The Effects of Active Peripheral Skin Warming on Perioperative Hypothermia in Dogs

Objective — This study evaluates the efficacy of three perioperative warming protocols to improve control of body temperature in anesthetized dogs.
Study Design — A randomized controlled clinical trial.
Animals or Sample Population — Thirty-two client-owned dogs.
Methods — We prospectively studied dogs entering the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary Teaching Hospital for orthopedic or dental procedures and assigned them to one of three perianes-thetic warming protocols. Group 1 (n = 10) had a single circulating warm water mattress applied over the trunk (single-trunk warming). Group 2 (n = 12) had two circulating warm water mattresses, one placed over and one under the trunk (double-trunk warming). Group 3 (n = 10) had warm circulating mattresses applied only around the feet and legs of all available limbs (peripheral warming). The warm water mattresses were prewarmed and maintained at 40°C (104°F) and applied immediately after induction of general anesthesia. All dogs had a layer of thick terry cloth toweling beneath and above the trunk. Body temperature measurements were recorded every 15 minutes for the first 2.5 hours of anesthesia.
Results — The lowest mean temperature for dogs in group 3 was 37.4 ± 0.2°C (99.5°F), compared with 36.4 ± 0.2°C (97.4°F) and 36.7 ± 0.2°C (98.0°F) in groups 1 and 2, respectively.
Conclusions — Dogs in the peripheral warming group maintained significantly higher core body temperatures than dogs in either trunk warming groups throughout the 2.5-hour study period.
Clinical Relevance — To maintain body heat in dogs during anesthesia, it is more effective to warm the feet and legs than to warm the trunk.     

Xylenol Orange as a Vital Stain to Determine the Viability of Skin Flaps in Dogs

Intravenous injection of xylenol orange results in generalized violet staining of vascularized skin. The precision of xylenol orange vital staining was compared to fluorescein sodium vital staining and to assessment of skin flap viability by visual observation (color). Skin flaps in the experimental dogs were evaluated by each method at 0, 24, 72, and 120 hours after surgery and subsequently compared to the length of skin flap that remained viable at 216 hours. No significant differences between methods were found at any time interval; however, assessment of skin flap viability was significantly more precise at 24,72, and 120 hours in comparison to the 0 hour assessments. The use of xylenol orange to assess vascular integrity of skin is precise, but no advantage over fluorescein sodium vital staining or assessment by visual observation was noted.     

The Effects of Illness on Urinary Catecholamines and their Metabolites in Dogs

Background: Urinary catecholamines and metanephrines have been proposed as a diagnostic tool for identifying canine pheochromocytomas, but the effects of critical illness on urine concentrations of catecholamines and metanephrines currently are unknown. Objectives: To examine the effects of illness on urine concentrations of catecholamines and metanephrines in dogs. Animals: Twenty‐five critically ill dogs and 25 healthy age‐ and sex‐matched control dogs. Methods: Prospective observational study. Urine was collected from healthy and critically ill dogs, and urine concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, metanephrine, and normetanephrine were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Urinary catecholamine and metanephrine : creatinine ratios were calculated and compared between groups. Results: Urinary epinephrine, norepinephrine, metanephrine, and normetanephrine : creatinine ratios were higher in critically ill dogs when compared with a healthy control population (P= .0009, P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Illness has a significant impact on urinary catecholamines and their metabolites in dogs. Further investigation of catecholamine and metanephrine concentrations in dogs with pheochromocytomas is warranted to fully evaluate this test as a diagnostic tool; however, the findings of this study suggest that the results may be difficult to interpret in dogs with concurrent illness.     

The Cardiopulmonary Effects of Oxymorphone in Hypovolemic Dogs

Blood was withdrawn from 15 dogs over the course of about 1 hour until the mean arterial blood pressure was reduced to 60 mm Hg. Small aliquots of additional blood were withdrawn in order to maintain the mean arterial blood pressure near 60 mm Hg for an additional hour. Oxymorphone (0.4 mg/kg) was then administered intravenously to ten dogs, and all measurements were repeated in 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes. Five dogs served as controls.
Heart rate, tidal volume, arterial oxygen, oxygen extraction, and pH significantly decreased after oxymorphone administration, while systemic and pulmonary arterial blood pressures, systemic vascular resistance (transiently), breathing rate, minute ventilation, physiologic dead space, venous admixture, venous oxygen, arterial and venous carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate concentration increased significantly. Cardiac output was also increased, but the change was not statistically significant. Oxymorphone was associated with significantly lower heart rate, tidal volume, arterial oxygen, and pH, and higher systemic and pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, venous oxygen, and arterial and venous carbon dioxide, compared to the control group, which did not receive oxymorphone.
Oxymorphone significantly improved cardiovascular performance and tissue perfusion in these hypovolemic dogs. Oxymorphone did cause a significant increase in arterial carbon dioxide and a decrease in arterial oxygenation. Oxymorphone is an opioid agonist that may represent a reasonable alternative for the induction of anesthesia in patients who are candidates for induction hypotension.     

流浪犬顽固性皮肤病的诊治

近年来城市社区内饲养的宠物犬逐年增多,但由于管理不善、宠物主人更换等原因造成在社区内流浪犬增多。笔者所在宠物医院经常接收到收养人带着流浪犬就诊,其中不少是患顽固性皮肤病病例。收养人往往抱着尝试救治的心态,要求在短时间内得到确切的疗效,否则放弃领养该流浪犬。从2002年1月至2005年3月,笔者对68例流浪犬顽固性皮肤病作了调查、诊断与治疗,取得良好结果,获得一些经验与体会。现报告如下:1流浪犬皮肤病的发生情况1.1种类在临床上按病原、病因不同,皮肤病分成16种之多。它包括寄生虫性皮肤病、真菌性皮肤病、细菌性皮肤病、病毒性…     

派乐菲魔法洗和洗必灵对犬猫皮肤致病菌的抑菌效果研究

由于在犬猫皮肤病治疗中抗菌药物的不恰当使用,导致皮肤病病原的耐药性逐渐增强,小动物皮肤病的临床发病率不断增加,因此其预防工作也越来越重要。选用派乐菲魔法洗和派乐菲洗必灵两种宠物洗浴产品,进行体外抑菌试验,以检测其对皮肤致病真菌和细菌的抑菌效果。试验结果显示,派乐菲魔法洗和派乐菲洗必灵对于引起犬猫皮肤病的3种优势致病真菌和5种优势致病细菌具有较强的体外抑菌作用,优于其他阳性对照产品。结果表明,派乐菲魔法洗和派乐菲洗必灵两种宠物洗浴产品可有效地减少动物皮肤感染的风险,有效预防和控制宠物皮肤疾病,结果可为动物皮肤疾病的临床预防和治疗提供参考。     

The Effects of Medetomidine on Cardiac Contractility in Autonomically Blocked Dogs

The effects of medetomidine on load-dependent and relatively load-independent indices of left ventricular contractility and hemodynamics were studied in 8 chloralose-anesthetized, autonomic-blocked dogs. Left ventricular contractility was assessed by the maximum rate of increase in pressure (dP/dt_max), the slope of the end-systolic pressure volume relationship (Ees), preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW), and dP/dt_max-end-diastolic volume relation (SdPV). Dogs received 5 or 10 μg/kg of medetomidine IV. The dP/dt_max decreased significantly 30 minutes after both doses of medetomidine. The Ees did not change. Both SdPV and PRSW increased 5 minutes after both doses of medetomidine. Mean arterial pressure, left-ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic pressures, peripheral vascular resistance and effective arterial elastance increased 5 minutes after both doses of medetomidine. Stroke volume, cardiac output, and stroke work decreased 5 minutes after medetomidine administration. End-diastolic volume did not change. End-systolic volume increased but the difference was not significant. Our study suggests that medetomidine increases inotropy and vascular resistance in autonomic-blocked dogs and that both ventricular and vascular responses to pharmacological manipulation must be considered for a complete assessment of the inotropic effects of a drug.     

50年来新疆赛里木湖地区草场放牧率变化对植被演替的影响

利用赛里木湖地区近50年来不同时期草地调查与监测资料、实际放牧量统计资料及降水和气温资料,分析了赛里木湖北部草地植被演替受放牧率及气候变化的影响.结果显示:在放牧强度持续上升并严重超载过牧的压力下,羊茅+杂类草的草原类草地植被成分演替趋势表现为:先是耐牧性、再生性差的杂类草退出建群种地位,而后耐牧性和抗旱性较强的苔草成为了草地植被的亚建群种,如果放牧强度仍居高不下,苔草、百里香等耐牧性和抗旱性更强的种类将成为草地的主要建群种,羊茅种群将不断减少,甚至退出.     

犬常见皮肤病的日常诊护

犬皮肤病是犬临床诊治中常见病之一。犬因品种、年龄、个体、营养、生活环境等不同而引起的皮肤病有很大的差异。本文就几种常见的犬皮肤病的不同的临床症状进行了简要综述,旨在给饲养者提供一些早期的、简单的鉴别及诊断,能尽快做出相应的预防和护理措施,并及时就诊。     

Efficacy of Azathioprine Versus Cyclosporine on Kidney Graft Survival in Transfused and Nontransfused Ummatched Mongrel Dogs

Sixteen mongrel dogs had bilateral nephrectomy and received a renal allograft from an unmatched mongrel. One group of eight dogs was treated orally with azathioprine and prednisone; another group of eight dogs was treated orally with cyclosporine and prednisone. Four dogs of each group received four blood transfusions each prior to surgery. Mean survival time was nearly the same in the azathioprine-treated and the cyclosporine-treated dogs. Transfusions prolonged survival in the azathioprine-treated group but not in the cyclosporine-treated group. Retrospective measurement of whole blood trough cyclosporine concentrations indicated marked variation between dogs and in the same dog at different times. This variation may have influenced graft survival. Only one dog survived the 9-month period of observation, indicating that refinements of the techniques used in this study will be required for long-term survival of renal allografts in unrelated mongrel dogs.     

玉树地区气候变化及补饲对牦牛生长和经济效益的影响研究

通过研究青海玉树地区气候变化规律,确定牦牛适宜的补饲阶段,并在此基础上通过牦牛生长性能测定和经济效益计算验证补饲效果,为放牧条件下牦牛的养殖提供理论依据和参考,从而减少牧民的经济损失。结果表明,玉树地区2013年气温、相对湿度和WCT指数呈先升高后下降的趋势;气温、相对湿度和WCT指数最高的月份为6~8月,最低的为12月和1月;2013年青海玉树地区牦牛有217d于冷应激,牦牛适宜的补饲阶段为10~12月和来年的1~4月;犊牦牛和青年牦牛在10~12月和来年的1~4月处于持续掉膘期,总增重分别为-17.51kg/头和-49.47kg/头;补饲可以使犊牦牛增重多增加37.66kg/头,增重率提高215.03%,获利多增加703.39元/头;使青年牦牛增重多增加81.39kg/头,增重率提高164.51%,获利多增加1590.21元/头。综上所述,合理的补饲可显著降低季节性冷暖交替对牦牛生长和发育的影响,提高牦牛的生长性能,增加经济效益。     

犬瘟热患犬中性粒细胞cAMP-PDE活性变化及中药作用研究

研究犬瘟热患犬中性粒细胞(PMN)中环磷酸腺苷-磷酸二酯酶(cAMP-PDE)的活性变化及中药对其活性的体外调节作用,为抗炎药研究和病毒性炎症的中药治疗积累资料。提取犬瘟热患犬(n=9)和正常犬(n=6)的中性粒细胞制备cAMP-PDE样品,通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定其活性及中药对其活性的影响。结果显示,犬瘟热患犬组中性粒细胞cAMP-PDE活性(18.55%±2.66%)显著(P<0.05)高于正常组(11.54%±5.16%)。解表药等5类114味中药中芦根(77.27%)、胡黄连(70.41%)、女贞子(65.50%)、香薷(65.16%)、贝母(61.43%)、黄芩(60.67%)、淫羊藿(60.34%)、黄芪(59.13%)、青蒿(56.93%)、秦皮(55.55%)、辛夷(55.03%)、甘草(54.67%)、牛蒡子(53.40%)、麻黄(53.32%)14味对cAMP-PDE活性具有明显抑制作用。结果表明,中性粒细胞cAMP-PDE活性在犬瘟热患犬炎症过程中具有重要作用,对cAMP-PDE活性有明显抑制作用的中药对其炎症可能具有疗效,同时,中药抑制中性粒细胞中cAMP-PDE活性可能是其抗炎作用机理之一。     

Comparison of an Antimicrobial Adhesive Drape and Povidone-lodine Preoperative Skin Preparation in Dogs

The antimicrobial efficacy of an adhesive drape applied after a 1-minute alcohol scrub was compared to a povidone-iodine (PI) skin preparation technique in dogs. Each technique was applied to both sides of 15 adult anesthetized dogs on premeasured, clipped areas of skin. Skin bacteria were quantified before, immediately after, and 1 hour after skin preparation. Predominant skin bacteria were isolated by swabbing the skin. The percentages of bacterial reduction immediately after and 1 hour after skin preparation, percentages of negative culture results, cultures with more than five colony-forming units, and the frequency of skin reactions were calculated and analyzed statistically. Drape adhesion was assessed subjectively. The percentage reduction in skin bacteria was significant for both techniques and comparable to that reported in humans. The adhesive drape was significantly less effective in both the immediate and 1-hour periods. Lift occurred in 66% of drape applications but was not associated with high bacterial counts. Acute contact dermatitis was more frequent after skin preparation with PI. There was no difference between the techniques in recovery of potential skin pathogens. The authors conclude that application of this antimicrobial adhesive drape after a 1-minute alcohol scrub is not as effective in the reduction of skin bacteria in dogs as is PI preparation of the skin.     

犬瘟热患犬中性粒细胞cAMP PDE活性变化及中药作用研究

研究犬瘟热患犬中性粒细胞(PMN)中环磷酸腺苷-磷酸二酯酶（cAMP-PDE）的活性变化及中药对其活性的体外调节作用，为抗炎药研究和病毒性炎症的中药治疗积累资料。提取犬瘟热患犬（n=9）和正常犬(n=6)的中性粒细胞制备cAMP-PDE样品，通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定其活性及中药对其活性的影响。结果显示，犬瘟热患犬组中性粒细〖JP2〗胞cAMP-PDE活性（18.55%±2.66%）显著（P<0.05）高于正常组（11.54%±5.16%）。解表药等5类114味中药中芦根（77.27%）、胡黄连（70.41%）、女贞子（65.50%）、香薷（65.16%）、贝母（61.43%）、黄芩（60.67%）、淫羊藿（60.34%）、黄芪（59.13%）、青蒿（56.93%）、秦皮（55.55%）、辛夷（55.03%）、甘草（54.67%）、牛蒡子（53.40%）、麻黄（53.32%）14味对cAMP-PDE活性具有明显抑制作用。结果表明，中性粒细胞cAMP-PDE活性在犬瘟热患犬炎症过程中具有重要作用，对cAMP-PDE活性有明显抑制作用的中药对其炎症可能具有疗效，同时，中药抑制中性粒细胞中cAMP-PDE活性可能是其抗炎作用机理之一。     

The Effect of Occlusive and Semi-Occlusive Dressings on the Healing of Acute Full-Thickness Skin Wounds on the Forelimbs of Dogs

This project compared the effects of hydrocolloid (HC) and hydrogel (HG) occlusive dressings and a polyethylene (PE) semi-occlusive dressing on the healing of acute full-thickness skin wounds on the forelimbs of 10 dogs. All treatments resulted in a similar degree of healing at postoperative days 4 and 7. No significant differences existed in the number of wounds that were more than 90% healed at postoperative day 28 between the group treated with the HG dressing and the group treated with the PE dressing. There were significantly fewer wounds more than 90% healed at postoperative day 28 in the group treated with the HC dressing. Wounds under the HG dressing had the largest mean percentage of contraction at postoperative days 21 and 28. Wounds under the HG dressing also had the largest contraction/re-epithelialization ratio (postoperative days 21 and 28) compared with wounds under the PE and HC dressings. Wounds under the PE dressing had a significantly higher mean percentage of re-epithelialization than wounds under both occlusive dressings on postoperative days 14, 21, and 28. Wounds under the two occlusive dressings had exuberant granulation tissue present more often than wounds under the PE dressing. The two occlusive dressings had significantly higher bacterial counts on wounds compared with wounds under the PE dressing; analysis of variance (ANOVA), P = .0008. Wounds under the HC dressing showed the poorest healing in all parameters.