冷鲜肉微生物种类及微生物预测模型的研究进展

肉品安全是一个重要的研究课题,预测肉品微生物的变化是监测食品货架期的基础,它根据食品微生物在不同加工技术、储藏和流通条件下的变化规律,通过建立模型和计算机处理,判断食品内主要致病菌和腐败菌生长或残存的动态变化,从而对食品的质量和安全性作出快速评估和预测.生鲜肉食品的腐败主要是生产加工过程中微生物污染所致,不同的微生物在...     

LabBase: Development and validation of an innovative food microbial growth responses database

The ability to monitor the results of research on food safety could help the food industry to design safe foods and to control reliably their stability during the stages of processing and distribution. However, due to the large volume of data and information that exists in the international literature, the specific (and necessary) knowledge for making decisions on the safety of certain foods is difficult to glean, or such a process is only possible with the help of experienced scientific staff. Therefore, a systematic recording of such research data in food databases is required, allowing the user to find quickly and easily the requested information (e.g. depending on the food product or the production conditions and distribution). The user would have the ability to compare different foods or to perform scenarios of food manufacturing and distribution. This paper introduces a novel food microbial growth responses database, called LabBase that satisfies the above requirements, supported by innovative application software, designed for scientific and industrial use.     

鲜切猕猴桃在贮藏期间的微生物生长模型

为快速、有效地评估鲜切猕猴桃的货架期和微生物安全性,提供了一个方便有效的方法。研究了在2℃、6℃和20℃下鲜切猕猴桃中细菌的生长趋势和感官质量的变化。采用涂布法测定细菌总数,建立微生物生长模型。结果表明:试验中所建立的Gompertz模型能有效地拟合在不同贮藏温度下鲜切猕猴桃中细菌总数的动态变化,从而能预测不同贮藏温度及时间内鲜切猕猴桃中的细菌总数,快速、有效地评估鲜切猕猴桃的货架期和微生物安全性。鲜切猕猴桃最佳贮藏温度为2℃,当细菌总数≤5×103 cfu/g,鲜切猕猴桃仍保持新鲜状态,无明显的腐败发生。     

脱水蔬菜粉射频杀菌研究

近年来,低水分活度食品包括果蔬粉等的安全性开始受到人们的广泛关注。虽然微生物在低水分活度食品中无法生长,但是可以存活很长一段时间,且一旦条件适宜将会引发严重的食品安全问题。因此,急需建立适宜的方法对低水分活度食品进行杀菌以提高其安全性。以椰菜粉为原料,用功率为6 kW,频率为27.12 MHz的射频设备进行杀菌,研究其在射频过程中的加热模式和温度分布,发现样品内部和中心的温度明显高于表面温度,这可以通过加热过程中样品的翻转来改善。并研究了射频处理不同阶段椰菜粉的微生物失活及颜色改变情况,结果表明经射频处理5 min后微生物失活显著,且颜色基本不变。射频处理后的冷激（-18℃,48 h）可将微生物从3.0 log CFU/g降低到低于1.0 log CFU/g。射频与冷激相结合是一种很有前景的低水分活度食品杀菌技术,且具有最大限度保持食品原有品质的优点。     

火锅蘸酱常温贮存过程中微生物的变化研究

为预测和制定火锅蘸酱在常温贮存条件下的货架期,研究常温下火锅蘸酱中微生物生长趋势的变化,利用DPS软件,建立Gompertz模型,然后用生产日期相近的2个组蘸酱的微生物变化验证所建立的生长模型的准确度。研究结果表明,试验中所建立的Gompertz模型能有效地拟合火锅蘸酱在常温下菌落总数的动态变化,准确度较高,能准确预测不同贮藏时间内火锅蘸酱的菌落总数,为快速、可靠地实时预测火锅蘸酱的货架期和微生物学品质,提供了一个方便有效的方法;利用该模型可以预测火锅蘸酱12个月的保质期内菌落总数小于105cfu/g。     

一种转基因食品的安全性评价流程

转基因食品是利用DNA重组技术获得的一种新型食品,其安全性受到人们的普遍关注。为了科学有效地开展转基因食品安全性评价,文章从转基因生物的生长环境、转基因食品的安全评价标准、转基因食品的处理过程、人们对食物的选择和转基因食品的检测方法五个方面讨论了转基因食品安全性评价的影响因子,并根据转基因生物外源基因整合的分子特征和转基因食品本身的特性,编制了一套转基因食品安全性评价流程。     

火锅蘸酱常温贮存过程中的微生物变化的研究

主要研究了火锅蘸酱在常温贮藏期间的微生物生长规律,利用DPS软件,建立Gompertz模型,评价该调味酱的保质期,然后用生产日期相近的两个组的微生物变化验证其是否符合所建立的生长模型。结果表明：该调味酱在12个月的保质期内食用安全,所建模型能有效地拟合在贮藏期间调味酱中细菌总数的动态变化。     

冷却肉品质变化动力学模型的试验研究

[目的]研究冷却肉品质在不同温度下的变化规律。[方法]从感官和理化性质方面对贮藏在05、1、0和20℃下的猪肉进行试验研究,通过相应的品质能级函数分析,设立猪肉的鲜度指标。利用Arrhenius方程对活化能Ea和Q10计算,并对照感官评定得到货架寿命预测公式,并模拟得到了冷却肉经历不同温度、时间流通后的品质损失量和货架寿命余量。[结果]确立挥发性盐基氮反应级数为1级,基于其与感官值的良好对应关系,设立为猪肉的鲜度指标;在温度段（10~20℃）内任何一点温度T下货架寿命预测公式为：θs（T）=2.38×1.62（293-T）/10;在温度段（0~10℃）内任何一点温度T下货架寿命预测公式为：θs（T）=3.79×1.6（283-T）/10。[结论]该模型可用于对不同温度下冷却肉的货架寿命进行预测。     

Traditional African American foods and African Americans

Traditional African American foods, also referred to as “soul food,” are often given a blanket label of “poor food choices.” The cultural value of these ethnic foods may be disregarded without sufficient study of their nutrient content. This study showed that of the various foods perceived as traditionally African American by the local sampled population, greens were the most often identified as such by 78% and the most frequently consumed (22%) by the subjects. 37% perceived chitterlings as a traditional food, yet only 30% consumed them, and only on an occasional basis. Okra, yams, and black-eyed peas had relatively high consumptions but were not often perceived as traditional African American foods. The latter may suggests a lack of historical food facts, relating to indigenous African foods or may indicate the mainstreaming of these foods. Cowpeas or black-eyed peas, okra, sesame seeds, and watermelon seeds were originally brought to North America from Africa. The literature contains scant information on this particular topic, which leaves unanswered: (1) the current consumption of traditional foods by African Americans, (2) certain availability of these foods; and (3) the positive contributions to the diet that these foods may contribute. The author recognizes that “African American” is the most appropriate and preferred term used widely today, to refer to African descendants in North America, however “Black” and “Black American” will be used interchangeably, to reflect consistency of literature cited herein. First, this article will define traditional African American foods and relate their historical significance. Secondly, it will present data on current food consumption from a sample population of African Americans surveyed in San Diego. Lastly, this article will explore possible applications of the research itself.     

消费者食品安全性意识与认证食品的支付意愿

利用延吉市消费者的食品安全性意识调查资料,采用一般统计方法测定消费者对食品安全的认知度,估算认证食品的支付意愿（Willingness To Pay,WTP）．结果表明,消费者对食品认证的认知度和信任度都比较低．但通过认证的食品在确实能保证食品质量安全的前提下,消费者对绿色食品的支付意愿为28．8％,GAP认证农产品的支付意愿为18．5％,HACCP认证食品的支付意愿为17．6％,有机食品的支付意愿为17．2％,无公害食品的支付意愿为16．2％．说明消费者对认证食品的支付意愿还是比一般食品要高,消费者即便多支付价格也愿意购买高品质安全食品．因此,建议加强食品安全宣传力度,提高消费者食品安全意识及对认证食品的认知度和接受度．     

2014~2015年吉林省出入境8类食品中微生物污染状况分析

[目的]了解吉林省出入境食品中微生物的污染状况及其趋势,为采取有效措施降低进出口食品微生物污染的风险提供基础资料。[方法]依据《食品卫生微生物学检验》GB/T4789—2003/2010,对2014~2015年2年间吉林省出入境送检和抽检的8类食品进行微生物检测,对采集样品进行4项微生物检测,指标包括：细菌总数、大肠菌群、致病菌、霉菌和酵母菌检测。[结果]试验共检测8类食品共计1668份样品,检出微生物98株,总检出率5.88%。[结论]吉林省出入境8类食品中微生物污染整体状况较好,2015年的污染状况较2014年有所好转,抽检能更好地发现食品中存在的卫生问题,今后应重点加强对肉制品和乳制品的监督管理。     

欧盟动植物源性食品和饲料中农残限量控制新指令浅析

我国食品的农残监控体系及相关法规,其设置的完善程度及科学合理性与欧盟尚有较大差距,了解欧盟农残限量控制相关的法规及标准,对我国加强食品农药残留的安全卫生控制及促进我国对外贸易的顺利进行具有重要意义。该文从基本内容、各自功能与内在联系方面,浅析了2005年2月以来以欧盟（EC）No 396/2005法规为基础框架的几个关于动植物源性食品和饲料农药残留限量控制的新指令,以期为我国动植物源性食品和饲料的农残监控体系及相关法规的调整完善提供参考。     

What are the odds of being an organic or local food shopper? Multivariate analysis of US food shopper lifestyle segments

The growth in organic and local foods consumption has been examined using two different approaches to identify characteristics and motivations of food shoppers: market segmentation and economic models using multivariate analysis. The former approach, based on Means-end Chain theory, examines how intrinsic characteristics of foods affect food choices. The latter microeconomic approach examines economic constraints and extrinsic factors. This study demonstrates value in combining the two approaches to generate better empirical predictions of who buys organic and local food. It also supports a broader theoretical framework to explain behavior in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations. Using US data, an adaptation of the Food Related Lifestyle model yields four consumer lifestyles segmented by intrinsic motivations related to food. Each consumer segment exhibits distinct organic and local foods consumption behaviors. A multinomial logit model is estimated to examine the probability of being in one of these four groups as a function of extrinsic variables and economic constraints. In support of Alphabet theory and Regulatory Focus theory, we find that inclusion of extrinsic factors improves prediction of behavior and the ability to explain why they buy organic and local foods. The extrinsic variables that significantly increase the probability of being in a particular consumer food lifestyle segment include: environmental concerns, health practices, race, the presence of a farmers’ market, and to a lesser degree, family composition and income. We also find regulatory focus is most pronounced among the most active organic and local food shoppers.     

豆腐干类风味制品试制与质量控制技术的研究

[目的]建立地方特色豆腐干制品常温非制冷保藏的技术。[方法]以生产过程中的减菌消毒措施降低起始菌数目,点浆环节加入优选的食品防腐剂,与熟制、真空包装6、0Coγ射线辐照加工相结合,进行综合控菌。[结果]将清洗、加热灭菌、防止二次污染以及消毒等减菌措施综合运用,可降低豆腐干产品的起始细菌数;如该类产品保质期只要求在常温下5 d之内,可采用在点浆工序中加入丙酸钙（2.5 g/kg）及实施真空包装即可;如保质期要求在常温下30 d,可采用剂量为6 kGy的60Coγ射线对其真空包装制品作辐照处理即可,而其熟制品在同样条件下可放置90 d,产品风味保持良好。[结论]控制起始菌技术与熟制、真空包装6、0Coγ射线辐照加工相结合,进行综合控菌,可实现豆腐干风味制品常温非制冷保藏90 d的目标。     

转基因作物的非预期效应及其检测

随着转基因产业的飞速发展,转基因食品的安全性逐步引起人们的广泛关注.外源基因的非预期效应可能引起转基因食品的营养成分发生改变,甚至产生一些新的毒性物质,可能对人类和动物健康以及环境形成潜在的危害,是转基因食品安全性评价的重要内容之一.由于外源基因的非预期效应具有潜在性,非预见性,因此以“实质等同性”为基础的定向评价方法很难充分考虑到由遗传修饰引起的非预期效应.文章主要阐述了转基因植物整合位点的分布和机制、转基因作物可能产生的非预期效应,以及利用基因芯片技术、蛋白质组定量分析技术、代谢组分析技术分别从mRNA水平、蛋白质水平、代谢水平上比较转基因作物和非转基因作物基因表达的差异,在食品安全评价中会是完善定向方法的补充方案,对转基因食品的安全性评价至关重要.     

Capturing the Sustainability Agenda: Organic Foods and Media Discourses on Food Scares, Environment, Genetic Engineering, and Health

This paper undertakes a content analysis of newspaper articles from Australia, the UK, and the US concerned with a variety of issues relevant to sustainable food and agriculture from 1996 to 2002. It then goes on to identify the various ways in which sustainability, organic food and agriculture, genetic engineering, genetically modified foods, and food safety are framed both in their own terms and in relation to each other. It finds that despite the many competing approaches to sustainability found in scientific and agricultural production discourses, media discourses tend to reduce this complexity to a straightforward conflict between organic and conventional foods. Despite regular reporting of viewpoints highly critical of organic food and agriculture, this binary opposition produces discourses in which organic foods are seen as more-or-less synonymous with safety, naturalness and nutrition, and their alternatives as artificial, threatening, and untrustworthy. Particularly controversial food-related issues such as genetic engineering, food scares, chemical residues, and regulatory failure are treated as part of the same problem to which organic food offers a trustworthy and easily understood solution. Stewart Lockie is Associate Professor of Rural and Environmental Sociology and Associate Dean (Research) in the Faculty of Sciences, Engineering and Health at Central Queensland University. His main research interests lie in the greening of food and agriculture, food commodity networks, and natural resource management. Recent co-edited books include Rurality Bites: The Social and Environmental Transformation of Rural Australia and Consuming Foods, Sustaining Environments.     

Pesticide food safety standards as companions to tolerances and maximum residue limits

Allowable levels for pesticide residues in foods,known as tolerances in the US and as maximum residue limits(MRLs) in much of the world,are widely yet inappropriately perceived as levels of safety concern. A novel approach to develop scientifically defensible levels of safety concern is presented and an example to determine acute and chronic pesticide food safety standard(PFSS) levels for the fungicide captan on strawberries is provided. Using this approach,the chronic PFSS level for captan on strawberries was determined to be 2 000 mg kg–1 and the acute PFSS level was determined to be 250 mg kg–1. Both levels are far above the existing tolerance and MRLs that commonly range from 3 to 20 mg kg–1,and provide evidence that captan residues detected at levels greater than the tolerance or MRLs are not of acute or chronic health concern even though they represent violative residues. The benefits of developing the PFSS approach to serve as a companion to existing tolerances/MRLs include a greater understanding concerning the health significance,if any,from exposure to violative pesticide residues. In addition,the PFSS approach can be universally applied to all potential pesticide residues on all food commodities,can be modified by specific jurisdictions to take into account differences in food consumption practices,and can help prioritize food residue monitoring by identifying the pesticide/commodity combinations of the greatest potential food safety concern and guiding development of field level analytical methods to detect pesticide residues on prioritized pesticide/commodity combinations.     

扬州市流通领域食品安全情况调查监测

[目的]了解扬州市流通环节食品安全状况,以便制定合理有效的食品安全措施。[方法]从扬州市所辖"三区一市一县"(高邮市自检除外)的商场、超市、零售店、农贸市场、食用农产品批发市场等场所随机采样3 012个食品批次,利用食品安全快速检测法共检测了12个项目,共计检测3 188个项目批次。[结果]检测结果呈阳性的食品145批次,合格项目3 043批次,抽检合格率为95.45%,说明扬州市流通环节的食品质量和安全情况总体较好。检出阳性批次较多的主要是蔬菜的农药残留(52个批次)和加工食品的二氧化硫(48个批次),检出阳性结果的食品类别主要是食用农产品(56个批次)和散装食品(38个批次)。[结论]该调查结果可为扬州市制定合理有效的食品安全措施提供参考。     

微生物在食品生产中的危害与控制措施

微生物在食品生产中对食品产生污染的危害与防范,采用生产环境的监控,人员管理防止人为污染等方法控制危害,实际的生产过程中采用必要的措施防止食品生产的污染,保证食品产品的卫生。只有采取必要的措施控制和提高卫生质量,才能保证保证食品产品的卫生。