作物生长模型（CropGrow）研究进展

农业信息技术是基于信息技术与农业科学的交叉融合而形成的新兴技术,催生了数字农业和智慧农业的快速发展。作物生长模型作为其核心内容之一,可以动态模拟作物生长发育过程及其与气候因子、土壤特性和管理技术之间的关系,从而有效克服传统农业生产管理研究中较强的时空局限性,为不同条件下的作物生产力预测预警与效应评估等提供量化工具。本文重点介绍笔者团队在作物生长模型的构建与应用方面形成的总体技术方法、最新研究进展及未来发展思考。通过20多年系统深入的探索和实践,本团队以小麦、水稻等作物为主要对象,以“生理机制解析-模型算法构建-生产力动态预测-效应定量评估-模拟平台研发”为主线,综合运用系统分析、动态建模、虚拟现实、情景模拟及决策支持等方法,开展了作物生长模型CropGrow的构建与应用研究。首先,利用系统分析方法与动态建模技术,构建了机理性与预测性兼备的综合性作物生长模型（CropGrow）,包括阶段发育与物候期、器官发生与建成、光合生产与物质积累、同化物分配与产量品质形成、养分动态、水分平衡以及作物三维形态建成与虚拟显示等子模型,可数字化、可视化表征不同条件下作物生长发育与生产力形成过程;然后,结合地理信息系统（GIS）和遥感（RS）技术,构建了基于模型、GIS和RS有效耦合的区域作物生产力预测技术;进一步量化了气候变化、品种更新、土壤改良、措施优化对区域作物生产力形成的影响,拓展了适宜方案生成、理想品种设计、气候效应评估、耕地利用评价以及农业政策制定等应用技术;最后,运用构件化程序设计思想,基于作物生产数据库、作物模型构件库等,集成开发了基于模型的数字化、可视化作物生长模拟系统与决策支持平台,实现了数据管理、参数优化、生长模拟、遥感耦合、区域预测、方案设计、效应评估、安全预警、产品发布等综合功能。未来作物模拟研究将在完善基础数据库的基础上,进一步提升预测能力、量化基因效应、拓展智能决策、耦合多功能模型等,为粮食生产的预测预警、情景效应的量化评估、生产管理的智能决策、作物品种的优化设计等提供数字化支撑,对于保障国家粮食安全和推进数字农业发展具有重要意义。     

Scenario: A look toward the future

The maintenance and use of biological diversity in agriculture are explored through a futuristic scenario. The scenario is structured to examine some of the underlying technical and political issues surrounding the commercialization of biotechnology, such as the issues of equity in the control over genetic resources and the increased potential for genetic vulnerability of major crops. The expansion in intellectual property laws and the “Great Blight” of 2005 lead the discussion of crop vulnerability. The loss of species through mass extinction by 2005 and the destruction through fire of the National Germplasm Storage Facility (NGSF) in 1991 raise issues about the dichotomy between in-situand ex-situpreservation approaches. The scenario introduces the possibility of a Gene Clone public libraries and a World System and Treaty for Genetic Resources.     

无线传感网在浙江设施农业大棚中的应用探讨

文章概述了无线传感网及其技术特点,介绍了适合设施农业环境应用的UNIT无线传感通讯网络。根据浙江省设施农业发展现状和目标,分析了其中存在的问题和解决方法,并提出了构建省域一体化无线传感监控体系的设想。     

Development of an agricultural crops spectral library and classification of crops at cultivar level using hyperspectral data

In the context of a growing interest in remote sensing for precision agriculture applications, the utility of space-borne hyperspectral imaging for the development of a crop-specific spectral library and automatic identification and classification of three cultivars for each of rice (Oryza sativa L.), chilli (Capsicum annuum L.), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and cotton (Gossipium hirsutum L.) crops have been investigated in this study. The classification of crops at cultivar level using two spectral libraries developed using hyperspectral reflectance data at canopy scale (in-situ hyperspectral measurements) and at pixel scale (Hyperion data) has shown promising results with 86.5 and 88.8% overall classification accuracy, respectively. This observation highlights the possible integration of in-situ hyperspectral measurements with space-borne hyperspectral remote sensing data for automatic identification and discrimination of various crop cultivars. However, considerable spectral similarity is observed between cultivars of rice and sugarcane crops which may pose problems in the accurate identification of various crop cultivars.     

基于LabVIEW的农作物生态环境远程监测系统设计

利用LabVIEW虚拟仪器开发平台,结合数据采集技术、传感器技术和网络技术,设计了一套农作物生态环境的远程监测系统。该系统实现了数据的网络化采集和远程传输、数据显示、数据分析、数据监测和数据存储等功能,对农作物的科学种植和农业生产自动化有着重要意义。     

Low altitude remote sensing technologies for crop stress monitoring: a case study on spatial and temporal monitoring of irrigated pinto bean

Site-specific crop management is a promising approach to maximize crop yield with optimal use of rapidly depleting natural resources. Availability of high resolution crop data at critical growth stages is a key for real-time data-driven decisions during the production season. The goal of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using small unmanned aerial system (UAS)-based remote sensing technologies to monitor the crop stress of irrigated pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with varied irrigation and tillage treatments. A small UAS with onboard multispectral and infrared thermal imaging sensors was used to collect data from bean field plots on three growth stages in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Indicators including green normalized vegetation index (GNDVI), canopy cover (CC, ratio of ground covered by crop canopy to the total plot area) and canopy temperature (CT, °C) of crops were extracted from imaging data and correlated with ground-reference crop yield and leaf area index (LAI) estimated with a handheld ceptometer. Results show that GNDVI, CC and CT were able to differentiate crops with full and deficit irrigation treatments at each of the three growth stages in both years. Developed indicators were strongly correlated with to the crop yield with Pearson correlation coefficients (r) of approximate 0.71 and 0.72 for GNDVI and CC, respectively, in the early growth stage (54 days after planting) in both years. Canopy temperature showed even stronger correlation (r > 0.8) with yield at early growth stage. Performance of small UAS-based imagery-based indicators in crop stress monitoring and crop yield estimation was better than or comparable to that of the ground-based LAI estimates, indicating the potential of such remote sensing tool in rapid crop stress monitoring and management.     

Long-term impact of a precision agriculture system on grain crop production

Research is lacking on the long-term impacts of field-scale precision agriculture practices on grain production. Following more than a decade (1993–2003) of yield and soil mapping and water quality assessment, a multi-faceted, ‘precision agriculture system’ (PAS) was implemented from 2004 to 2014 on a 36-ha field in central Missouri. The PAS targeted management practices that address crop production and environmental issues. It included no-till, cover crops, growing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) instead of corn (Zea mays L.) for field areas where corn was not profitable, site-specific N for wheat and corn using canopy reflectance sensing, variable-rate P, K and lime using intensively grid-sampled data, and targeting of herbicides based on weed pressure. The PAS assessment was accomplished by comparing it to the previous decade of conventional, whole-field corn-soybean (Glycine max L.) mulch-tillage management. In the northern part of the field and compared to pre-PAS corn, relative grain yield of wheat in PAS was greatly improved and temporal yield variation was reduced on shallow topsoil, but relative grain yield was reduced on deep soil in the drainage channel. In the southern part of the field where corn remained in production, PAS did not lead to increased yield, but temporal yield variation was reduced. Across the whole field, soybean yield and temporal yield variation were only marginally influenced by PAS. Spatial yield variation of all three crops was not altered by PAS. Therefore, the greatest production advantage of a decade of precision agriculture was reduced temporal yield variation, which leads to greater yield stability and resilience to changing climate.     

关于现代粮食作物农业生产方式发展战略的研究

本文分析了现代农业作物经济可持续发展的关键因素,提出高效低投入生态农业概念及其最佳生产模式。认为多年生粮食作物品种培育和推广,规模化机械化生产,提高复种指数、加强救荒填闲可以获得全年高产和稳产,充分利用作物的多重用途发展相关产业,是现代农业生产高效率的关键基础。由于多年生荞麦等多年生粮食作物的高度抗旱耐瘠薄性和防止水土流失特性,以此为基础的高效低投入生态农业模式特别适合喀斯特山区的农业生产。     

信阳市旱情动态分析与模拟监测系统

通过对信阳市1971-2000年不同年份的气候要素、作物农情及土壤墒情资料进行分析.建立起信阳市旱情动态模拟系统;利用不同年份的气候要素、作物农情及土壤墒情资料,确定信阳市不同区域、不同季节干旱指标.通过对信阳市1971-2000年近30不同年份平均气温、湿度、降水、蒸发、风速、日照、作物发育期资料、作物生长量测定资料及土壤墒情资料的统计分析,发现信阳市不同区域、不同季节干旱指标是不同的,根据这一规律进而建立起信阳市旱情动态模拟监测系统,在全市旱情动态预报中发挥着积极作用.旱情模拟动态监测系统的投入使作.解决了信阳市多年来对旱情灾害没有定量动态监测工具这一难题.     

A flexible unmanned aerial vehicle for precision agriculture

An unmanned aerial vehicle (??VIPtero??) was assembled and tested with the aim of developing a flexible and powerful tool for site-specific vineyard management. The system comprised a six-rotor aerial platform capable of flying autonomously to a predetermined point in space, and of a pitch and roll compensated multi-spectral camera for vegetation canopy reflectance recording. Before the flight campaign, the camera accuracy was evaluated against high resolution ground-based measurements, made with a field spectrometer. Then, ??VIPtero?? performed the flight in an experimental vineyard in Central Italy, acquiring 63 multi-spectral images during 10?min of flight completed almost autonomously. Images were analysed and classified vigour maps were produced based on normalized difference vegetation index. The resulting vigour maps showed clearly crop heterogeneity conditions, in good agreement with ground-based observations. The system provided very promising results that encourage its development as a tool for precision agriculture application in small crops.     

远程农业监测信息系统设计与实现

针对农业信息远程监测服务需求和物联网农业应用背景,设计开发了农业信息远程监测和服务系统。系统将无线数据采集、远程数据传输和网络服务相结合,实现了远程、多目标、多参数的农业信息实时采集、显示、存储、查询和统计等功能。系统通用性和扩展性较强,在数字农业、农作物防灾减灾等领域具有良好的应用前景。     

Detection of bacterial wilt infection caused by Ralstonia solanacearum in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) through multifractal analysis applied to remotely sensed data

Potato bacterial wilt, caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 (R3bv2), affects potato production in several regions in the world. The disease becomes visually detectable when extensive damage to the crop has already occurred. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to test the capability of a remote sensing diagnostic method supported by multispectral and multifractal analyses of the light reflectance signal, to detect physiological and morphological changes in plants caused by the infection. The analysis was carried out using the Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima (WTMM) combined with the Multifractal (MF) analysis to assess the variability of high-resolution temporal and spatial signals and the conservative properties of the processes across temporal and spatial scales. The multispectral signal, enhanced by multifractal analysis, detected both symptomatic and latently infected plants, matching the results of ELISA laboratory assessment in 100 and 82%, respectively. Although the multispectral method provided no earlier detection than the visual assessment on symptomatic plants, the former was able to detect asymptomatic latent infection, showing a great potential as a monitoring tool for the control of bacterial wilt in potato crops. Applied to precision agriculture, this capability of the remote sensing diagnostic methodology would provide a more efficient control of the disease through an early and full spatial assessment of the health status of the crop and the prevention of spreading the disease.     

我国经济作物种植结构的近期变化

根据1998-2002年全国资料统计,按农作物、经济作物和非经济作物播种面积等3个系列将我国各省市区种植结构变化分为三增、一增二减弱减、一增二减强减和三减等4个类型。根据产量,将各省市区分为总产单产双增、单增和双减3个类型。农业结构战略性调整促进了我国经济作物生产的发展,24个省市区经济作物播种面积扩大,25个省市区经济作物产量得到提高,经济作物播种面积的比重上升了1．4个百分点。经济作物中,棉花播种面积和产量波动较大,单产稳步上升;油料作物播种面积和产量稳定提高;糖料作物播种面积有一定波动,单产提高较快,种植重心向广西、云南转移;麻类飞速发展,播种面积、产量和单产都明显提高,种植布局向黑龙江、新疆、湖南集中;烟叶播种面积基本稳定,单产缓慢提高,种植区域向云南、贵州、河南等产区集中;全国所有省市区药材播种面积迅速提高。发展快速。经结构调整,棉糖烟在经济作物播种面积中的比例分别下降了3．0、1．5和0．7个百分点;油麻药在经济作物播种面积中的比例分别上升了2．5、0．4和2．4个百分点。     

Estimation of the potential geographical distribution of a new potato pest (Schrankia costaestrigalis) in China under climate change

Global food security is threatened by the impacts of the spread of crop pests and changes in the complex interactions between crops and pests under climate change. Schrankia costaestrigalis is a newly-reported potato pest in southern China. Early-warning monitoring of this insect pest could protect domestic agriculture as it has already caused regional yield reduction and/or quality decline in potato production. Our research aimed to confirm the potential geographical distributions (PGDs) of S. costaestrigalis in China under different climate scenarios using an optimal MaxEnt model, and to provide baseline data for preventing agricultural damage by S. costaestrigalis. Our findings indicated that the accuracy of the optimal MaxEnt model was better than the default-setting model, and the minimum temperature of the coldest month, precipitation of the driest month, precipitation of the coldest quarter, and the human influence index were the variables significantly affecting the PGDs of S. costaestrigalis. The highly- and moderately-suitable habitats of S. costaestrigalis were mainly located in eastern and southern China. The PGDs of S. costaestrigalis in China will decrease under climate change. The conversion of the highly- to moderately-suitable habitat will also be significant under climate change. The centroid of the suitable habitat area of S. costaestrigalis under the current climate showed a general tendency to move northeast and to the middle-high latitudes in the 2030s. The agricultural practice of plastic film mulching in potato fields will provide a favorable microclimate for S. costaestrigalis in the suitable areas. More attention should be paid to the early warning and monitoring of S. costaestrigalis in order to prevent its further spread in the main areas in China’s winter potato planting regions.     

基于物联网技术的作物远程感知系统的设计与实现

为提高作物生产调控管理水平,基于视频监控、物联网传感器和网络通信等技术,初步设计开发了作物远程感知系统。在作物生长发育过程中,该系统实现了作物生长过程中的关键环境因子、作物长势以及视频图像等参数信息的实时采集,从而提高了获取数据的效率和准确性。它具有功耗低、成本低、扩展灵活等优点,初步试验表明了该系统的合理性与实用性。该系统的构建和运行,为作物长势进行实时跟踪监测与综合分析以及管理提供决策支持。     

气候变化背景下我国农业模型模拟研究进展

概述了我国在未来气候变化下主要粮食作物(水稻,小麦,玉米)的模型模拟研究的概况,主要包括粮食产量和敏感性、脆弱性研究。作物模型与气候模式相结合的模型模拟研究是目前的主流方法。虽然我国的模型模拟研究取得了一定的进步,但当前研究所用的作物模型大多是国外的模型,国内的模型模拟水平还有待提高。针对目前研究中存在的问题,认为在气候模式本身、温室气体排放情景、应用技术的不确定性、作物生长模拟模型和农业气候变化的脆弱性等方面应进行重点研究,为准确评价气候变化对我国农业生产的可持续发展提供理论依据。     

作物抗旱分子机制研究进展

培育抗旱作物对构建高效节水农业和保障粮食生产安全具有重要意义。人们通过不断揭示作物抗旱机制,挖掘、克隆大量抗旱基因,并展开基因功能的系统验证及表达调控研究,最终转化作物进而培育出抗旱作物新品种（系）。目前已有多个抗旱基因被成功转化到作物中,但人们对作物抗旱机制及抗旱基因调控等方面依然缺乏了解。本文在总结相关研究进展的基础上进一步从水分胁迫信号感知与识别、胞间信使转导及干旱胁迫反应等方面系统阐述了作物抗旱分子机制。     

施肥开沟机作业信息远程监测方法与试验

针对目前施肥开沟机缺少作业信息检测装置及其远程监测的需要,基于惯性传感器技术、数据处理技术及网络通讯技术,开发施肥开沟机作业信息远程监测系统。所检测施肥开沟机作业信息包括开沟深度、油耗、作业时间、作业轨迹和作业距离,其中,油耗采用超声波油位传感器检测,作业时间通过设定界限值判断是否为作业段来检测,作业距离和作业轨迹则依赖于GPS定位。由于开沟深度和农作物产量相关,作业信息检测方法重点围绕开沟深度进行研究。采用2个惯性传感器分别检测开沟机和车身的俯仰角,相减得到的倾角差值结合开沟机相关尺寸计算可得开沟深度。基于卡尔曼滤波算法对倾角差值进行滤波以减小机具振动等产生的检测误差。在MATLAB中建立倾角差滤波模型进行仿真,仿真发现:Q/R比值不变,Q、R值变化时,滤波效果基本相同;Q/R比值不同时,随Q/R减小,滤波后倾角差的方差越小,但滞后效果越明显。倾角差滤波试验分为2部分:1)滤波验证试验以模型车为载体,利用不同Q、R参数进行试验,结果与仿真结论一致;2)土槽试验中固定Q、R参数,倾角差经滤波,其方差由4.07减小为0.47,表明滤波有效。田间试验对作业信息进行检测,结果表明:1)开沟深度检测误差在5%以内,结果精确;2)其他作业信息检测准确,检测方法可靠,远程监测系统具有实用价值。