基于WOFOST模型分析不同气候情景对辽宁典型雨养春玉米产量的影响

气温、降水和辐射是农作物生长发育必需的基本气候要素，其大小、波动及空间分布决定局部地区的种植结构和农产品产量增减，具有喜温喜水特性的玉米其生长发育对气候变化的响应更为敏感。本研究基于辽宁省新民和朝阳地区近40a气象数据分析各气候要素变化特征，根据局地气候暖干化趋势耦合气温、降水、辐射三要素构建不同气候情景，利用田间实测数据对WOFOST模型进行校准和适用性检验，并将该模型用于模拟不同气候情景下辽宁典型雨养春玉米产量变化。结果表明：（1）验证后的WOFOST模型能较好地模拟两站点春玉米产量，其模拟值与实测值的相对均方根误差分别为8.78%和5.96%，一致性系数分别为0.82和0.96。（2）新民和朝阳两地在设定的气候要素变化范围内春玉米产量与气温呈负相关，与降水呈正相关。在气温增加，降水减少，辐射增强的不同梯度气候情景下，新民（气温+1.2℃，降水量−25%，辐射+4%）和朝阳（气温+1.4℃，降水量−25%，辐射+3%）减产幅度分别达92.5%和85.9%，接近雨养春玉米绝产的警戒气候情景。（3）新民春玉米产量受降水影响显著，朝阳则对气温变化响应敏感，而两地产量对给定比例的辐射变化均未表现出明显波动。     

The impacts of potential climate change and climate variability on simulated maize production in China

This study assessed the impacts of potential climate change on maize yields in China, using the CERES-Maize model under rainfed and irrigated conditions, based on 35 maize modeling sites in eastern China that characterize the main maize regions. The Chinese Weather Generator was developed to generate a long time series of daily climate data as baseline climate for 51 sites in China. Climate change scenarios were created from three equilibrium general circulation models: the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model, the high-resolution United Kingdom Meteorological Office model, and the Max Planck Institute model. At most sites, simulated yields of both rainfed and irrigated maize decreased under climate change scenarios, primarily because of increases in temperature, which shorten maize growth duration, particularly the grain-filling period. Decreases of simulated yields varied across the general circulation model scenarios. Simulated yields increased at only a few northern sites, probably because maize growth is currently temperature-limited at these relatively high latitudes. To analyze the possible impacts of climate variability on maize yield, we specified incremental changes to variabilities of temperature and precipitation and applied these changes to the general circulation model scenarios to create sensitivity scenarios. Arbitrary climate variability sensitivity tests were conducted at three sites in the North China Plain to test maize model responses to a range of changes (0%, +10%, and +20%) inthe monthly standard deviations of temperature and monthly variation coefficients of precipitation. The results from the three sites showed that incremental climate variability caused simulated yield decreases, and the decreases in rainfed yield were greater than those of irrigated yield.     

Agricultural impacts of large-scale variability of the West African monsoon

Agriculture in the Sudano-Sahelian zone is heavily dependent on the seasonal characteristics of rainfall. This study seeks to characterise components of regional climatic variability and their impact on simulated, attainable, plot level yields of millet. First we describe at a regional scale two main events in the seasonal pattern of the monsoon over West Africa by using a daily rainfall dataset over the 1968–1990 period, that is, (i) the onset of the summer monsoon characterised by an abrupt northward shift of the ITCZ from 5°N to 10°N around 24 June, and (ii) large and coherent intra-seasonal rainfall fluctuations at two different time scales, around 15 and 40 days. Second, we investigate the impact of these regional phenomena on local crop yields using SARRAH, a crop model simulating attainable yield, i.e. water and climate limited but not nutrient limited yield, by means of sensitivity analyses. The response of attainable yield to sowing date is studied for 19 years of the 1968–1990 period for a 90-day millet crop at Niamey. The results indicate that information on regional climate dynamics might help improve crop production locally. It is shown that the regional onset of the monsoon is very close to the ideal sowing date, derived from simulations, at Niamey and that simulated yields are much higher for these dates than for those identified with the traditional rule based on local rainfall. Taking into account the regional onset of monsoon thus seems to improve the relationship between water available and water used by the plant, and thus seems to potentially increase crop water use. Where attainable, simulated yields using the monsoon onset criterion are low, they are generally caused by intra-seasonal dry spells that have differential impact depending on phenological stage of the crop.     

中国夏玉米和冬小麦近年生育期变化及其与气候的关系

作物物候期受气候条件和人为耕作的共同影响,而水热气候条件又直接影响着人为耕作时间。全球变暖背景下温度增加的趋势在近年来出现了停滞现象,针对这一新的气候变化特征,本研究选取作物物候观测和气象观测的站点数据,利用经典的统计学方法分析2000—2013年中国夏玉米和冬小麦主要物候期的变化趋势和空间分布,及作物生育期与对应水热条件的相关关系。研究发现:夏玉米和冬小麦各主要物候期均呈现一定程度的延后,其中64%的站点显示夏玉米成熟期延后,冬小麦成熟期延后的站点数比例达78%。研究期间,夏玉米和冬小麦的生育期历时对温度和降水变化均比较敏感,88%和64%的站点分别显示出夏玉米和冬小麦的生育期历时与平均温度之间呈负相关关系,而71%和77%的站点显示夏玉米和冬小麦生育期历时与年均降水量呈正相关关系。本研究时段内的气温变化也不同于一般性认为的单调升温,夏玉米生育期对应的平均温度呈增加和降低趋势的站点数基本相同,但显示降水量增加的站点较多,达到总站点数的68%;而冬小麦整个生育期显示冷干化趋势的站点居多,显示温度降低和降水量下降的站点数均占总站点数的60%以上。此外,本研究还用轮作站点探讨说明了可以利用年值气候数据替代生育期气候数据分析夏玉米和冬小麦轮作的物候和生育期特征。本研究通过站点数据证实了作物生长发育过程对气候变化的敏感性,新的气候条件下我国夏玉米和冬小麦的物候也对应产生了新的特征。     

Effects of interannual climate variability and climate change on rice yield in Java, Indonesia

About 60% of the nearly 40 x 106 t of rice produced in Indonesia are from the island of Java. However, the rice self-sufficiency that has been attained and maintained since 1984 could be threatened by changing climate, and has been affected by the climate variability effects of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation phenomenon. To aid policy makers and planners in formulating strategic policy options, the effects of recurring droughts and possible climate change on rice yields were studied using climate and crop models. Three models were used to simulate climate change: those of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office. Several climate scenarios were generated for Ngawi, in East Java, and Sukamandi, in West Java. These models indicate that doubling greenhouse gases would increase solar radiation by 1.2–2.1%, minimum and maximum temperatures by 7.6–16.8°C, and precipitation by 20.5–91.7%. The Goddard Institute for Space Studies transient climate change scenarios indicate that maximum and minimum temperatures would increase by 3.5 and 4.9%, respectively, in 2010, 6.9 and 9.8%, respectively, in 2030, and 11.1 and 15.7%, respectively, in 2050. The rainfall Agrotechnology Transfer crop model slightly under-predicts lowland rice yields of several experimental plots in three sites in Java and one site in Sumatra, but the results are almost equal to or a little higher than farm level yields. Nevertheless, the simulation outputs and experimental plots yields are closely related with a coefficient of determination value of 87%. Changes in climate in the decades of 2010, 2030, and 2050 could drastically reduce rice yield: the rice yield is estimated to decrease by about 1 % annually in East Java and less in West Java. Currently, the rice yields in dry     

气候变化背景下湖南省双季稻生产的敏感性分析

湖南省是中国主要的双季稻种植省份之一,为探索历史气候变化背景下双季稻生产的气候敏感性,该研究以湖南省双季稻种植区域为对象,运用多元回归方法分析了湖南省历史气候变化动态(1980-2012)及其对双季稻生产的影响。结果表明:近30多年该区域气候变化以温度升高为主,早稻和晚稻全生育期内平均温度的气候倾向率分别为0.47和0.32℃/(10a),早稻全生育期内降水量和辐射呈增加趋势,晚稻全生育期内降水量和辐射有所下降。早稻产量变化与生育期内降水量和辐射的相关性极显著(P0.01),晚稻产量变化与生育期内温度相关性显著(P0.05)。温度升高是水稻产量变化的主要影响要素,但不同生育时期水稻产量的敏感性存在差异,早稻和晚稻产量对气候变化的敏感性范围在-4.38%~2.07%之间。历史气候变化对早稻和晚稻产量的影响分别可能达到2.59%和-6.02%。研究表明气候变化增加了该区域双季稻生产的敏感性,对水稻生产有较大的影响。该研究可以为针对区域特点进行农业技术措施调整,适应气候变化提供依据。     

Sensitivity of crop yield and N losses in winter wheat to changes in mean and variability of temperature and precipitation in Denmark using the FASSET model

Abstract

Sensitivity of wheat yield and soil nitrogen (N) losses to stepwise changes in means and variances of climatic variables were determined using the FASSET model. The LARS-WG was used to generate climate scenarios using observed climate data (1961–90) from two sites in Denmark, which differed in climate and soil conditions. Scenarios involved changes to (i) mean temperature alone, (ii) mean and variability of temperature, (iii) winter and summer precipitation amounts and (iv) duration of dry and wet series.

The model predicted lower grain yield and N uptake in response to increases in mean temperatures, caused by early maturity, with little change in variability. This, however, increased soil mineral N causing increased N losses. On sandy loam, larger temperature variability lowered grain yields and increased N losses coupled with higher variability at all the mean temperature ranges. On coarse sand, grain yields either remained unaltered or were slightly reduced when larger temperature variability was introduced to increase in mean temperatures of up to +2°C above baseline. However, introducing variability to further increase in mean temperatures lowered yields without any change in variability. Larger temperature variability did not affect soil mineral N and N₂O emissions, but increased N leaching on coarse sand.

Large response in grain yield, N uptake and soil N cycling, and in their variability was predicted when summer precipitation was varied, whereas only N leaching responded to changes in winter precipitation. Doubling the duration of dry series lowered grain yield and N removed by grain, but increased N leaching, whereas doubling the duration of wet series showed opposite effect. Predicted responses to changes in precipitation patterns were larger on coarse sand than on sandy loam. This study illustrates the importance of considering effects of changes to mean climatic factors, climatic variability and soil types on both crop yield and soil N losses.     

气候变化对我国主要粮食作物产量的影响及适应措施

过去几十年气候变化对我国主要粮食作物产量产生了重要影响,为了研究作物产量对气候变化的响应和适应,保障粮食安全,基于国内相关研究文献,分析归纳了研究方法,综述了国内小麦、玉米和水稻等主要粮食作物产量对气候变化的响应和适应,得出如下结论:（1）作物产量对气候变化响应的研究方法主要包括田间试验观测、统计分析和作物模型模拟等方法,其中田间观测法最直观,统计分析法可操作性强、应用最为普遍,作物模型模拟机理性强,可以定量描述气候因子对作物产量的影响,外推效果好;（2）近几十年来,小麦生育期内气温升高和辐射变化使我国北方小麦增产0.9%~12.9%,南方小麦减产1.2%~10.2%;气候变暖对玉米产量贡献率为-41.4%~0.4%;水稻生育期内气温升高和辐射增强有利于东北地区水稻产量增加,增产贡献率为1.01%~3.29%,而辐射减弱对长江流域等南方主要水稻种植区的水稻产量（长江流域晚熟稻除外）产生不利影响;（3）未来气候变化情境下小麦应从延长生殖生长期、增加籽粒数量和提高收获指数等方面培育新品种应对气候变暖对作物产量的不利影响;耐高温和长生殖生长期的玉米品种可以用来应对气温、降水等气候因子的变化;水稻则应选育耐高温品种应对气温和辐射等因子的变化所带来的作物生产上的风险。     

气候变化条件下中国灌溉面积变化的产量效应

灌溉可以有效缓解气候变化对粮食生产的不利影响。采用中国不同区域2006-2019年实际灌溉用水量,对4个气候模式(GFDL-ESM2M,Had GEM2-ES,IPSL-CAM5-LR,MIROC5)驱动下的3种作物模型(GEPIC、PEPIC和LPJml)的灌溉用水量进行评估,优选模拟结果较好的前5个模式组合,分析RCP2.6和RCP6.0情景下,2021-2050年中国玉米、水稻、大豆和小麦产量变化,评估灌溉面积扩张的增产效应。结果显示:未来气候变化下,2021-2050年降水量的增加使得中国水稻和大豆以及北方地区玉米和小麦产量均呈现增长趋势,其中东北80%左右的地区和西北70%左右的地区玉米产量将提高0.2～0.8 t/hm~2,东北85%左右的地区水稻和大豆增产幅度分别超过1.0、0.5 t/hm~2,东北90%左右的地区和西北75%左右的地区小麦产量增幅分别介于1.0～2.0、0.5～1.0 t/hm~2之间。降水量的减少使得西南南部地区的玉米和小麦产量均下降0.2 t/hm~2左右。不同区域玉米和小麦的增产效应差异明显,由于北部地区光热条件较差、小麦基础产量较低,使得小麦灌溉增产潜力(1%～11%)以及增产效率((0.12±0.06)kg/m~3)均较高,北部地区小麦的灌溉面积扩张可有效应对气候变化的不利影响。     

SRES A1B情景下未来宁夏玉米生育期气候资源变化分析

玉米是宁夏的三大粮食作物之一,其种植分布广泛,中部干旱带和南部山区基本属于雨养玉米区,气候条件对当地的玉米生产影响很大。观测到的气候变化已经对当地农业造成不利影响,未来SRES A2和B2情景下宁夏地区的气候变化研究也有一定成果。由于气候变化引发宁夏的气温和降水出现异常,为分析未来中等排放情景下气候变化可能对当地玉米生产造成的影响,本文利用订正后的英国Hadley气候中心区域气候模式PRECIS模拟的情景数据,分析了SRES A1B情景下宁夏未来2020s、2050s和2080s时段相对于气候基准时段(1961—1990年)的玉米生育期(4—9月)平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、≥10℃有效积温和降水的变化,具体方法为先分析气候基准时段宁夏的气候要素分布并与实际状况进行比较,再将未来3个时段的气象要素与气候基准时段求差值(其中降水用距平百分率表示),分析未来玉米生育期的气候变化。结果表明:平均、最高和最低气温以及≥10℃有效积温的模拟值普遍低于实际值,且具有相似的北高南低的空间分布状态,而降水的模拟值在大范围区域内高于实测值,亦呈现出相似的南高北低分布状态,总体来讲模拟值可以较合理地反映出宁夏的实际状况。相对于气候基准时段,未来各气象要素总体表现为增加,且增幅随时间推移而加大;未来最高气温在宁夏南部增加剧烈,平均气温、最低气温和≥10℃有效积温在宁夏北部增加较多,降水则呈现北增南减的分布。在未来3个时段,最高气温和降水分别为增量最大和波动最大的气象要素,出现极端高温天气和发生干旱或洪涝等异常气候事件的可能性增大。总体上看,未来气温升高对宁夏北部灌区的玉米生产有一定促进作用,尤其是≥10℃有效积温的增加可以提供更充足的热量;而南部山区气温增加虽然对玉米生产有利,但是未来降水的减少将会给雨养玉米造成不利影响,应当采取合理的应对措施。     

农业技术和气候变化对农作物产量和蒸散量的影响

随着农业生产条件的改善、品种改进和有利的气象条件的变化, 世界各地的作物产量得到大幅度提高, 但作物的蒸散量却未出现大幅度提高。本文以石家庄气象站1955~2007 年的气象资料为基础, 分析了河北省冬小麦和夏玉米生长期间主要气象因素变化, 结合中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站长期定位灌溉试验的研究结果, 分析了农业生产条件和气象因子变化对冬小麦和夏玉米产量及耗水量的影响。结果表明,1955~2007 年冬小麦和夏玉米生长季的气象因子发生了变化, 日照时数、相对湿度、风速、气温日较差显著降低, 最低气温、平均气温和积温显著升高, 气象因子的变化对作物总蒸散量未产生明显影响, 但由于降水减少,作物生长期间的灌溉需水量呈增加趋势。长期灌溉试验结果表明, 随着农业生产条件的变化和品种的改良, 冬小麦和夏玉米的产量不断增加, 而耗水量的增加幅度小于产量增加幅度, 夏玉米的耗水量呈稳定状态。节水技术的推广和应用对维持耗水量稳定起着非常关键的作用。     

陇东地区几种旱作作物产量对降水与气温变化的响应

研究作物产量对气候变化的响应,对于指导区域农业生产,保障粮食安全和生态安全具有一定的理论指导意义。结合大田试验与农业生产系统模拟模型(Agricultural Production Systems Simulator,APSIM),在验证模拟研究区冬小麦、玉米和紫花苜蓿产量可靠性的基础上,分析5个降水变化梯度(降水量不变、降低10%和20%、升高10%和20%)和5个气温变化梯度(不变、降低1.5和1℃、升高1.5和1℃)组合情景下3种作物的产量变化趋势。结果表明:APSIM模型在试验点对3种作物籽粒产量和生物量的模拟精度较高,决定系数R2在0.80~0.93之间,归一化均方根误差在11.35%~22.48%之间,模型有效系数在0.53~0.91之间。冬小麦、玉米和紫花苜蓿在气温升高、降水量减少的情景下减产,减产的最大幅度分别为38.7%、40.3%和41.8%;冬小麦、紫花苜蓿的在气温降低、降水量增加时增产,增产的最大幅度分别为29.8%和51.7%;玉米在降水量增加、温度不变的情景下增产幅度最大,为22.0%。总之,在研究范围内,3种作物的产量随降水的增加而增高;玉米的产量随气温升高先增高后降低,另2种作物的产量随气温的升高而降低;紫花苜蓿适应气候变化的能力最强。结果对明确黄土高原地区主要作物的生产走势,制订农业布局、管理措施等具有一定意义。     

Using seasonal climate forecasts to improve maize production decision support in Zimbabwe

Maize production in marginal tropical regions is at great risk due to rainfall variability and climate change. Climate change is set to increase the variability and uncertainty of inter-annual rainfall. Farmers who depend on rainfed maize production for their livelihoods would therefore benefit from improved climate based forecasting of production likelihood. In this study we developed a simple maize production decision support tool for Masvingo by using seasonal climate forecasts and a crop model to forecast maize yields likelihood prior to the season. We follow up on earlier studies carried out in Zimbabwe which show that the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can be used to forecast rainfall and maize yields in Zimbabwe. An ENSO based seasonal climate analysis tool (RAINMAN) was used to produce probabilistic monthly climate forecasts for Masvingo corresponding to the phases of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). The climate forecasts were used to run a crop model (AquaCrop) for a variety of scenarios relevant to maize production (monthly rainfall, cultivar selection, planting date, and fertility level). The results of the simulations were similar to those observed by Phillips et al. (1997) and formed the basis for the development of an operational decision support tool. Simulated maize yields varied from 1.2 t/ha to 5.8 t/ha. The simulated yields were higher than expected average yields in a marginal region like Masvingo especially under small holder farming. The work suggested that optimal use of forecasts may lead to improved maize production in Masvingo. The study set a platform for the development of operational climate based maize production decision support tools in Zimbabwe.     

气候变化对四川盆地主要粮食作物生产潜力的影响

基于四川盆地1961—2018年63个气象台站的逐日气象资料和1981—2018年46个农业气象观测站的主要粮食作物(水稻、玉米和冬小麦)生育期资料,利用逐级订正的方法计算作物气候生产潜力,分析太阳辐射、气温、降水及气候变化对四川盆地主要粮食作物气候生产潜力的影响,研究旨在为提高区域农业生产力并保障农业可持续发展提供科学依据。结果显示:1961—2018年四川盆地作物多年平均气候生产潜力的分布为水稻由西向东递增,玉米在盆地北部和西南偏高、其他地区偏低,冬小麦南北高、中部低。辐射量减小对3种作物气候生产潜力的影响为负效应;平均气温升高对作物气候生产潜力的影响为正效应;降水量变化是作物气候生产潜力变化出现空间差异的主要原因,降水量增加对作物气候生产潜力的影响为正效应,而降水量减少为负效应。气候变化对水稻气候生产潜力的影响在盆地西南部和北部的部分地区为正效应,其余地区为负效应;气候变化对玉米气候生产潜力的影响在盆地南部和东部的部分地区为正效应,其余地区为负效应;气候变化对冬小麦气候生产潜力的影响在盆地东北部的部分地区为负效应,其余大部地区为正效应。总体来看,气候变化对四川盆地冬小麦气候生产潜力的影响最大,为9.9kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),而对玉米和水稻的影响分别为-1.4 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和0.5 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。为了适应气候变化,四川盆地应选育光合效率高和抗旱性强的作物品种,并加强农田管理,以提高农业生产水平并保障粮食安全。     

玉米产量与生态气候因子的关系

采用多元积分回归的方法,对山西省1971-2000年玉米产量与生态气候因子的关系进行分析研究。结果表明：气温和降水对玉米产量的影响大,日照影响小,北部影响大,中南部影响小。春玉米播种期和苗期降水影响大多为正效应,拔节-抽雄期气温和降水影响为显著正效应,日照时数在全生育期普遍偏多,影响多为负效应,光能资源丰富,光能利用潜力大。夏玉米拔节-开花期气温影响为显著负效应,运城地区降水在拔节-成熟期为负效应,尤其成熟期阴雨天气对产量影响较大。研究结果揭示了山西生态气候因子对玉米不同生长阶段的正负效应及影响程度,为山西玉米生产充分利用生态气候资源,趋利避害、优产高产提供一定的理论依据和决策参考。     

Future productivity of fallow systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: Is the effect of demographic pressure and fallow reduction more significant than climate change?

In this century climate change is assumed to be the major driver for changes in agricultural systems and crop productivity at the global scale. However, due to spatial differences in cropping systems and in the magnitude of climatic change regional variations of climate change impact are expected. Furthermore, the recent climate projections are highly uncertain for large parts of West Africa. In particular with respect to annual precipitation and variability the projections vary between trends with decreasing precipitation and trends with slightly increasing precipitation within the next decades. On the other hand, the extensive fallow systems in this region suffer from increasing population pressure, which compromises soil fertility restoration. In the Republic of Benin, the demographic projections for the first half of this century indicate a continuous growth of the population with a narrow interval of confidence. Thus, in the absence of an adequate soil fertility management with judicious use of mineral fertilizers, the soil degradation process with decreasing crop yields is expected to continue. The objective of this paper was, therefore, to quantify the regional effect of future population growth on crop yields in West Africa and to compare it with the potential effects of climate change scenarios. Three land use scenarios (L1, L2 and L3) for the Upper Ouémé catchment where derived from different demographic projections combined with assumptions regarding future road networks and legal frameworks for forest protection using the CLUE-S modeling approach. The fallow-cropland ratio decreased in the three scenarios from 0.87 in the year 2000 to 0.66, 0.48 and 0.68 for L1, L2 and L3, respectively in 2050. Based on the projected ratio of fallow and cropland, trends of maize yield for the three land use scenarios were calculated using the EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate) model coupled with a spatial database. Maize yields followed the decreasing trend of the fallow-cropland ratio and estimated yield reductions amounted to up to 24% in the period 2021-2050. This trend was compared with the impact of the SRES climate scenarios A1B and B1 based on the output of the GCM ECHAM5 downscaled with the REMO model and the A1B scenario output of the GCM HADC3Q0 downscaled with the RCMs SMHIRCA and HADRM3P. The yield reductions due to the projected climate change in the three models accounted for a yield decrease of up to 18% (REMO A1B scenario) in the same period. Taking into account the smaller uncertainties in the scenario assumptions and in the model output of the land use scenarios, it is concluded that, in low input fallow systems in West Africa, land use effects will be at least as important as climate effects within the next decades.     

气候变化对安徽省淮河区域旱涝灾害的影响及适应对策

通过历史旱涝灾害面积和产量资料的统计分析安徽省淮河区域旱涝灾害和降水分布的演变规律，研究气候变化对该区旱涝灾害和粮食减产率的影响，并在分析未来气候变化对旱涝灾害影响的基础上阐述减缓旱涝灾害的适应性对策。     

安徽省气候变化对水稻生产的影响及应对

收集了近30年来安徽气温和降水资料,统计分析了安徽省气候变化的特征,讨论了气候变化对水稻生产的影响。研究结果表明,近30年来安徽气温整体呈上升趋势,上世纪90年代以来增温明显。降水则表现为变率增大的趋势。当前全省处于气候高变率时期。气候变化对水稻生长期及水稻产量均有明显影响,气候变暖下双季稻生育期明显缩短,在一定程度上对水稻产量产生负面影响,极端气候事件对水稻生产产生了巨大影响。调整作物布局,加强极端气象灾害应对防范体系与能力建设是农业生产应对气候变化的重要途经。     

未来气候情景下西藏地区的干湿状况变化趋势

旱灾是西藏地区重要的气象灾害之一,每年均有不同程度的发生,对农牧业生产的影响极大,气候变化背景下开展西藏地区干湿状况变化趋势的预测研究对于预防和减轻该区干旱所造成的损失具有重要意义。选取区域气候模式PRECIS输出的未来A2气候情景（2011-2050年）以及基准气候条件（1961-1990年）逐日资料,利用联合国粮农组织（FAO）推荐的Penman-Monteith方法计算了参考作物蒸散量,基于湿润指数,按照中国气候区划中的干湿指标把西藏分为干旱、半干旱、半湿润、湿润4个气候区,预估了西藏地区2011-2050年干湿状况时空变化趋势。结果表明：与基准气候条件相比,未来A2气候变化背景下,除零星地区外,2011-2050年西藏地区降水量、参考作物蒸散量均呈增加趋势,且参考作物蒸散量增加的幅度小于降水量增加的幅度,但地区间差异都很显著;未来40a西藏气候总体上呈暖湿化趋势,干旱、半干旱区的缩小趋势非常明显,且年平均气温上升的幅度远远大于湿润指数增加的幅度,环境水热要素相对提高,干旱化程度在逐步减小,较利于生态环境的改善;但是,不同气候区在不同时段干湿状况变化趋势不同。2021-2030年干旱、半干旱地区的缩小趋势以及湿润、半湿润的扩大趋势都很明显;2031-2040年、2041-2050年,干旱、湿润区的缩小趋势以及半干旱、半湿润的扩大趋势均很明显。     

Long-term climate change impacts on agricultural productivity in eastern China

Increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to induce significant climate change over the next century and beyond, but the impacts on society remain highly uncertain. This work examines potential climate change impacts on the productivity of five major crops in eastern China: canola, corn, potato, rice, and winter wheat. In addition to determining domain-wide trends, the objective is to identify vulnerable and emergent regions under future climate conditions, defined as having a greater than 10% decrease and increase in productivity, respectively. Data from the ICTP RegCM3 regional climate model for baseline (1961–1990) and future (2071–2100) periods under A2 scenario conditions are used as input for the EPIC agro-ecosystem simulation model in the domain [30°N, 108°E] to [42°N, 123°E]. Simulations are performed with and without the enhanced CO₂-fertilization effect. Results indicate that aggregate potential productivity (i.e. if the crop is grown everywhere) increases 6.5% for rice, 8.3% for canola, 18.6% for corn, 22.9% for potato, and 24.9% for winter wheat, although with significant spatial variability for each crop. However, without the enhanced CO₂-fertilization effect, potential productivity declines in all cases ranging from 2.5 to 12%. Interannual yield variability remains constant or declines in all cases except rice. Climate variables are found to be more significant drivers of simulated yield changes than changes in soil properties, except in the case of potato production in the northwest where the effects of wind erosion are more significant. Overall, in the future period corn and winter wheat benefit significantly in the North China Plain, rice remains dominant in the southeast and emerges in the northeast, potato and corn yields become viable in the northwest, and potato yields suffer in the southwest with no other crop emerging as a clear beneficiary from among those simulated in this study.