中药合剂对雏鸡淋巴细胞培养的免疫抑制效果研究

60只健康雏鸡随机分为A、B、C、D四组,每组15只。9日龄时,C、D两组人工感染传染性法氏囊炎病毒(IBDV),复制动物免疫抑制模型;B、D组同时饲喂中药;A组设为对照组。结果表明:免疫抑制的D组和A组在给药3 d后淋巴细胞转化率显著高于C组(P<0.01);喂药7 d后,B组转化率显著高于A组(P<0.05);中药合剂直接刺激A、C组的淋巴细胞,中药浓度为1:1000细胞转化率最高,显著高于0、1:100、1:500(P<0.01),略高于1:2000(P<0.05);ELISA检测中,D组IL-2水平显著高于C组(P<0.01),但与A组差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验提示该中药合剂可有效缓解免疫抑制病,增强机体免疫力。     

4种方法预防仔猪黄、白痢试验效果观察

通过A、B、C、D4种方法对仔猪黄、白痢进行预防，结果表明：B、C、D3组比A组发病率分别减少51．73、61．33和64．81个百分点，死亡率分别降低8．91、14．13和18．26个百分点，差异极显著（P〈0．01）；B组仔猪平均断奶重高于A组10．69％，差异显著（P〈0．05）；C、D两组仔猪平均断奶重分别高于A组20．68％、21．24％，差异极显著（P〈0．01）；C、D两组的发病率均极显著地低于B组（P〈0．01），C组死亡率比B组减少5．22个百分点，差异显著（P〈0．05），D组死亡率比B组减少9．35个百分点，差异极显著（P〈0．01）；C、D两组仔猪平均断奶重高于B组9．02％、9．53％，差异均显著（P〈0．05）；D组的发病率、死亡率均显著低于C组（P〈0．05），D组仔猪平均断奶重高于C组0．47％，但差异不显著（P〉0．05）；另外预防和治疗费用B、C、D3组分别比A组低1．04、0．71、0．64元／头，其中以B组费用最低，仅为0．09元／头。     

4种教槽料对乳猪生长性能、腹泻和皮毛的影响

试验选取胎次相近（2～3胎）和分娩日龄相差7d左右的长×大二元母猪24头．随机分为4个处理组．各处理组哺乳仔猪从5日龄开始补料,分别饲喂A、B、C和D4种教槽料。结果表明：母猪从分娩到断奶期间总采食量个体间没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。1～4d和4～21d．仔猪日增重和采食量无显著差异（P〉0．05）;4～28d和全程（1＋28d）仔猪日增重差异不显著（P〉0．05）。21～28d生长阶段,B组仔猪采食量和日增重均显著高于A、C和D组（P〈0．05）：B组公猪日增重显著高于A组（P〈0．05）;B组母猪日增重显著高于A、C和D组（P〈0．05）;负增重比例,B组较其他3组最低。仔猪在各阶段腹泻率差异均不显著（P〉0．05）：断奶后7d．B和C组腹泻仔猪与D和A组差异显著（P〈0．05）。B和C组的仔猪皮毛光滑程度高于A和D组。以上结果表明B组教槽料对仔猪生产性能和减少腹泻情况的效果最好．     

复方中草药免疫增强剂对蛋鸡免疫效果的研究

选用3种中草药配方，采用1％、1．5％、2％3个添加水平，进行9个试验组和1个对照组比较研究。对试验鸡的45d免疫器官质量和T、B淋巴细胞进行检查，对不同日龄鸡新城疫（ND）和传染性法氏囊（IBD）的抗体效价、中性粒细胞吞噬功能和T淋巴细胞转化率进行检测。结果表明，试验组脾质量、法氏囊质量及T、B淋巴细胞相对数高于对照组（P〈0．05），以配方B为最高，其次为配方A。试验组抗体效价、中性粒细胞吞噬率、吞噬指数和T淋巴细胞转化率高于对照组（P〈0．05），其中ND抗体效价、IBD抗体效价20d前组间差异不显著，34d后组间差异趋于显著。54d和126d时，A、B、C3配方中性粒细胞吞噬率和吞噬指数组间差异显著（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；T淋巴细胞转化率组间也存在极显著差异，其中配方A中的1组具有明显优势。重复试验结果基本相似。     

肉种鸭蛋重对孵化率的影响

对樱桃谷35周龄SM3肉种鸭蛋按蛋重分4组（A、B、C、D）,相应为：84～87g、88-91g、92～95g、96～99g,使用41所孵化器入孵,在孵化不同时期测定各项孵化指标。测定和分析结果,35周龄不同蛋重各组孵化指标：受精率比较分别为90．7％、90．32％、89．42％、91．80％,统计分析各组差异不显著;入蛋孵化率比较分别为87,53％、87．06％、83．6％、83．07％,统计分析,A、B组与C、D组差异显著（P〈0．05）;受精蛋孵化率比较分别为96．5％、96．32％、93．49％、90．49％,统计分析A、B组与C组差异显著（P〈0．05）,A、B组与D组差异极显著（P〈0．01）,C与D组差异显著（P〈0．05）;受精蛋健雏率比较分别为95．0％、95．09％、88．56％、87．32％,统计分析,A、B组与C、D组差异极显著（P〈0．01）;死胚率比较分别为0．03％、0．03％、0．06％、0．09％,统计分析,A、B组间无差异,A、B组与C组差异显著（P〈0．05）,A、B组与D组差异极显著。     

健胃中药与木醋液对育肥猪血液指标的影响

选择45头体况良好60日龄左右杜长大三元杂交健康仔猪,分为3组,每组设3个重复,每组重复5头。各组添加药物成分,检测其血液指标的变化。A组添加0．5％中药制剂,B组添加0．5％木醋液,C组添加0．5％中药＋木醋液（1：1）。试验结果表明,淋巴细胞A、B、C3组之间差异极显著（P〈0．01）;谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶A、C与B组之间差异极显著（P〈0．01）,总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白A组、C组与B组之间差异极显著（P〈0．01）,甘油三酯、总胆固醇B组与A组、C组之间差异极显著（P〈0．01）,这说明A、C两组在提高动物机体对营养物质消化吸收和代谢率、提高育肥猪免疫力方面优于B组,而B组在降低胆固醇和甘油三酯方面好于A、C两组。     

双乙酸钠对肉鸭生产性能的影响

选用一日龄健康樱桃谷肉鸭新生雏90只，随机分为3组，每组设3个重复，每个重复10只肉鸭，试验采用单因素完全随机试验设计。A组饲喂基础日粮，B、C组在基础日粮的基础上分别添加0．2％、0.4％的双乙酸钠。结果表明：日粮中添加双乙酸钠对提高肉鸭日增重、胸肌率、腿肌率有显著影响（P〈0．05）；对肉鸭的饲料转化率有极显著影响（P〈0．01）；对肉鸭的成活率、屠宰率和皮脂率无显著影响（P〉0．05）。B组日增重比A组提高了8．65％（P〈0．05），比C组提高了5_45％（P〉0．05）；B组料重比较A组降低了11．52％（P〈0．01），较C组降低了3．29％（P〉0．05）：B组的成活率与A组、C组间差异均不显著（P〉0．05）；B组每只肉鸭分别比A、C组多盈利1．04、1．06元。     

复合天然添加剂对鹌鹑蛋品质影响的研究

用300只10月龄产蛋鹌鹑随机分成3组,对照组A饲喂全价基础日粮,试验组B添加0．5％的含有红椒粉和油菜花粉的天然添加剂,试验组C添加0．5％的含有红椒粉和甜茶粉的天然添加剂,试验期15天。测定第0、5、10、15天的蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳厚度、蛋黄指数及蛋黄色泽度（RCF）。结果表明：B和C蛋黄色泽度明显高于A（P〈0．01）,同时B高于C（P〈0．05）;B和C蛋黄指数显著高于A（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）,且第15天时B显著高于C（P〈0．05）;蛋重、蛋形指数和蛋壳厚度组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。试验说明：该两种复合天然添加剂能够明显提高鹌鹑蛋黄色泽度和蛋黄指数。     

4种教槽料对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻和皮毛的影响

试验选取160头体重7．02．4±0．505kg的健康断奶仔猪,随机分4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复10头猪。分别饲喂粉料^组、扮料B组、颗粒料C组和粉料D组。结果表明：断奶后10d试验期内,扮料A组仔猪采食量和日增重均显著高于粉料B组和颗柱料C组（P〈0．05）,与粉料D组差异不显著（P〉0．05）;粉料B组和颗粒料C组采食量．日增重均差异显著（P〈0．05）。粉料A组仔猪料肉比与扮料B组和颗粒料C组差异均显著（P〈0．0,5）,与粉料D组相比,粉料A组料肉比降低4．76％。腹泻率和腹泻指数粉料A组和粉料D组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但与粉料B组和颗拉料C组间差异显著（P〈0．05）。除颗粒料C组皮毛指数与各组存在显著差异外（P〈0．05）,各组间均差异不显著（P〉0．05）。以上结果表明,粉料A和粉料D提高断奶仔猪生产性能、降低仔猪腹泻率、生产效果最佳。     

槲皮素对双酚A致小鼠生精功能障碍的治疗作用

将50只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为5组,A组（n=10）正常喂饲,B、C、D、E组（各10只）小鼠均腹腔注射50mg／kg·d的BPA,1次／d,连续注射7d,构造小鼠睾丸损伤模型,同时C、D、E组分别用100、200、400mg／kg·d浓度的Que灌胃7d,A组和B组给予等量生理盐水。记录小鼠的体征、体质量变化及试验结束时睾丸、附睾和精囊腺的质量;试剂盒检测血清中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GsH—Px）和丙二醛（MDA）的含量;酶联免疫法测定血清睾酮（T）、黄体生成素（LH）和促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）的水平;对睾丸组织进行组织学观察。结果显示：D组200mg／kg·d小鼠体质量、各脏器质量均较B组有明显改善（P〈O．05或P〈0．01）,接近A组,C组和E组只有附睾质量变化显著（P〈0．05）;Que各剂量组血清中的SOD、GSH—Px活性均高于BPA组,差异极显著（P〈0．01）,其中D组抗氧化酶的活性最高;MDA测定结果显示,D组明显降低,差异极显著（P〈0．01）,E组也有所降低,差异显著（P〈0．05）;C、D、E组小鼠血清生殖激素水平均有一定程度的恢复,但D组各生殖激素指标均接近A组;组织学观察见各给药组睾丸生精小管生精细胞层数、精子数目均高于B组,尤以D组200mg／kg·d恢复最为明显。结果表明：Que能够促进BPA致小鼠睾丸生精功能障碍后生精功能的恢复,且最佳剂量为200mg／kg·d。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.