器官间的分配、叶片氮转化太阳辐射为干物质的能力等，ＯＲＹＺＡ－０模型与Ｐｒｉｃｅ的规则系统优化程序结合，可以制订取得最大生物量或经济产量所需的优化氮管理方案。田间氮试验材料验证模型表明，ＯＲＹＺＡ－０模型推荐的氮肥应用曲线能真实地反映当地不同氮水平下的氮管理策略；文中还就模型参数的敏感性问题和模型的进一步发展提出了建设性建议。     

水稻氮肥管理的ORYZA—0模型之理论及验证

ＯＲＹＺＡ－０模型系统能分析氮在土壤－大气复杂系统中的复杂行为，包括土壤供氮力，作物氮吸收和氮在器官间的分配，叶片氮转化太阳辐射为干物质的能力等，ＯＲＹＺＡ－０模型与Ｐｒｉｃｅ的规则系统优化程序结合，可以制订取得最大生物量或经济产量所需的优化氮管理方案，田间氮试验材料验证模型表明，ＯＲＹＺＡ－０模型推荐的氮肥应用曲线以真实地反映当地不同氮水平下的氮管理策略，文中还就模型参数的敏感性问题和模型的进一     

水稻氮肥计算机优化管理模拟模型的验证与应用

本研究利用氮行为模型ＯＲＹＺＡ－０和Ｐｒｉｃｅ（１９７９）规则系统数学优化和谐的结合及通过田间试验获得的模型的生成元函数，模拟了氮在土壤－水稻中的运行轨迹，经验证和示范试验，证明该模型推荐的施肥方案具有增产，节本和重演性好等优点，并据此制定氮肥优化管理方案。     

宁夏银川平原灌区春小麦与春玉米栽培方案优化模拟研究

应用SERES－小麦模型和SERES－玉米模型分别进行了银川平原灌区春小麦与春玉米栽培方案优化模拟试验,依据模拟产量结果优化选择出春小麦和春玉米最优播期、施氮量和灌水量等栽培管理方案。     

中国农业科学院科技文献信息中心产品介绍(一)

1　多媒体小麦管理系统《多媒体小麦管理系统》是一个基于作物—环境模拟模型的应用系统。它能针对作物—环境系统中的光、热、水、气、土及作物资源利用与产量形成问题 ,进行计算机模拟实验 ,用以观测和预测系统状态、辅助作物科学实验和生产管理决策。它能用于小麦生长发育动态监测 ;生产力分析、评估 ;土壤水分和氮素的分析、评价 ;水、氮管理模拟 ;灌溉、施肥方案推荐 ;品种遗传特性评测。并且具有小麦管理知识多媒体浏览功能。本系统是根据“引进、消化、吸收、创新”的技术路线研制开发的。它由基础模型、天气模型、管理模型、模拟预…     

基于氮素胁迫的WCSODS模型订正与检验

 【目的】订正小麦栽培模拟优化决策系统（WCSODS）的部分模型,使其具有更强的普适性。【方法】通过构建施氮量与土壤供氮量模型,利用氮素因子订正WCSODS的群体光合生产模型。【结果】检验结果表明,订正后的群体光合生产模型能较好的模拟氮胁迫条件下小麦的生长与产量。在氮肥不足或过量条件下叶面积模拟值与实测值相关系数分别为0.9524～0.9790和0.9754～0.9865,干物质重相关系数分别为0.9347～0.9799和0.9108～0.9789,产量相关系数为0.8164**。【结论】施氮不足或过量处理的LAI和干物质与适氮条件的变化趋势一致,说明对模型进行氮素订正结构合理,参数选值准确,经过氮素因子订正的模型更能适应小麦生产的需要。     

基于土壤无机氮测试的优化施肥对冬小麦产量和农田氮平衡的影响

应用基于土壤无机氮测试的优化氮肥管理措施对冬小麦进行氮肥管理,比较了优化施氮处理与传统施氮处理在拔节期的作物氮素营养状况、收获期的作物产量效应和对农田氮平衡的影响。结果表明：优化施氮处理的产量（6217kg／hm^2）与传统施氮处理产量（6223kg／hm^2）间差异不大,但较传统施氮处理节省氮肥40％,氮肥利用率从传统施氮的31％提高到优化施氮处理的50．6％。同时收获后优化施氮处理的土壤中的无机氮残留量（90kg／hm^2）远小于传统施氮处理（176kg／hm^2）,氮素表观损失量从传统施氮的82kg／hm^2减少到40kg／hm^2。     

氮肥决策支持系统(CMDSSN)的研究

CMDSSN是以CERES模型中的氮素平衡子程序为基础,面向对象的程序设计方法为手段建立的辅助用户氮肥决策的计算机软件应用系统。它可以模拟土壤有机物质和作物残留的周转过程,也可以模拟尿素和硝态氮的水解和氮素的损失。在实际生产中可以辅助氮肥施用决策、评价施肥方案、动态显示土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮变化趋势。最后选取了河北农业大学教学试验基地2002-2003年的试验数据对CMDSSN进行了验证。结果表明,系统在模拟土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量及动态变化方面与实测值拟和较好。     

商品有机肥和氮肥配施对冬小麦产量及氮肥利用率的影响

施肥是保证作物增产的重要措施。通过田间试验,研究了商品有机肥与不同施用量氮肥配施对冬小麦产量及氮肥利用率的影响,结果表明,有机肥和氮肥配合施用会影响冬小麦的生物量、产量和氮养分吸收及氮肥的利用率,且以每公顷600 kg商品有机肥与120 kg纯氮的配施效果最好。     

Net energy yield and carbon footprint of summer corn under different N fertilizer rates in the North China Plain

Excessive use of N fertilizer in intensive agriculture can increase crop yield and at the same time cause high carbon(C) emissions.This study was conducted to determine optimized N fertilizer application for high grain yield and lower C emissions in summer corn(Zea mays L.).A field experiment, including 0(N0), 75(N75), 150(N150), 225(N225), and 300(N300) kg N ha–1 treatments, was carried out during 2010–2012 in the North China Plain(NCP).The results showed that grain yield, input energy, greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, and carbon footprint(CF) were all increased with the increase of N rate, except net energy yield(NEY).The treatment of N225 had the highest grain yield(10 364.7 kg ha–1) and NEY(6.8%), but the CF(0.25) was lower than that of N300, which indicates that a rate of 225 kg N ha–1 can be optimal for summer corn in NCP.Comparing GHG emision compontents, N fertilizer(0–51.1%) was the highest and followed by electricity for irrigation(19.73–49.35%).We conclude that optimazing N fertilizer application rate and reducing electricity for irrigation are the two key measures to increase crop yield, improve energy efficiency and decrease GHG emissions in corn production.     

间作促进作物磷吸收的氮素调控效应

为探讨通过氮素调控促进间作作物磷吸收利用的效果,阐明间作的氮磷交互作用机理。设置3种种植模式（玉米马铃薯间作、玉米单作和马铃薯单作）、4个施氮水平（N0：不施氮、N1：1/2常规量、N2：常规量、N3：3/2常规量）的田间小区定位试验,研究玉米马铃薯间作对作物磷吸收和利用的影响,并分析磷吸收对施氮量的响应。结果表明：施氮量显著影响间作产量,低氮（N1）水平间作产量优势最大。间作玉米和马铃薯的磷吸收量均随施氮量增加而降低,在N2水平达到最大。在低氮条件下,间作玉米磷吸收量较单作平均提高了42.03%,马铃薯提高了13.46%。随施氮量的增加,玉米马铃薯间作的单位面积磷吸收的优势呈先增加后下降的趋势,在N1水平优势最强。在N1水平中,与单作相比,间作玉米籽粒磷吸收量平均增加86.26%,间作马铃薯块茎磷吸收量平均增加14.28%。因此,在保证作物产量和提高氮磷肥利用率的前提下,合理施入氮肥能够促进间作作物对磷素的吸收与利用。     

杂交水稻氮钾肥施用量的研究

通过设置氮钾肥不同施用量田间试验,观察对杂交水稻生育和产量的效应。结果表明:茎蘖数、叶面积和叶重随氮钾肥用量的提高而增加;群体生长率、茎鞘重、穗重、总干物重和稻谷产量,与氮钾肥用量呈显著水平的抛物线型关系。杂交水稻对氮肥较敏感,宜按最高产量目标推荐施氮量,按最佳经济收益推荐施钾量。在高产栽培条件下,每生产100 kg稻谷的适宜N、K2O用量分别是1.8 kg和1.6 kg。     

基于高光谱技术的覆膜旱作水稻植株氮含量及籽粒产量估算

为建立利用光谱技术快速诊断覆膜旱作水稻植株氮营养和产量的估算模型,应用高光谱技术分析了长江中下游覆膜旱作区水稻拔节期和抽穗期内5种不同施氮水平(0、60、120、180和240kg/hm~2(N))下植株冠层光谱特征及其与植株氮素含量和产量的关系,并分别构建了植株含氮量和产量的估算模型。结果表明:拔节期和抽穗期内不同供氮水平下冠层光谱的变化规律基本一致,均随着供氮水平的增加,反射率在可见光区降低、在近红外区增大。覆膜旱作水稻植株氮含量与552和890nm 2个敏感波段构成的比值(RVI)和绿色归一化植被指数(GNDVI)的关系最佳。构建的水稻关键生育期植株全氮含量及水稻产量的估算模型预测效果均较好,其中植株全氮含量拟合方程的决定系数为0.730~0.808,采用拔节期的RVI对覆膜旱作水稻进行估产的决定系数达到0.724。本研究构建的模型可以用来估计该地区覆膜旱作水稻的氮素营养状况和作物产量。     

应用叶绿素仪诊断大青菜氮素营养状况的研究

在设施条件下研究了叶绿素仪用于大青菜的氮素营养诊断的效果。结果表明,同一施氮水平下,大青菜不同生长期之间SPAD值差异较显著,其中施氮量为300 kg/hm2时,大青菜在生长发育过程中SPAD值变化最大。叶绿素仪测定值与施氮量、作物产量以及叶片硝态氮含量之间均有较好的相关性;通过比较分析,试验推荐最佳施肥量为450 kg/hm2。     

Optimal management of nitrogen fertilizer in the main rice crop and its carrying-over effect on ratoon rice under mechanized cultivation in Southeast China

This study attempted to clarify the carrying-over effect of different nitrogen treatments applied to the main crop on the crop population growth and yield formation of ratoon rice under mechanized cultivation in Southeast China.  Based on the constant total nitrogen application amounts (225.00 kg ha^–1) in the main crop, an experiment with different ratios of basal and topdressing nitrogen fertilizer (the ratio of basal fertilizer:primary tillering fertilizer:secondary tillering fertilizer:booting fertilizer at 3:1:2:4 (N1), 3:2:1:4 (N2), 3:3:0:4 (N3), and 4:3:0:3 (N4), respectively, and a control without nitrogen treatment (N0)) was set up across two consecutive years in field using hybrid rice variety Yongyou 1540 as the test materials.  The results showed that the total tiller number and effective tillering percentage increased in the main crop under the N1 treatment, more nitrogen fertilizer applied in late growth stage of the main crop, and its effective tillering percentage of the main crop was the highest at up to 70.18%, which was 9.15% higher than that of conventional fertilization treatment (N4), more nitrogen fertilizer applied in early growth stage of the main crop.  The same tendency was observed in leaf area index (LAI) value of the main crop and its subsequent ratoon rice, which were 16.52 and 29.87% higher, respectively, in the N1 treatment than that in the N4 treatment at the full heading stage.  The same was true in the case of the transport rates of stem and sheath dry mater and the canopy light interception rates in both the main and its ratoon crops.  The transport rate of stem and sheath in main crop rice under N1 treatment increased by 50.57% compared with N4 treatment.  The canopy light interception rate of N1 treatment increased by 5.07% compared with N4 treatment at the full heading stage of the ratoon crop.  Therefore, the total actual yield was the highest in the main and its ratoon crops under N1 treatment, averaging 17 351.23 kg ha^–1 in two-year trials, which was 23.00% higher than that in the conventional fertilization treatment (N4).  The results showed that appropriate nitrogen treatment was able to produce a good crop stand in the main crop, which was essential for producing a good ratoon crop population and high yield especially under mechanized cultivation with low stubble height of the main crop.  The study suggested that shifting the proper nitrogen application amounts to the late growth stage of the main crop, such as N1 treatment, not only had a higher productive effect on ensuring the yield of the main crop, but also had a positive effect on the axillary bud sprouts from the stubbles for ratoon rice, resulting in an increased percentage of productive panicles and achieving the goal of one planting with two good harvests under the conditions of our study.     

氮肥运筹方式对豫单2002产量及品质的影响

【研究目的】该研究旨在为豫单2002的推广应用提供施肥技术支撑,为高产高蛋白夏玉米氮肥合理运筹肥提供理论与技术依据。【方法】在豫北潮土区高产田块上,采用田间试验,设N0(不施氮肥)、N_1(攻杆肥100%)、N_2(攻穗肥100%)、N_3(攻杆肥40% 攻穗肥60%),N_4(攻杆肥30% 攻穗肥50% 攻粒肥20%)五个处理开展研究。【结果】结果表明:氮肥不同运筹方式增产效果差异显著,其中N_3处理增产效果最好,其次是N1处理和N4处理,N_2处理增产效果最小;分次施肥有于提高籽粒粗蛋白含量,且随着施肥次数的增加,籽粒粗蛋白含量呈上升趋势;分次施肥亦有利于提高籽粒蛋白质产量,不同处理以N3最佳,其次为N_4;氮肥不同运筹方式肥料利用率差异显著,其中N_3处理最高,其次为N_4和N_1处理,而N_2最低。【结论】N_3处理由于有效地促进了植株对氮素的吸收利用,增加显著地产量和提高了籽粒蛋白质产量,一定程度上提高了籽粒蛋白质含量,因而为最佳氮肥运筹方式。     

Independence of yield potential and crop nitrogen response

Crop yield level and nitrogen (N) responsiveness influence the demand for fertilizer. If they were found to be unrelated, this would justify using a combination of both for determining fertilizer N requirements. Failure to understand the independence of crop response to N and yield level has led to confusion as to what theory is appropriate for making N fertilizer rate recommendations. The sufficiency approach applies a fixed rate of N at a computed sufficiency level, regardless of yield potential. Alternatively, mid-season optical sensor estimates of yield potential and crop response to additional N provide a physiological basis to estimate N removal and a biologically based N application rate. This study investigated the relationship between grain yield and response to N in long-term wheat and corn experiments. No relationship between response to N and grain yield was found. There was also no relationship between yield and year at two of three sites. Finally, there was no relationship between response to N and year at any site. Because yield and response to N were consistently independent of one another, and as both affect the demand for fertilizer N, estimates of both should be combined to calculate realistic in-season N rates.     

小麦-玉米轮作下土壤-作物系统对氮肥的缓冲能力

 通过田间试验研究了小麦－玉米轮作条件下兼顾产量时土壤对施用氮肥的承受能力。应用线性－平台模型拟合作物产量和施氮量的关系,用平台－线性模型拟合土壤硝态氮和施氮量的关系,并且引入了土壤－作物缓冲力的概念来表示土壤对施用氮肥的承受力。试验结果表明,在适量施用氮肥（１５０～１８０ ｋｇ Ｎ／ｈａ）的情况下,施氮处理和对照之间土壤剖面无机氮没有明显差异,当施氮量较高时,在作物整个生育期间土壤剖面都存在高量无机氮。不同种植方式和土壤条件下,土壤－作物系统缓冲力存在较大差异。种植小麦时土壤缓冲力大于种植玉米时,壤质土壤对施用氮肥的缓冲力大于砂质土壤。