基于OpenGL的小麦形态可视化技术

形态可视化技术是虚拟植物研究的关键技术之一。本研究以小麦作物为对象,在提出小麦形态可视化技术框架的基础上,首先研究了小麦不同器官的三维几何建模技术,构建了基于器官形态特征参数的几何模型,包括叶、茎秆和麦穗几何模型。用NURBS曲面来模拟叶片和叶鞘;用圆柱体模拟茎秆的节间;并采用组合单器官的方式来构建麦穗模型：用圆柱体模拟穗轴,用椭球体和圆柱体分别模拟小穗的谷粒及小穗枝梗。然后,基于OpenGL图形平台,绘制了小麦器官的三维形态,并提出了颜色渲染、纹理映射、光照处理等真实感图形显示技术;最后,通过耦合小麦植株的拓扑结构模型以及小麦个体之间的相互关系,实现了小麦从器官-个体-群体三个层次的形态可视化,从而为构建可视化小麦生长系统奠定了技术基础。     

基于多视角立体视觉的植株三维重建与精度评估

基于图像序列的植株三维结构重建是植物无损测量的重要方法之一。而对重建模型的精度评估方法大多基于视觉逼真程度和常规测量数据。该研究以精确的激光扫描三维模型为参照,采用豪斯多夫距离,从三维尺度上对基于图像序列的植株三维重建模型进行精度评估。同时,从植株表型参数(叶片长、宽、叶面积)方面,对植株三维重建模型进行精度评估。结果表明,基于图像序列的三维重建模型精度较高,豪斯多夫距离在0~10 mm之间,各试验植株豪斯多夫距离大多小于4.0 mm,各植株表型参数与其对照值的R2均大于0.95,且两者的无显著性差异(P0.05)。此植株三维结构重建方法能够应用于植物表型、基因育种、植物表型与环境互作等研究领域。     

基于器官尺度虚拟玉米冠层直射光分布的快速计算模型

为了给精确农业研究中所需的植物冠层光分布快速计算提供解决方法,提出了一个基于虚拟相机的玉米冠层直射辐射分布快速计算模型。该模型主要包括一个能代表田间玉米植株群体空间结构特征的虚拟冠层和一个虚拟相机,采用虚拟相机从太阳入射方向拍摄冠层图像,通过图像判读计算出植株各器官的太阳直射辐射分布。从模拟精度与模拟时间两方面评估了该模型的有效性。结果表明,该模型能很好地模拟器官尺度的植株光分布,并且比现有模型明显地缩短了计算时间。在引入计算虚拟冠层最小复制植株数的算法后,该模型的计算时间还能进一步缩短。另外,还探讨了虚拟冠层的植株器官形态简化描述的可行性,结果表明过度简化会导致模拟误差的明显增加。     

基于变化光源方向多图像的植物叶片表观三维模拟

为了真实准确地模拟植物叶片表观颜色,提出一种基于多图像的叶片表观模拟方法。首先搭建基于线性光源的表观图像采集系统,用以获得400张视线角度固定、光源方向变化的叶片图像集合;采用拟合方法自动地从400张图像中获得整个叶片表面的表观特征参数,包括漫反射强度、高光反射强度和粗糙度;利用该拟合方法对线性光源移动条件下理想物体的各种反射特征的变化情况进行仿真计算,然后针对叶片图像中的每个像素寻找与仿真计算结果最接近的表观模型参数作为拟合结果。通过该拟合方法,可将叶片表面上各个位置的表观参数合成3张表观参数图像,采用基于点光源的实时光照方法测试最终的可视化模拟效果。从模拟结果中可以看出利用该文方法得到的结果能够真实地表现叶片自身的表观质感特性,相对于传统方法更加真实准确。     

Ultraviolet-B radiation in a row-crop canopy: an extended 1-D model

A decrease in stratospheric ozone may result in a serious threat to plants, since biologically active short-wavelength ultraviolet-B (UV-B 280–320 nm) radiation will increase even with a relatively small decrease in ozone. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that the effect of UV-B enhancements on plants includes reduction in grain yield, alteration in species competition, susceptibility to disease, and changes in plant structure and pigmentation. To determine the physiological effects on plants of any increases in UV-B radiation, the irradiances at the potential sensitive plant surface need to be known. A number of radiative transfer models exist but because of the importance of sky diffuse radiation to the global UV-B irradiance, models designed to estimate photosynthetically active radiation or total solar radiation may not accurately model the UV-B. This paper compares spatially and temporally averaged measurements of the UV-B canopy transmittance of a relatively dense maize canopy (sky view: 0.27°) to the estimations of two one-dimensional models differing mainly in the handling of sky radiance. The model that considered the distribution of sky radiance tended to underestimate the canopy transmittance, the model that assumed an isotropic sky radiance distribution tended to overestimate the canopy transmittance. However, the assumption concerning the sky radiance distribution accounted for only about 0.01 of the model error. Consequently, the sky radiance distribution is probably not important in modeling such dense crop canopies. The model that overestimated transmittance and had the generally larger errors, a modified Meyers model, used the assumption of uniform leaf angle distribution, whereas in the other model, designated the UVRT model, leaf angle distributions were estimated by sample measurements. Generally this model would be satisfactory in describing the statistically average UV-B irradiance conditions in the canopy. This model may also be applied to other dense plant canopies including forests.     

基于t分布函数的玉米群体三维模型构建方法

为利用少量实测数据快速构建能够反映因品种、环境条件、栽培管理措施等因素产生形态结构差异的玉米群体三维模型,提出基于t分布函数的玉米群体三维模型构建方法。通过实测数据构建主要株型参数的t分布函数,在其约束下生成群体内各植株主要株型参数,通过构造株型参数相似性度量函数调用玉米器官三维模板资源库中的器官几何模板,结合人工交互或图像提取的各植株生长位置与植株方位平面角2组群体结构信息生成玉米群体几何模型。利用三维数字化仪获取的玉米群体田间原位三维数字化数据所构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI与该方法构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI进行对比验证,结果表明:该方法所生成玉米群体叶面积指数与原位三维数字化数据所构建玉米群体计算得到的LAI相比,误差在±2%以内,可以满足面向可视化计算的玉米结构功能分析研究需求。方法可为玉米株型优化设计、耐密性鉴定、品种适应性评价等虚拟试验研究提供技术手段。     

节水灌溉和遮光强度对水稻生长发育的耦合影响

采用两因素随机区组试验设计,通过大田模拟试验研究节水灌溉和遮光强度耦合对水稻生长及物候期的影响。灌溉方式设常规灌溉（F,水深5cm）和节水灌溉（W,无水层）2个水平;遮光强度设3个水平,即对照（CK,无遮光,自然光源）、轻度遮光（S1,单层遮光,光合有效辐射减弱60%）和重度遮光（S2,双层遮光,光合有效辐射减弱90%）。在水稻主要生育期即分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期,观测株高、叶面积指数（LAI）、叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、稻穗含水率和冠层高光谱。用冠层高光谱数据提取增强型植被指数（EVI）时间序列,经Spline法插值及小波滤波去噪后预测水稻抽穗盛期的日期。结果表明：随着遮光强度的加重,水稻叶面积指数和叶绿素含量显著下降,物候期明显延迟。节水灌溉对遮光处理下水稻株高和叶绿素含量有抑制作用,对叶面积指数有促进作用,节水灌溉可使遮光处理下水稻物候期提前,使生育期缩短。在一定遮光强度下,水稻冠层光谱反射率在拔节期、抽穗期表现为节水灌溉（W）＞常规灌溉（F）,而灌浆期、成熟期表现为常规灌溉（F）＞节水灌溉（W）。用去噪后的EVI时间序列预测水稻抽穗盛期,准确率为97%。     

消光系数估算方法对玉米冠层光能利用模拟的影响

以玉米品种大叶矮小型的矮单268（AD268）和小叶高大型的先玉335（XY335）为供试材料，设置低（3株·m⁻²）、中（6株·m⁻²）、高（9株·m⁻²）3个种植密度，综合利用冠层光合有效辐射（PAR）垂直分布数据、冠层三维模型与冠层光合模型，分析了对数法和回归法估算出的消光系数（k_log和k_nls）对品种和种植密度的响应及其差异，评估消光系数估算方法对冠层光能利用模拟的影响。结果表明：k_log与k_nls存在差异，这种差异在大叶矮小型品种AD268下表现更加明显，且差异随着种植密度的增加而加剧，基于k_nls对冠层光分布的拟合效果（R²=0.86）优于k_log（R²=0.77）；基于k_log和k_nls的玉米冠层光能利用特征对种植密度的响应规律在不同品种间存在明显差异，以k_log和k_nls模拟的AD268的日CO₂同化量、地上部干物质日积累量和光能利用效率在低密度下无明显差异，但在中高密度下差异较大，二者差异开始变大的临界密度为0.7～2.5株·m⁻²。     

树冠微域环境对茶树碳氮代谢的影响

【目的】树冠微域环境对植物的生长有着显著影响,改善植物树冠环境可提升收获对象的品质。因此茶树的生长特别是其碳氮代谢及茶叶品质可能会受到树冠微域环境影响,本文拟通过覆盖遮荫的方式人为改变茶树树冠微域环境,以探明树冠微域环境对茶树碳氮代谢等的影响。【方法】采用田间小区试验,通过在茶树树冠面上分别覆盖光热透过性能不同的三种遮荫材料,人为改变茶树树冠面的微域环境,以不覆盖为对照,比较不同树冠微域环境条件下树冠面空气温度、空气湿度、光照等环境因子的变化及光合速率等的差异,并通过氨基酸组分分析及高效液相色谱等方法对不同季节茶树新梢中碳氮初级代谢产物进行分析,以比较树冠微域环境变化对茶树碳氮代谢及茶鲜叶品质等的影响。【结果】茶树树冠面经三种光热透过性能不同的遮阳网在蓬面直接覆盖后,茶树新梢的生长小环境及碳氮代谢均发生了变化: 1）树冠面的光照强度、空气温度及叶片温度均得到了不同程度的降低,空气相对湿度得到了不同程度的提高。其中覆盖隔热网的降温效果最好,降温幅度最高可达3.1℃;覆盖银色网在早晚有较好的降温效果,降温幅度可达1.6℃,但在12时、14时和16时未有明显的降温效果。而覆盖黑网后早晨的树冠面空气温度与叶片温度却显著高于其他各处理,且随着外界温度的升高,黑网下的两种温度与不覆盖比表现出了波动现象。2）茶树被覆盖后,其净光合速率表现出显著的降低趋势,其中黑网覆盖处理与不覆盖处理均在中午12点左右出现一个低谷,出现了午睡现象,而银色网与隔热网覆盖处理没有表现出午睡现象;覆盖后茶树叶片胞间CO2浓度较不覆盖表现出升高趋势,其中以隔热网处理为最高。3）在高温强光季节对茶树进行适度遮荫覆盖,能在一定程度上促进茶树氮代谢,减弱茶树碳代谢,改善各季茶树新梢的品质。主要表现为茶新梢的叶绿素含量、氮磷钾等养分含量、游离氨基酸总量显著增加;氨基酸组分如茶氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸等也均表现出显著增加趋势;茶新梢中总碳含量及茶多酚等碳水化合物含量降低;总碳、C/N、茶多酚含量等显著降低,儿茶素组分降低但儿茶素品质指数增加、苦涩味指数降低;三种茶树微域环境中,隔热网覆盖的树冠环境对茶叶品质提升方面效果最明显。4）与不覆盖相比,茶树新梢产量表现出了降低的趋势。【结论】通过遮荫覆盖等方式调控茶树树冠微域环境会影响茶树碳氮代谢等生理活动、提高茶鲜叶品质,但茶鲜叶的产量表现出降低的趋势。     

弱光下种植密度对冬小麦冠层温湿度及籽粒灌浆的影响

2016年在小麦拔节?成熟期用透光率为50%的白色尼龙网模拟遮阴环境,遮阴和自然光条件下分别设置450（M1）、525（M2）、600（M3）、675（M4）、750万株·hm?2（M5）5种种植密度,进行双因素裂区田间试验,观测对比冬小麦冠层空气温度、湿度以及小麦籽粒灌浆特性的变化过程。结果表明：与自然光相比,遮阴处理下冬小麦冠层温度明显降低、中午高温持续时间明显缩短,冠层湿度明显升高,中午冠层湿度低谷持续时间明显缩短,籽粒灌浆速率降低;遮阴显著降低了冬小麦的有效穗数、穗粒重及千粒重。遮阴条件下,可以通过适当降低种植密度,改善冠层温湿度,提高冬小麦籽粒灌浆速率,增加穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得高产。     

基于点云数据的植物叶片曲面重构方法

叶子是植物最重要的器官之一,建立植物叶片的高精度曲面模型对于开展植物叶片形态特征分析和冠层光分布计算等研究具有重要意义。该文提出了一种基于点云数据的植物叶片曲面重构方法,该方法首先对原始点云数据进行噪声点剔除和数据精简,然后采用Delaunay三角剖分方法生成初始网格曲面,再对网格曲面进行优化处理。结果表明该方法能够基于激光扫描三维点云数据快速重构出植物叶片的高精度网格曲面,包括萎蔫和枯萎等复杂形态。该研究可为植物建模与可视化相关研究提供参考。     

单图像的植物器官表观纹理生成系统研发

为提高农业题材三维数字媒体内容制作效率,解决植物器官表观纹理制作流程繁琐的问题,研发了基于单图像的植物器官表观纹理生成系统。该系统分为漫反射强度纹理、透射纹理、高光纹理、法向量贴图、环境遮蔽图以及表观纹理实时可视化6个模块。漫反射强度纹理生成模块采用基于能量约束的本征图像分解方法将植物器官图像分解为漫反射纹理以及光照图;透射纹理生成模块以PROSPECT模型为理论基础,反演植物叶片透射与反射的统计学关系,利用漫反射纹理生成透射纹理;高光参数纹理生成模块采用交互式操作,基于用户对少量样本点的高光表观参数设定,根据概率插值出整个器官表面的高光参数,进而形成高光强度纹理和粗糙度纹理;法向量贴图模块在阴影恢复形状技术的基础上,综合低频和高频特征生成法向量贴图;环境遮蔽图生成模块通过简单的亮度倍增操作,将光照图转换成环境遮蔽纹理;表观纹理实时可视化模块利用上述生成的表观纹理进行实时的器官三维渲染,为用户提供反馈。系统仅需调节3个参数即可生成6种样式丰富的器官表观纹理,操作简捷,自动化程度高。在处理512×512分辨率的图像时,生成6种表观纹理的总计算时间小于8 s。结果表明,该系统可以通过简单的操作,高效生成三维植物可视化中常用的表观纹理,为农业题材的三维数字资源开发提供技术工具。     

Assessing the effects of the clumping phenomenon on BRDF of a maize crop based on 3D numerical scenes using DART model

Inverting radiative transfer (R-T) models against remote sensing observations to retrieve key biogeophysical parameters such as leaf area index (LAI) is a common approach. Even if new inversion techniques allow the use of three-dimensional (3D) models for that purpose, one-dimensional (1D) models are still widely used because of their ease of implementation and computational efficiency. Nevertheless, they assume a random distribution of foliage elements whereas most canopies show a clumped organization. Due to that crude simplification in the representation of the canopy structure, sizeable discrepancies can occur between 1D simulations and real canopy reflectance, which may further lead to false LAI values. The present investigation aims to appraise to which extent the incorporation of a clumping index (noted λ) into 1D R-T model could improve the simulations of Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF). Canopy BRDF is simulated here for three growth stages of a maize crop with the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model in the visible and near infrared spectral bands, for two contrasted soil types (dark and bright) and different levels of heterogeneity to represent the canopy structure. 3D numerical scenes are based on in-situ structural measurements and associated BRDF simulations are thus considered as references. 1D scenarios assume either that leaves are randomly distributed (λ = 1) or clumped (λ < 1). If BRDF simulations seem globally reliable under the assumption of a random distribution in near infrared, it can also lead to relative errors on the total BRDF up to 30% in the red spectral band. It comes out that the use of a clumping index in a 1D reflectance model generally improves BRDF simulations in the red considering a bright soil, which seems relatively independent of LAI. In the near infrared, best results are usually obtained with homogeneous canopies, except with the dark soil. Clearly, influent factors are mainly the LAI and the spectral contrast between soil and leaves.     

Growth and light receipt by mainstem cotton leaves in relation to plant density in the field

The expansion of individual mainstem cotton leaves and light receipt at their natural angle of display were measured in the field to determine simple expressions for growth and light interception of cotton leaves. Plant density and planting date were varied in three seasons to generate a range of leaf and plant sizes.When expressed in thermal time, leaves appeared regularly at intervals of 2.9 physiological days (or 41 day degrees) and the leaves expanded for a relatively constant time of 18 p-days (253 day degrees), being insensitive to plant density and planting date. Leaf size and, therefore, daily rate of leaf expansion were strongly influenced by position on the plant, plant density and planting date (largest leaves in the middle region of the plant, at low plant densities and late planting dates). These effects were consistent with leaf size at initiation and relative leaf expansion rate being influenced by assimilate competition within the plant either between leaves and fruiting branches, or due to mutual shading. Planting date effects were consistent with a temperature response.Leaves faced the sun in the early morning and late afternoon, which a simulation study suggested allowed an extra 40% photosynthesis at these times. However, since absolute light levels were low at these times, simulated daily photosynthesis was only increased by 9% over leaves which stayed at constant leaf display.Plant density highly influenced light extinction coefficients (K) for mainstem leaves when measured at their natural angle of display. For plant densities of 2, 8 and 24 m⁻² K was 3.56 ± 0.26, 1.76 ± 0.08 and 1.15 ± 0.10, respectively. These effects were attributed to the more “clumpy” nature of plants at low density. When measured at ground level with a linear sensor held horizontally under a medium plant density crop, K was 0.87 ± 0.03. Therefore, it was postulated that K for fruiting branch leaves might be substantially lower than for mainstem leaves. It was demonstrated that K could have a large effect on calculated photosynthesis of lower leaves in a crop model based at the single leaf level.     

Canopy architecture,irradiance distribution on leaf surfaces and consequent photosynthetic efficiencies in heterogeneous plant canopies. Part II. Results and discussion

The influence of canopy architecture on the irradiance distribution on leaf surfaces in horizontally heterogeneous canopies was investigated using a procedural radiative transfer model. Four model canopies were abstracted as plant stands of 10 rows and 20 plants per row, and the procedural model was executed in conjunction with these digitized canopies. From the resulting distribution of the penetration function, the energy incident on leaf surfaces along the normal was calculated. The irradiance distribution was characterized by formally defining three kinds of irradiance — normal, diminished and null. Gross and net photosynthetic efficiencies due to irradiance in each energy class are presented. Canopy architecture was found to significantly influence the efficiency of energy use by affecting the interception pattern of solar radiation.     

日光温室黄瓜非均质冠层光合生产的模拟

用均质冠层结构的光合模型来模拟非均质的日光温室黄瓜冠层光合速率则误差较大.该文所建立的日光温室黄瓜非均质冠层光合速率模型考虑到日光温室黄瓜冠层内光照分布以及叶片光合特性的不均匀性,其包含了非均匀冠层的透光模型和描述冠层叶片光合特性差异的经验公式.利用该模型对冠层光照分布和冠层光合速率的模拟结果表明:当模拟时所取的植株高度小于1.2 m,则冠层内直射光透光率和散射光透光率的模拟结果与验证值相比符合程度较好,但是对于模拟冠层单位体积内叶面积的总光合速率的结果还有待于进一步的验证.     

基于功能结构模型的鲜切百合群体光截获模拟

针对鲜切百合株型设计和优化栽培手段不足的问题,通过田间试验和系统模拟对单株百合生长发育过程形态变化进行仿真模拟,构建百合功能结构模型,并利用叶倾角、叶序、出芽方向、出苗时间等关键生育参数在合理范围内的随机发生,实现对鲜切百合群体生长动态的三维重建。通过设置不同种植时间（4月10、20、30日和5月10、20、30日）、种植密度（66.7、33.3、22.2、16.7、13.3、11.1株·m-2）和不同株型（叶倾角分别为20°、30°、40°、50°、60°、70°和80°）的模拟情景,利用三维建模平台GroIMP中的辐射模型对百合群体累积光截获进行定量分析。结果表明,4月20日种植有助于百合群体获得最大累积光截获,叶倾角为20°的百合群体能够获得最大累积光截获。百合功能结构模型能够优化栽培管理、设计优势株型,为鲜切百合种质资源评价和株型基因改良提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

基于生长模型的玉米三维可视化研究

为了实现对玉米形态结构的定量化和可视化描述,提出了基于生长模型的玉米形态模拟及三维可视化的技术框架。通过资料收集和田间观测研究,构建了可描述不同玉米品种叶片、叶鞘和节间等器官的主要形态结构参数随叶序变化的形态知识模型。在玉米生长模型框架内,整合玉米形态知识模型和基于形态特征参数的器官几何模型,使玉米生长模型可输出玉米拓扑结构和各器官的形态特征参数,实现了对玉米形态建成过程的定量化模拟,并进一步驱动几何模型进行玉米植株和冠层的三维重建。根据上述“生长模型-形态模型-数学模型-显示模型”的思路,模拟了玉米“农大108”的三维形态建成过程及冠层的三维形态,具有较强的真实感,为玉米形态结构研究提供了新的思路和手段。     

耦合粘虫胁迫的玉米生长可视化模拟

针对难以定量化模拟虫害影响植物形态结构和生理过程的问题,提出将虫害影响耦合至植物功能-结构模型中的可视化模拟方法。根据粘虫啃食叶片的空间分布特征,改进细胞纹理特征点和基函数,适用于描述粘虫啃食路径,采用单叶被啃食率描述被啃食程度,并以三维可视化形式模拟虫害啃食效果;结合粘虫数量、啃食量以及分布规律,估计各单叶被啃食率,根据单叶虫洞可视化方法,定量化表达粘虫对单株玉米形态结构的影响;根据植物形态结构变化,将粘虫胁迫作用于生物量产量、生物量分配等植物生理过程,确定粘虫对植物形态发育的影响。试验结果表明,单叶虫洞可视化方法能较形象、逼真的仿真不同受灾程度下粘虫对叶片形态的影响,并将虫害影响耦合至功能-结构模型中,实现虫害胁迫下植物生长发育的模拟和仿真,为定量描述和理解灾害程度提供新思路。