Blood concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol in chronic alcoholics

Fifteen adult male alcoholic volunteers were studied before, during, and after a 10- to 15-day period of experimentally induced intoxication. Blood acetaldehyde concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 0.15 and from 0.04 to 0.08 milligrams per 100 milliliters when blood ethanol concentrations ranged from 1 to 400 milligrams per 100 milliliters after consumption of bourbon or grain ethanol, respectively. No dose or dose-time relationships were found between blood ethanol concentrations and blood acetaldehyde concentrations during any phase of this study.     

Intragastric self-infusion of ethanol by ethanol-preferring and -nonpreferring lines of rats

An ethanol-preferring line of rats, developed by selective breeding, consumed as much as 9.4 +/- 1.7 grams of ethanol per kilogram of body weight per day through intragastric self-infusions, yielding blood ethanol concentrations of 92 to 415 milligrams per 100 milliliters. By contrast, the ethanol- nonpreferring line self-administered only 0.7 +/- 0.2 gram per kilogram per day. These findings indicate that the reinforcing effect of ethanol is postabsorptive and is not mediated by the drug's smell or taste. Hence the ethanol-preferring line of rats may be suitable animal model of alcoholism.     

Lead contamination around secondary smelters: estimation of dispersal and accumulation by humans

A high rate of lead fallout around two secondary lead smelters originated mainly from episodal large-particulate emissions from low-level fugitive sources rather than from stack fumes. The lead content of dustfall, and consequently of soil, vegetation, and outdoor dust, decreased exponentially with distance from the two smelters. Between 13 and 30 percent of the children living in the contaminated areas had absorbed excessive amounts of lead (more than 40 micrograms per 100 milliliters of blood and more than 100 micrograms per gram of hair) as compared with less than 1 percent in a control group. A relationship between blood and hair was established which indicated that the absorption was fairly constant for most children examined. It seemned that the ingestion of contaminated dirt and dusts rather than "paint pica" was the major route of lead intake. Metabolic changes were found in most of 21 children selected from those with excessive lead absorption; 10 to 15 percent of this group showed subtle neurological dysfunctions and minor psychomotor abnormalities.     

Blood viscosity: influence of erythrocyte aggregation

The addition of purified canine or bovine fibrinogen to suspensions of canine erythocytes in Ringer solution caused an increase in viscosity and the formation of aggregates of erythocytes. Both of these effects became increasingly pronounced as the fibrinogen concentration was raised, and they approached plateaus with 1 gram of fibrinogen per 100 milliliters. An increase in shear rate (or shear stress) reduced both the effect on viscosity and the aggregate size. The data suggest that fibrinogen causes an increase in blood viscosity and a departure from Newtonian behavior by interacting with erythrocytes to form cell aggregates which can be dispersed by shear stress.     

Potamotrygon spp.: elasmobranchs with low urea content

All previously reported species of Chondrichthyes, from both marine and fresh water, have contained urea at concentrations ranging from about 300 to 1300 milligrams of urea nitrogen per 100 milliliters of fluid. Body fluids from two species of Potamotrygon, permanent residents of the Amazon basin, contained only 2 to 3 milligrams of urea nitrogen per 100 milliliters. Although they have abandoned the retention of urea exhibited by other chondrichthyans, the extent to which they have lost the mechanisms of retaining and tolerating urea in a hypertonic medium has not been determined.     

Dopamine-related tetrahydroisoquinolines: significant urinary excretion by alcoholics after alcohol consumption

Concentrations of dopamine-related tetrahydroisoquinolines (salsolinol and O-methylated salsolinol) were significantly higher in the daily urine samples of alcoholic subjects admitted for alcohol detoxification than in the daily urine samples of nonalcoholic control subjects. Salsolinol concentrations in alcoholic subjects appeared to drop to trace (control) values 2 to 3 days after admission, following the disappearance of ethanol and its reactive metabolite acetaldehyde from the blood. These results indicate that physiologically active tetrahydroisoquinolines increase in humans during long-term alcohol consumption, presumably because of acetaldehyde's direct condensation with catecholamines. The presence of these or similar condensation products in the urine could be useful as clinical indicators of prior blood acetaldehyde concentrations in chronic alcoholics.     

Air lead: relation to lead in blood of black school children deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Forty-four black children at two elementary schools within 0.7 mile of a battery plant had significantly higher (P < .001) concentrations of lead in their bloods (34.1 +/- 9.7, micrograms per 100 milliliters, mean +/- standard deviation) than 122 students (26.3 +/- 7.1) at seven schools 1 to 3 miles distant; 5 months later there was a comparable difference between red cell lead values (54.1 +/- 18.5 versus 37.4 +/- 12.6). Among the blacks, those deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydro-genase had a higher (P < .005) concentration of lead in the blood after correction for anemia (32.9 +/- 9.7) than the nondeficient (25.7 +/- 8.8), and a higher concentration in the red cells (47.3 +/- 14.7 as compared to 35.6 +/- 15.8, P < .001); the enzyme effect was independent of geographic location.     

小麦子粒蛋白质及其组分含量的遗传分析——Ⅱ 遗传模型和性状相关

以6个小麦亲本及其双列杂交组合为试验材料,研究了小麦子粒蛋白质及其组分含量的遗传模型,分析了各性状间的相关关系。结果表明,子粒蛋白质含量、醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白绝对含量、醇溶蛋白和球蛋白相对含量的遗传符合加性—显性模型;清蛋白相对含量的遗传符合加性模型;醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白绝对含量、球蛋白相对含量为部分显性到完全显性。子粒蛋白质含量表现为部分显性,醇溶蛋白相对含量表现为完全显性到超显性;醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白绝对含量、球蛋白相对含量的遗传表现出高值为隐性、低值为显性的趋势。子粒蛋白质含量、醇溶蛋白相对含量表现出高值为显性,低值为隐性的趋势;相关分析的结果表明,两组蛋白质组分间(清蛋白、球蛋白归为一组;醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白归为另一组)存在着相互拮抗作用,而各组内的两性状间存在着相互促进作用。此外,本文还对各亲本中控制各性状遗传的显隐性基因的比例进行了分析。     

Blood function in the hydrothermal vent vestimentiferan tube worm

Extracellular hemoglobin in the whole blood of Riftia pachyptila has a high oxygen affinity (P50 = 1.8 millimeters of mercury at 3 degrees C), a moderate decrease in oxygen affinity at higher temperatures (P50 = 2.7 millimeters of mercury at 14 degrees C), a small effect of carbon dioxide on oxygen affinity (Delta log P50/Delta pH =-0.12), and a high oxygen carrying capacity (up to 11 milliliters of oxygen per 100 milliliters of blood). These characteristics are compatible with the high oxygen demand of chemoautotrophic metabolism in the variable vent environment.     

博落回根提取物对黄粉虫的触杀活性

[目的]筛选博落回根的活性部位。[方法]采用浸渍法,研究了博落回根乙醇粗提取物及其石油醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水4种萃取物对2、6龄黄粉虫的触杀活性。[结果]随着提取物浓度的升高,黄粉虫的校正死亡率升高,当浓度为100 mg/ml时,乙酸乙酯萃取物对2龄黄粉虫的触杀活性最高,48 h校正死亡率达80.95%,LC50为65.532 9 mg/ml,杀虫活性整体表现为:乙酸乙酯层>石油醚层=正丁醇层>总提取物(乙醇)>水层;乙醇提取物和石油醚萃取物对6龄黄粉虫的触杀活性最高,48 h校正死亡率分别达71.42%和66.67%,LC50分别为83.899 8和86.687 7 mg/ml,杀虫活性整体表现为:总提取物(乙醇)>石油醚层>乙酸乙酯层>正丁醇层>水层。[结论]博落回根杀虫活性成分主要分布在石油醚和乙酸乙酯所在极性范围内,可对该部位进一步分离、鉴定。     

Hydration of macromolecules

Frozen protein and nucleic acid solutions at -35 degrees C show relatively narrow (100 milligauss) proton nuclear magnetic resonance signals which are assignable to water that is sufficiently mobile to reduce the dipolar broadening normally associated with solids. Hydration was found to be 0.3 to 0.5 gram of water per gram of protein. Nucleic acids are three to five times as hydrated as proteins. Conformational changes in solution produce detectable changes in linewidth or amount of "bound" water, or both. The very fact that the water signals can be observed by high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance suggests that it is not "ice-like" in any literal sense, although it is clearly less mobile than liquid water at the same temperature. A simple model is described which considers both surface hydration and trapped water.     

肉用种鸡场爆发球虫病原因的分析

通过对北京某鸡场一肉用种鸡育成群爆发球虫病过程中死亡率、用药情况和克粪便卵囊数的记录分析发现,用药不科学是引起球虫病的主要原因。作者认为,应采取防重于治的方法,特别是在雏鸡早期就开始添加抗球虫药并采用逐级递减给药法预防球虫病。     

禾耐斯与速收对马铃薯田杂草防效的试验研究

试验采用单因素随机区组设计,旨在研究禾耐斯与速收两种新型、高效除草剂对马铃薯田杂草的化学防除效果。结果表明:禾耐斯100 mL/667m2+速收12 g/667m2药后30 d对马铃薯田禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草的株防效均可达100%,且对马铃薯出苗无影响,该处理药后50 d对马铃薯田禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草的株防效及鲜重防效分别为97.47%、96.60%和99.08%、99.93%,且对马铃薯生长较安全,与对照相比,可使马铃薯增产18.62%;禾耐斯100mL/667m2药后30 d对马铃薯田禾本科杂草的株防效可达98.48%,药后50 d株防效为94.94%、鲜重防效为84.29%,与对照相比,该处理可使马铃薯增产5.08%;速收12 g/667m2药后30 d对马铃薯田阔叶杂草的株防效为99.77%,药后50 d株防效为96.31%、鲜重防效为98.74%,与对照相比该处理可使马铃薯增产8.53%。     

大叶醉鱼草提取液杀蝗虫活性的研究

[目的]利用大叶醉鱼草(Buddleia davidii)研究开发环保农药,寻找防治害虫的新途径。[方法]将大叶醉鱼草叶制成乙醇提取液,分别对蝗虫进行胃毒和触杀试验,观测其杀虫效果。[结果]浓度为50%的大叶醉鱼草乙醇提取液的胃毒作用最强烈,杀虫效果可达50%;浓度为75%、100%的大叶醉鱼草乙醇提取液的触杀效果均在80%左右。[结论]大叶醉鱼草乙醇提取液对蝗虫有一定的胃毒作用,并且不同浓度的大叶醉鱼草乙醇提取液对蝗虫的胃毒强度不同;大叶醉鱼草乙醇提取液、水提取液对蝗虫都有一定的触杀作用,并且乙醇提取液浓度越高,作用越强烈,效果越好。     

小麦子粒蛋白质及其组分含量的遗传分析——Ⅰ 杂种优势和配合力分析

以6个小麦品种(品系)为亲本,按Grfffmg方法2组配一套完全双列杂交组合,研究小麦子粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质组分含量的配合力和杂种优势。结果表明:(1)醇溶蛋白和麦谷蛋白绝对含量、醇溶蛋白和球蛋白相对含量4个性状的遗传主要受加性基因的控制,子粒蛋白质含量的遗传受加性和非加性基因共同控制,但以加性基因效应为主。(2)同一性状不同亲本的一般配合力效应差异很大,亲本郑州831的子粒蛋白含量、麦谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白绝对含量的GCA效应较高,可作为优质亲本使用。不同组合间的SCA效应与超亲优势呈正相关关系。醇溶蛋白相对含量和球蛋白绝对含量的超亲优势为正向优势,而其它性状均表现为负向超亲优势。本文还对参试亲本的利用价值进行了讨论。     

绿豆主要数量性状与杂交后代的选择

采用ＳＷｒｉｇｈｔ提出的通径分析方法，对绿豆１１个数量性状与产量之间的关系进行了研究。提出了在杂交后代选育绿豆高产品种的策略，即选择荚长９ｃｍ左右、百粒重＞５ｇ、单株荚数适中（２０个左右）、主茎节数多（＞１０个）、植株矮（８０ｃｍ左右）、单荚粒数适量（１２粒左右）的单株     

大孔吸附树脂分离提取发酵液中伊枯草菌素A的研究

研究了利用大孔吸附树脂从发酵液中提取伊枯草菌素A的工艺条件。对比了不同极性大孔树脂对发酵液中伊枯草菌素A的分离效果,选择DM301型树脂作为吸附剂进行优化试验。结果表明,在25℃时,每升发酵液吸附剂用量为80 g DM301型树脂时,树脂对发酵液中伊枯草菌素A的吸附率可达100%。滤去吸附残液,采用无水乙醇解吸,每克DM301树脂解吸剂用量为10 mL时,静态解吸率达90%以上。动态吸附试验表明,发酵液的最佳上样量为6倍柱床体积,动态解吸流出液活性高度集中。该工艺简单、易操作,适用于工业化生产。     

Functional characteristics of the blood of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent brachyuran crab

Hemocyanin in the whole blood of the hydrothermal vent brachyuran crab, Bythograea thermydron, has a moderate oxygen affinity (P(50) = 6.6 millimeters of mercury at 2.6 degrees C; pH 7.5), which unlike that of other hemocyanins is independent of temperature over the range 2 degrees to 30 degrees C; carbon dioxide and pH have independent effects on the oxygen affinity of this pigment. The pH effect on affinity is moderate (Deltalog P(50)/DeltapH = -0.34), whereas increased carbon dioxide, which can act both directly and by changing pH, has a much larger effect (Deltalog P(50)/DeltapH = -0.81). This blood has a moderately high degree of cooperativity (Hill cooperativity coefficient, n, was 2.8) and a large oxygen-carrying capacity for a crustacean (4.5 milliliters of oxygen per 100 milliliters of blood). These properties characterize an oxygen transport system whose function appears to be largely independent of the wide range of environmental conditions encountered around the vents.     

Impairment of shock avoidance learning after long-term alcohol ingestion in mice

Chronic alcohol consumption impaired the learning of a two-way shuttle box avoidance task in mice 10 to 14 days after the discontinuation of ethanol in the diet. Control groups received laboratory chow ad libitum or were pair-fed with the alcohol-consuming mice by diets containing isocaloric amounts of sucrose. The performance of the two control groups was indistinguishable from each other, and only the ethanol-consuming mice performed poorly. It was therefore concluded that alcohol consumption per se and not a nutritional deficiency was responsible for the impairment of learning.     

A search for iridium abundance anomalies at two late cambrian biomere boundaries in Western utah

Iridium concentrations have been measured in samples taken across two Late Cambrian biomere boundaries (crisis zones) in search of evidence for possible elemental abundance anomalies similar to the one observed at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Sampling was performed in uplifted marine limestone deposits in the House Range of western Utah. Although the two trilobite-brachiopod extinction boundaries could be assigned to +/-4 millimeters of vertical section by laboratory examination of the rocks, only background amounts of iridium (2 x 10(-12) to 17 x 10(-12) gram per gram of whole rock) were observed.