泰安市园林绿地中泰山石应用现状研究

泰山石具有独特的观赏性及丰富的文化内涵,在园林中被广泛应用。作者通过对泰安市公园广场、高校校园等园林绿地中泰山石应用情况进行调查,分析了泰山石园林应用特点及应用类型,系统地论述了泰山石在园林应用中存在的问题,并提出相应的改善建议。     

能工巧匠——冯志明

正"和园"位于顺德北滘,是近年新建、具有一定社会轰动效应的岭南古典园林作品,以传统技法再现古色古香、趋于自然的石山、石桥和亭台楼阁。其英石堆山和黄蜡石溪涧格局延续了传统岭南园林的掇山叠石手法,以广东英石和黄腊石为主材,运用堆石法、置石法和挂壁法,将英石竖置或横置,采用自然山石掇叠成假山,结合理水形成逼真的庭院悬崖瀑潭、英石壁山;通过随意平置、抛石和埋石等手法,形成自然的黄腊石溪涧,效果得到业界的一致好评。     

广州公园景石与园林植物配置初探

景石在中国古典园林中扮演着重要的角色,在现代公园中亦是如此。文章对广州城市公园内景石与植物配置现状展开调查。结果显示,在广州的公园中,太湖石旁常配置草本植物,以突显景石的古典之美;黄蜡石常与花叶良姜等草本植物相配置;英石常堆砌成假山,并与乡土植物相配置,以突显岭南特色;花岗石常作为主景雕塑,植物配置起烘托的作用。     

明清时代中韩古典园林置石造景比较

中韩古典园林是传统文化的结晶,并且是东方园林的两枝奇葩。中国园林与韩国园林属于本源和分支的关系,韩国园林很多方面传承了中国园林的造园手法及艺术特征;然而不同的自然人文环境也使两种园林风格迥异,在园林中起着十分重要构景作用的置石也不例外。本文试从置石的形态与应用手法对中韩园林的不同作一些分析。     

园林散置石形式研究

散置石是中国传统园林置石中非常重要的一类。本文结合中国传统绘画和传统园林,对散置石的布局原则、置石方式进行深入的研究与分析,并以此指导园林规划和设计。     

景石在园林中的应用

景石是园林造景的主要材料之一。从应用的角度,论述了景石在园林中的作用、常用景石的种类、特性及其在园林中常用的布置方法,并指出现代园林置石造景存在的一些问题,以及解决现存问题的方法。     

浅析置石在现代城市园林中的应用——以昆明市翠湖公园为例

指出了置石在现代园林景观的营造中发挥着重要的作用,分析了目前广为应用的置石的布置形式,用昆明翠湖公园具体的案例剖析了置石在具体的城市公园中的应用形式,提出了目前城市园林应用置石布景所存在的一些问题,以使置石景观在现代园林中得到更多的重视与应用。     

景石在现代岭南园林中的运用

随着岭南地区社会经济和文化艺术的发展,人们生活水平日益提高,对园林景观的审美要求也 日趋提升,而景石因其独特的趣味性、观赏性和生态性备受园林设计者的青睐。文章通过查阅文献、研究 史料,结合广州、深圳两市公园绿地中优秀的景石作品实例,归纳了现代岭南园林景石常见的应用形式及 置石手法,探究了景石与植物、水体、建筑、地形等园林要素的组合关系,最后总结出景石在现代岭南园 林中的应用特点。     

从药洲九曜石遗址初探唐宋时期园林石景形态

现存于广州的药洲遗址,原是五代十国时期南汉国的宫苑园林。南汉国宫苑营造始于南汉乾亨八年(924年),在宫苑营造中大量使用了置石、堆石等。宋统一中国后,这些宫苑园林变成了服务州民的风景园林,因此遗留下来。现存的古典园林中,多为明后所建,因此药洲九曜石也成为我国古代古典园林石景中重要的早期遗存。本文结合山水画中的石景和历史文献,对药洲遗存九曜石的形态特征进行分析,从而对唐宋时期我国古典园林中石景形态的可能进行了探讨。综合来看,药洲九曜石作为目前罕见的古典园林置石遗存,是石景演化进程中的关键证据,对探源我国古典园林石景演化规律有重要意义。     

基于文化特征的岭南园林地域类型及其构成要素

在归纳总结岭南园林的文化风格基础上,阐述了岭南园林的地理分布与地域类型,并从山、水、石、建筑及植物5个方面深入分析岭南园林的构成要素。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.