冀中南多样化种植模式的适水效应分析

为优化冀中南作物种植结构,本研究以河北省典型地下水漏斗区邢台市为例,基于作物需水SIMETAW模型系统量化1965—2018年冬小麦、春棉花、春玉米、夏谷子、夏大豆和春绿豆等10种主要农作物的生育期需水量与灌溉需水量,针对当地不同降水年型和水资源条件以及不同作物的生育期、生长发育特点和前后茬作物的农学特性等构建11种不同的种植模式,分析不同种植模式需水及降水耦合度等参数。结果表明:1)各作物年均生育期需水量表现为春棉花(515.2mm)冬小麦(466.6mm)春玉米(424.9mm)春油葵(420.0mm)春甘薯(362.1mm)春马铃薯(354.2mm)夏大豆(313.9mm)夏玉米(298.7mm)春绿豆(288.1mm)夏谷子(217.5mm)。2)各作物年均生育期灌溉需水量表现为冬播作物春播作物夏播作物。冬小麦年均生育期灌溉需水量最大,为329.2mm;夏谷子最低,为82.8mm。3)传统麦玉一年两熟制周年需水量最大(753.4～780.3mm),相比之下,多样化轮作模式的生育期需水量可显著降低15%～34%,生育期灌溉需水量明显降低9%～32%。春玉米-冬小麦-夏玉米、春玉米-冬小麦-夏谷子、春甘薯-冬小麦-夏玉米和春甘薯-冬小麦-夏谷子等两年三熟制在丰水年、平水年和枯水年下的生育期需水量、灌溉需水量和周年需水量均较低。春绿豆-夏谷子一年两熟模式的年均生育期需水量最低,为504.4mm,年均生育期灌溉需水量为286.8mm。因此,在保证粮食安全的前提下,为减缓河北省地下水位持续下降的趋势,发展适水种植模式是节水农业的重要途径之一。     

Simulating winter wheat development response to temperature: Modifying Malo's exponential sine equation

Predicting crop developmental events is fundamental to simulation models and crop management decisions. Many approaches to predict developmental events have been developed, however, most only simulate the mean time for reaching a developmental event. An exponential sine equation developed by Malo [Malo, J.E., 2002. Modelling unimodal flowering phenology with exponential sine equation. Funct. Ecol. 16, 413–418] to predict flower number over time was modified to incorporate the response of crop development rate to temperature. The revised model (ExpSine model) uses the base, optimum, and maximum cardinal temperatures specific to a crop or genotype. Most model parameters were estimated from the literature, and four of the five model parameters have physiological significance. Model evaluation for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was based on two controlled environment studies from the literature and two field experiments conducted in the North China Plain (NCP) and the Tibet Plateau (TPC). The r² for the modified temperature response function was 0.74 and 0.91 for two different experiments and compared very well (identical mean r²'s) to an existing function (Beta model) [Yin, X., Kropff, M.J., McLaren, G., Visperas, R.M., 1995. A nonlinear model for crop development rate as a function of temperature. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 77, 1–16]. Differences between observed and predicted flowering dates ranged from −2 to 3 days in the NCP and from −7 to 4 days on the TPC, with the mean percent error in both sites less than 1% and no apparent bias observed in the model. This modification of Malo's exponential sine equation expanded the predictive ability of the original equation to simulate phenology across a broader range of environments. The ExpSine model developed can be used as a phenological module in various crop or ecological simulation models.     

A variable thermal time of the double ridge to flag leaf emergence phase improves the predictive quality of a CERES-Wheat type phenology model

A modified version of the widely used CERES-Wheat phenology model (CWm) was developed introducing variable thermal time from double ridge stage to flag leaf emergence and compared with the original model (CW V3.x). Both model versions were newly implemented and calibrated using routinely collected field ratings of phenological stages of winter wheat crops. Calibration for all parameters of both model versions was done using a step by step procedure thereby using different methods for parameter identification. For calibration and validation of the model a data set containing more than 6000 single observations of wheat phenology was used. The improved model version had a better prediction of phenological (BBCH) stages compared to the original CW approach for an independent validation data set. The average RMSE for BBCH 37 and BBCH 39 was decreased by two and five days, respectively. We could show that it was possible to calibrate the wheat phenology models using solely routinely available field ratings. Because the predictive quality for wheat phenology of actual wheat crop growth simulators without calibration especially often is still limited the presented approach may be seen as an approach for improving this type of models without especially designed experiments.     

渭北旱塬西部主要作物水肥效应指数的研究

在防雨棚控制条件下，采用最优设计和盆栽试验，研究水分和肥料对冬小麦、春玉米、夏谷子的产量及生物学产量效应指数，作为评判旱地水肥关系的量化指标。结果表明，冬小麦、春玉米的水肥效应是水分大于肥料，谷子则是肥料大于水分，并提出了作物的肥水需要量     

Suitability of the DNDC model to simulate yield production and nitrogen uptake for maize and soybean intercropping in the North China Plain

Intercropping is an important agronomic practice. However, assessment of intercropping systems using field experiments is often limited by time and cost. In this study, the suitability of using the DeNitrification DeComposition(DNDC) model to simulate intercropping of maize(Zea mays L.) and soybean(Glycine max L.) and its aftereffect on the succeeding wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) crop was tested in the North China Plain. First, the model was calibrated and corroborated to simulate crop yield and nitrogen(N) uptake based on a field experiment with a typical double cropping system. With a wheat crop in winter, the experiment included five treatments in summer: maize monoculture, soybean monoculture, intercropping of maize and soybean with no N topdressing to maize(N0), intercropping of maize and soybean with 75 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N75), and intercropping of maize and soybean with 180 kg N ha~(–1) topdressing to maize(N180). All treatments had 45 kg N ha~(–1) as basal fertilizer. After calibration and corroboration, DNDC was used to simulate long-term(1955 to 2012) treatment effects on yield. Results showed that DNDC could stringently capture the yield and N uptake of the intercropping system under all N management scenarios, though it tended to underestimate wheat yield and N uptake under N0 and N75. Long-term simulation results showed that N75 led to the highest maize and soybean yields per unit planting area among all treatments, increasing maize yield by 59% and soybean yield by 24%, resulting in a land utilization rate 42% higher than monoculture. The results suggest a high potential to promote soybean production by intercropping soybean with maize in the North China Plain, which will help to meet the large national demand for soybean.     

谷子秸秆水浸提液对下茬冬小麦苗期化感作用的影响

近年来谷子产业化发展迅速,经济效益高,种植面积逐年扩大。因谷子连作造成严重减产和品质下降的主要原因在于谷子分泌的化感物质对自身有抑制作用。本试验采用完全随机设计,研究不同品种谷子的不同部位的水浸提液对小麦种子萌发及盆栽苗期生长的影响。结果表明:以不同品种、植株部位和提取液浓度的谷子水浸提液处理时,随着水浸提液浓度的升高,小麦种子萌发的根长和芽长比对照明显变短,抑制作用差异显著;谷子茎秆和叶片水浸提液处理下,小麦苗期叶绿素荧光参数Y(II)的走势基本相同,稀释10倍和50倍液处理下实际光化学量子产量Y(II)较高,光合电子传递速率(ETR)伴随着处理浓度的降低呈现先增加后降低的趋势,光系统II最大光合效率(Fv/Fm)呈现先降低后略微上升的趋势,3个参数均表明茎秆水浸提液对小麦的化感作用要强于叶片;小麦苗期叶片SOD和POD酶活性均表现为先下降后上升的趋势。谷子秸秆残留的化感物质在适当浓度下会对小麦的生长起到促进作用。     

Monitoring of winter wheat distribution and phenological phases based on MODIS time-series: A case study in the Yellow River Delta,China

Accurate winter wheat identification and phenology extraction are essential for field management and agricultural policy making. Here, we present mechanisms of winter wheat discrimination and phenological detection in the Yellow River Delta(YRD) region using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) time-series data. The normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) was obtained by calculating the surface reflectance in red and infrared. We used the Savitzky-Golay filter to smooth time series NDVI curves. We adopted a two-step classification to identify winter wheat. The first step was designed to mask out non-vegetation classes, and the second step aimed to identify winter wheat from other vegetation based on its phenological features. We used the double Gaussian model and the maximum curvature method to extract phenology. Due to the characteristics of the time-series profiles for winter wheat, a double Gaussian function method was selected to fit the temporal profile. A maximum curvature method was performed to extract phenological phases. Phenological phases such as the green-up, heading and harvesting phases were detected when the NDVI curvature exhibited local maximum values. The extracted phenological dates then were validated with records of the ground observations. The spatial patterns of phenological phases were investigated. This study concluded that, for winter wheat, the accuracy of classification is 87.07%, and the accuracy of planting acreage is 90.09%. The phenological result was comparable to the ground observation at the municipal level. The average green-up date for the whole region occurred on March 5, the average heading date occurred on May 9, and the average harvesting date occurred on June 5. The spatial distribution of the phenology for winter wheat showed a significant gradual delay from the southwest to the northeast. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of our proposed method for winter wheat classification and phenology detection.     

Review on the fully mulched ridge–furrow system for sustainable maize production on the semi-arid Loess Plateau

The fully mulched ridge–furrow(FMRF) system has been widely used on the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China due to its high maize(Zea mays L.) productivity and rainfall use efficiency. However, high outputs under this system led to a depletion of soil moisture and soil nutrients, which reduces its sustainability in the long run. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the system for the sustainable development of agriculture. The development, yield-increasing mechanisms,negative impacts, optimizatio...     

土壤贮水与旱地作物产量关系的模拟研究

采用人工控制土壤贮水量,研究作物产量与土壤贮水量关系的结果表明:对土壤深层贮水的利用能力油菜最强,小麦、豌豆次之,谷子最差;获得一定籽粒产量的最低土壤水分临界值约为:小麦160mm,豌豆150mm,谷子和油菜300mm;土壤水分超过临界值后,增加水分作物产量大幅度提高;但当水分增加到一定量,豌豆约300mm、小麦400mm、谷子500mm、油菜650mm时,产量则渐趋于稳定;土壤水分生产效率每毫米水最高生产小麦1.18kg,谷子0.78kg,豌豆0.69kg,油菜0.69kg。     

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Sensitivity Coefficients to Climate Factors in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,China

Climate change will have important implications in water shore regions, such as Huang-Huai-Hai (3H) plain, where expected warmer and drier conditions might augment crop water demand. Sensitivity analysis is important in understanding the relative importance of climatic variables to the variation in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀). In this study, the 51-yr ET₀ during winter wheat and summer maize growing season were calculated from a data set of daily climate variables in 40 meteorological stations. Sensitivity maps for key climate variables were estimated according to Kriging method and the spatial pattern of sensitivity coefficients for these key variables was plotted. In addition, the slopes of the linear regression lines for sensitivity coefficients were obtained. Results showed that ET₀ during winter wheat growing season accounted for the largest proportion of annual ET₀, due to its long phenological days, while ET₀ was detected to decrease significantly with the magnitude of 0.5 mm yr^?1 in summer maize growing season. Solar radiation is considered to be the most sensitive and primarily controlling variable for negative trend in ET₀ for summer maize season, and higher sensitive coefficient value of ET₀ to solar radiation and temperature were detected in east part and southwest part of 3H plain respectively. Relative humidity was demonstrated as the most sensitive factor for ET₀ in winter wheat growing season and declining relativity humidity also primarily controlled a negative trend in ET₀, furthermore the sensitivity coefficient to relative humidity increased from west to southeast. The eight sensitivity centrals were all found located in Shandong Province. These ET₀ along with its sensitivity maps under winter wheat-summer maize rotation system can be applied to predict the agricultural water demand and will assist water resources planning and management for this region.     

新疆石河子垦区主要作物需水特征及水效益比较

根据新疆石河子垦区50年气象数据资料,计算分析了主要作物需水量变化及自然降水条件下农田水分平衡状况,并对主要作物水分生产效率效益进行了比较.结果表明:春小麦、冬小麦、春大豆、春谷子、苜蓿需水量均呈上升趋势,其中春小麦增加幅度最大,每5 a平均增加6.6 mm,而春玉米、水稻、棉花需水量呈下降趋势.粮食作物中以水稻亏水量最高,冬小麦、春玉米次之,而春大豆、春谷子、春小麦、薯类作物相对较小,经济作物中以糖类作物亏水量最高,其次为加工番茄、苜蓿、棉花,而瓜类、麻类、油料作物相对较小.不同灌溉方式下作物水分利用效率效益差异较大,粮食类作物如春小麦、春玉米水分利用效率高于其他作物,而果菜类作物如葡萄、蟠桃、线椒水分经济效益最高.     

Resistance of soft spring and winter wheat to leaf spot pathogens <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrenophora tritici-repentis</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. teres</Emphasis>

Screening of accessions from the collection of the All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Industry for resistance to the tan spot pathogen (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) and an evaluation of the resistance of spring and winter wheat varieties being tested at Northwest Russia state crop testing stations showed a higher frequency of resistant winter than spring varieties. Another species of the genus Pyrenophora was discovered on spring wheat in 2007, namely, Pyrenophora teres. A high correlation was found in the indices of resistance of the varieties to P. tritici-repentis and P. teres. A hybridological analysis of resistance to P. tritici-repentis revealed that in winter wheat varieties this trait is controlled by a greater number of genes than in spring wheat.     

优化氮肥配置提高冬小麦-夏玉米贮墒旱作栽培水氮利用效率

为探明与冬小麦-夏玉米周年贮墒旱作节水栽培模式相配套的氮肥高效施用技术,基于贮墒旱作栽培(冬小麦和夏玉米灌底墒水或出苗水,生育期内不灌水),在全年施氮量360 kg/hm2下开展了前后茬作物施氮量配比不同的大田试验.试验设置4种施氮处理,分别为冬小麦120 kg/hm2+夏玉米240 kg/hm2(W0N1);冬小麦1...     

不同轮作方式对退化苜蓿草地水分影响及产量效益比较研究

在宁南旱区将10 a生退化苜蓿草地翻耕后,进行了为期3年(2003-2005年)的草粮轮作试验,轮作作物为春小麦、马铃薯和谷子,以保持生长的退化苜蓿为对照,形成了27种不同草粮轮作方式。研究不同轮作处理对土壤水分的恢复状况以及产量效益,并通过综合指标法比较出最佳的草粮轮作模式。试验结果表明,退化苜蓿翻耕后3 a轮作期间,0~200 cm土壤水分均有不同程度恢复,而且主要受当年轮作作物影响较大;马铃薯为草粮轮作首选作物;不同轮作方式的作物总产量、经济总产值、水分利用效率和降水生产效率,以及第3 a 0~200 cm土壤水分含量等指标间差异显著(P0.05),马铃薯-马铃薯-马铃薯(PPP)、马铃薯-马铃薯-春小麦(PPW)、马铃薯-春小麦-马铃薯(PWP)和马铃薯-谷子-春小麦(PMW)为较好的轮作方式,其中马铃薯-马铃薯-春小麦(PPW)为综合指标法比较下的最佳轮作模式,该模式的作物总产量、总产值、水分利用效率、降水生产效率和0~200 cm土壤含水量分别为5 214.50 kg/hm2、15 301.87元/hm2、9.38kg/(hm2.mm)6、.87 kg/(hm2.mm)和254.58 mm,土壤水分净恢复量50.69 mm,可作为当地适宜的草粮轮作模式加以推广。     

山西冬小麦作物需水量近45年变化特征

[目的]研究冬小麦生态需水量随气候变化的响应机制。[方法]利用1961~2005年山西冬小麦产区各县的气象资料和区域各农业气象观测站观测资料,根据区域冬小麦物候规律将山西冬小麦区分为5个区域,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式结合作物系数,分别计算5个区的冬小麦作物需水量,并结合同期降水量,分析各发育期冬小麦作物的需水、缺水变化规律,需水、缺水年际变化特征。[结果]结果表明,山西冬小麦各区域作物需水量在436.1~446.0 mm之间,表现出由轻旱-干旱-重旱区域作物需水量逐渐增加的趋势 以抽穗~灌浆期需水强度最大,冬前分蘖期和春季的拔节~灌浆期需水最为关键 生态缺水量平均为260 mm,缺水率在60%以上 各生育期返青~拔节期缺水率最大 气候变暖背景下,区域冬小麦生态需水量基本表现出下降趋势,而生态缺水率呈增加趋势,20世纪80年代需水量下降比较明显,缺水率则较小,从90年代开始随着暖干化趋势明显,作物缺水率也日益严重。[结论]抓好关键期水分利用、优化灌溉制度对提高冬小麦产量非常重要。     

Modification of a spatially referenced crop model to simulate the effect of spatial pattern of subsoil salinity

High levels of subsoil salinity limit the growth and yield of dryland cereals in the Victorian southern Mallee, Australia. Currently available crop simulation models of wheat production perform poorly in this region, presumably due to their inability to account for subsoil limitations, mainly salinity. The objective of this work was to modify a spatially referenced Water and Nitrogen Management Model (WNMM) to account for the spatial pattern of subsoil salinity, by adjusting crop water uptake, in order to explain the spatial variation in wheat yield in this area. Measurements of above-ground biomass and yield of wheat, and the profile of soil salinity (0-80 cm) were made at 40 locations across an 88 ha paddock (35.78°S, 142.98°E) in the Victorian southern Mallee. The S-shaped water stress response function for crop water uptake proposed by van Genuchten (1987) was explored to modify the WNMM by adjusting the water uptake due to salinity, which significantly improved yield simulation over the original WNMM. The improvement in the model's ability to simulate wheat yield indicates that the subsoil salinity limits crop performance in the area. The incorporation of a salinity function in spatial crop models offers potential for simulating yield across a landscape and thus practicing precision agriculture provided salinity impact is considered dynamically.     

板栗苞壳水浸液对5种作物种子萌发的化感效应

通过测定板栗苞壳水浸液对5种作物种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响,初步研究板栗苞壳的化感效应。结果表明,板栗苞壳水浸液对5种受体作物种子的萌发、幼苗生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,随水浸液质量浓度的增加,对受体作物种子的萌发、幼苗生长的抑制效应增加;随水浸液质量浓度的降低,抑制作用逐渐减弱、消失,甚至转变为促进作用。板栗苞壳水浸液对同一受体作物的不同部位(芽和根)也有不同的化感效应,高质量浓度水浸液对幼苗的抑制作用表现为幼根比幼芽更敏感,低质量浓度水浸液对白菜和绿豆幼苗的促进作用表现幼芽比幼根更敏感,小米和高粱幼苗的促进作用表现幼根比幼芽更敏感。相同质量浓度水浸液对不同作物种子的化感效应不同,高质量浓度水浸液对白菜种子的抑制作用最强,对小米种子的抑制作用最弱;低质量浓度水浸液对小米种子的促进作用最强,对小麦种子的促进作用最弱或无促进作用。     

Linking changes in the soil microbial community to C and N dynamics during crop residue decomposition

Crop residues are among the main inputs that allow the organic carbon (C) and nutrients to be maintained in agricultural soil. It is an important management strategy that can improve soil fertility and enhance agricultural productivity. This work aims to evaluate the extent of the changes that may occur in the soil heterotrophic microbial communities involved in organic matter decomposition and C and nitrogen (N) mineralization after the addition of crop residues. Soil microcosm experiments were performed at 28°C for 90 days with the addition of three crop residues with contrasting biochemical qualities: pea (Pisum sativum L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Enzyme activities, C and N mineralization, and bacterial and fungal biomasses were monitored, along with the bacterial and fungal community composition, by the high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS genes. The addition of crop residues caused decreases in β-glucosidase and arylamidase activities and simultaneous enhancement of the C mineralization and net N immobilization, which were linked to changes in the soil microbial communities. The addition of crop residues decreased the bacterial and fungal biomasses 90 days after treatment and there were shifts in bacterial and fungal diversity at the phyla, order, and genera levels. Some specific orders and genera were dependent on crop residue type. For example, Chloroflexales, Inquilinus, Rubricoccus, Clitocybe, and Verticillium were identified in soils with pea residues; whereas Thermoanaerobacterales, Thermacetogenum, and Hypoxylon were enriched in soils with rapeseed residues, and Halanaerobiales, Rubrobacter, and Volutella were only present in soils with wheat residues. The findings of this study suggest that soil C and N dynamics in the presence of the crop residues were driven by the selection of specific bacterial and fungal decomposers linked to the biochemical qualities of the crop residues. If crop residue decomposition processes showed specific bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) signatures, this study also suggests a strong functional redundancy that exists among soil microbial communities.     

Modeling leaf color dynamics of winter wheat in relation to growth stages and nitrogen rates

The objective of this work was to develop a model for simulating the leaf color dynamics of winter wheat in relation to crop growth stages and leaf positions under different nitrogen(N) rates. RGB(red, green and blue) data of each main stem leaf were collected throughout two crop growing seasons for two winter wheat cultivars under different N rates. A color model for simulating the leaf color dynamics of winter wheat was developed using the collected RGB values. The results indicated that leaf ...     

新乡地区冬小麦耗水量与产量关系研究

依据中国农业科学院农田灌溉研究所2005-2006年度田间试验数据,研究了新乡地区冬小麦耗水量与产量的关系。结果表明,冬小麦全生育期耗水量与产量之间基本呈二次函数关系,经济灌水量为374.9mm,冬小麦适宜耗水量区间为374.9～551.7mm;采用Jensen模式,建立了冬小麦分生育期耗水量与产量的关系模型,模型中敏感指数的变化规律为:冬小麦在抽穗-灌浆期缺水敏感指数(λ)最大,对缺水最为敏感,拔节期次之,然后是苗期,而越冬期和返青期的敏感性最小。