《杂交水稻超高产制种新技术》电教片问世

1993年10月30日,电视教学片《杂交水稻超高产制种新技术》(中、英文版)在湖南问世,即将向国内外发行. 杂交水稻之父袁隆平担任该片首席科学家顾问,并题写了该片名,同时他还在序言中写道“……我深信在这一套比较完整的先进技术的帮助下,杂交水稻的制种产量一定能再上新台阶,”杂交水稻超高产制种新技术从发现父本散粉高峰期和母本柱头外露率高低的敏感期两个规律出发,解决了杂交水稻父母本花期花时不遇导致制种大面积平均单产长期徘徊于130～150kg的局面.通过采取父本散粉高峰期集中统一赶锁粉和提高母本柱头外露率,排除异交障碍等配套技本,…     

杂交稻高产制种关键技术Ⅱ生殖生长阶段

1　影响和提高母本柱头外露率的因素及措施据大量研究报道,母本柱头外露的颖花,不但授粉态势好,而且活力也强,闭颖后数日还有相当的授粉受精结实的能力。柱头外露颖花的结实率(外实率)平均可达70%左右,高的达80%。而柱头非外露颖花的结实率(非外实率)最高田块也不过30%,一般只能达到20%多,外实率和非外实率相差3～4倍。提高柱头外露率对提高制种产量至关重要。11　好环境好措施一切有利于稻株健壮生长的外界环境和栽培措施,均有利于提高母本柱头外露率,反之则降低。如壮秧、本田基肥足(特别是有机肥)、氮、磷、钾配比合理,烤田及湿润灌溉,防…     

水稻籼型温敏不育系培矮64S异交特性研究

研究表明 ,培矮 64S穗期与花期均较集中 ,且高峰期突出 ;花时早 ,并有明显的盛花时 ;柱头外露率高 ,全花期平均为 78.79%。这些对提高制种异交结实率有利。但是 ,张颖历期较短 ,4 7.0 5 %的颖花张颖历期在 12 0min以内 ;柱头小 ,柱头的长、宽、面积和体积分别为 1.196mm ,0 .3 77mm ,0 .4 5 1mm2 和 0 .13 3mm3,且生活力较低 ,活力系数仅 0 .83。这些对异交结实不利。因此 ,应选择花时早、花粉量大、散粉习性好的父本配组 ;在制种时应集中父本花粉量 ,缩短授粉期 ,抓住父本散粉高峰时刻辅助授粉     

进一步提高水稻不育系柱头外露率的途径

进一步提高水稻不育系柱头外露率的途径ＷａｙｓｔｏｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｔｉｇｍａｅｘｓｅｒｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｏｆＭＳｌｉｎｅｓｉｎｒｉｃｅ刘平（安徽省庐江县种子公司２３１５００）杂交水稻制种母本柱头外露率的高低决定母本接受父本花粉能力的大小,...     

棉花柱头外露材料在杂交制种中利用价值的研究

棉花柱头外露亦称开放花蕾或雌雄异熟 ,即为棉株在现蕾 7天后 ,柱头就外露 ,而雄蕊仍被花瓣包裹在花冠内 ,直到开花才露出散粉。这一性状受一对隐性基因控制 ,自交或异交均能结实。因此 ,它可作为棉花杂种优势利用的新遗传工具。肖杰华(1 986)在海陆杂种 F2 代中发现该材料 ,通过定向选择 ,选出陆异 1号种质 ,并对其利用性能、授粉时期及授粉方法等制种技术进行了研究。李育强等(1 986)将隐性无腺体基因 gl2 gl3导入到陆异 1号中 ,培育出无腺体指示性状标记的柱头外露系 E-81。前人的这些研究主要集中在该种质在棉花杂种优势利用方面应用的…     

杂交水稻制种高产技术——父本散粉高峰期授粉技术及其配套措施

人工辅助授粉，一般用人工振动父本稻穗，促使花药开裂，花粉粒飞散，增加母本柱头授粉机会，这是提高杂交稻制种产量的一项有效措施。祁阳县自开展杂交稻制种以来，一般用绳或竹竿赶粉，由于田间操作方法、授粉时间和次数掌握不当，花粉浪费严重，极大地影响了人工辅助授粉作用的正常发挥。为了更好地发挥人工辅助授粉的增产优势，我们于1991年春推广了父本散粉高峰期授粉技术，效果好，产量高，现介绍如下。     

中棉所29人工制种中的几个重要环节

１早播父本中棉所２９亲本中的父本苗蕾期比母本生长势弱，棉苗矮小，现蕾数相对较少，开花跟不上母本授粉需要。据我地今年制种统计；按父、母本１∶５种植，７月２０日前，父、母本开花比例平均在１∶８左右，最低达１∶１２，严重影响母本柱头授粉效果和成铃率。父本宜...     

三系粳稻不育系开花习性与异交结实率的关系

以583A、7740A7、7237A、春江12A、春江16A、春江26A、99-44A、宁67A、旱稻A等9个不同柱头外露率和花时的三系粳稻不育系为母本,以粳稻恢复系CH89为父本,进行大田小区制种,对不育系的午前花率、柱头外露率与异交结实率之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明,不育系柱头外露率与异交结实率之间的简单相关系数和偏相关系数以及午前花率与异交结实率之间的简单相关系数均达到显著水平,异交结实率与柱头外露率、午前花率之间的复相关系数也达到显著水平。粳稻不育系异交结实率(y)与柱头外露率(x1)、午前花率(x2)的回归方程为y=26.06 0.51x1 0.28x2。通径分析表明,柱头外露率对粳稻不育系异交结实率起更重要的作用。对三系粳稻不育系的遗传改良及制种策略进行了讨论。     

对杂交稻制种父本的新认识

杂交稻制种是由父本花粉授粉于母本柱头完成授精结实。父本在高产制种中具有极其重要的作用。在制种田中如何更大地发挥父本的作用，笔者经３ａ调查分析，提出如下新认识。１　父母本株高差如何配量才能利授粉以往的制种经验，总是认为父本应较明显地高于母本才有利授粉，有利高产。笔者在１９９４、１９９５两年里，在不同组合，不同父母本株高差的田块中，随机选取１４块不同类型，每块田５点取样，每点取母本１５丛，量取每株株高，记在信封上，并轻轻摘下其穗装入信封内，带回室内考种计算结实率，而后依株高的高矮，人为地将母本穗分为…     

提高母本柱头外露率是杂交稻制种高产的关键

讨论了以提高母本柱头外露率来提高并交结实率从而使制种高产的机理，阐明了母本柱头外露率的影响因素和时期，提出了提高柱头外露率的措施．     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).