高等植物中的电信号研究进展

植物对外界刺激发生反应的过程中,往往会有多种信号共同作用。电信号的产生与植物的敏感性、植物的生理状态及刺激因子有关。已发现的电信号有动作电波,变异电波,复合电波,振荡电波及波中波等多种类型。电信号的传递途径及传递机制仍然存在争议。植物的多种生理效应与电信号的产生、传递有关。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF HERBIVORY/WOUND-ELICITED ELECTRICAL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN TOMATO

• Herbivory and mechanical wounding elicited electrical signals.• Petiole wounding elicited stronger electrical signals than did leaflet wounding.• Leaflet wounding elicited electrical signals and JA signaling within a compound leaf.• GLR3.3 and GLR3.5 mediated leaflet-to-leaflet electrical signal transduction.• JA synthesis and Helicoverpa armigera resistance were reduced in glr3.3/3.5 plants.Electrical signals commonly occur in plants in response to various environmental changes and have a dominant function in plant acclimation. The transduction of wound-elicited electrical signals in the model plant species Arabidopsis has been characterized but the characteristics of electrical signal transduction in response to herbivory or wounding in crop species remain unknown. Here, the features of electrical signals elicited by insect herbivory and wounding in tomato were investigated. Unlike those in Arabidopsis, wounding tomato leaves did not cause leaf-to-leaf electrical signal transduction. In contrast, electrical signals elicited in response to petiole wounding were stronger and more strongly transduced. Leaflet wounding also activated electrical signal transduction and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling within the whole compound leaf. It was also demonstrated that tomato glutamate receptor-like 3.3 (GLR3.3) and GLR3.5 mediated leaflet-to-leaflet electrical signal transduction. Herbivory-induced JA accumulation and Helicoverpa armigera resistance were reduced in glr3.3/3.5 plants. This work reveals the nature of electrical signal transduction in tomato and emphasizes the key roles of GLR3.3 and GLR3.5 in electrical signal transduction and JA signaling activation.     

Electrical signal measurement in plants using blind source separation with independent component analysis

Electrical signals of a plant leaf measured using surface recording are mixed signals which involve the electrical activities of the epidermis cells, guard cells, and mesophyll cells. Blind source separation (BSS) is a general signal processing approach, which estimates the source signals independently if the unknown signal sources are made by mixing linearly. The independent component analysis (ICA) method is one technique used to solve the blind source separation (BSS) problem. In contrast with conventional measuring methods used to investigate the electrical signals of plant cells with a complex treatment procedure, the ICA method was provided to achieve separation of the mixed electrical signals to recover the individual signals of each type of cells non-invasively. The proposed method has been tested using simulated signals and real plant electrical signal recordings. The results showed that ICA algorithms provided an efficient tool for the identification of the independent signal components from surface electrode recordings.     

Comparative analysis of flower-meristem-identity gene APETALA2 (AP2) codon in different plant species

The flower-meristem-identity gene APETALA2(AP2), one of class-A genes, is involved in the establishment of the floral meristem and the forming of sepals and petals. Codon usage bias(CUB) identifies differences among species, meanwhile dynamic analysis of base composition can identify the molecular mechanisms and evolutionary relationships of a specific gene. In this study, eight coding sequences(CDS) of AP2 gene were selected from different plant species using the Gen Bank database. Their nucleotide composition(GC content), genetic index, relative synonymous codon usage(RSCU) and relative codon usage bias(RCUB) were calculated with R Software to compare codon bias and base composition dynamics of AP2 gene codon usage patterns in different plant species. The results showed that the usage of AP2 gene codons from different plant species were influened by GC bias, especially GC3 s. Overall, base composition analysis indicated that the usage frequency of codon AT in the gene coding sequence was higher than GC among AP2 gene CDS from different plant species. Furthermore, most AP2 gene CDSs ended with AT; AGA, GCU and UGU had relatively high RSCU values as the most dominant codon; the usage characteristic of the AP2 gene codon in Malus domestica was similar to that of Vitis vinifera; Paeonia lactiflora was similar to Paeonia suffruticosa and Solanum lycopersicum was similar to Petunia×hybrida. There was a moderate preference in the usage of AP2 gene codon among different plant species from relatively low frequency of optimal codon(Fop) values and high effective number of codons(ENC) value. This study has revealed the usage characteristics of the AP2 gene codon from the comparision of AP2 gene codon preference and base dynamics in different plant species and provide a platform for further study towards transgenic engineering and codon optimization.     

2.4GHz无线信号在苹果园中的衰减模型

为解决苹果园中无线传感器网络的规划和部署问题,研究2.4GHz无线信道在苹果园中的传播特性。在山东省肥城市普通的苹果园进行实地试验。选取对信号传播影响最大的一列果树,发射天线固定在两棵树之间发射信号,分别测量6个高度18个位置点的接收信号强度和丢包率。回归分析结果表明:无论发射天线多高,不同水平高度上的接收信号强度衰减均符合对数路径损耗模型,拟合的决定系数为0.927~0.987。发射天线高度不变时,衰减系数n值能用接收天线高度的二次函数曲线拟合,拟合的决定系数为0.71~0.89;模型参数A和接收天线高度符合线性关系,拟合的RMSE为0.2~1.2。建立以发射天线高度、接收天线高度和传播距离为参数的衰减模型并进行验证试验,结果表明:RMSE为2~5,94%的R2值大于0.9,预测模型能较好的估算收发天线高度不同时的信号强度损耗。     

两种水生植物组合对网箱养殖长吻(鱼危)水体氮磷污染物的净化作用

为了减少网箱养鱼对养殖水体的污染,探寻环保型网箱,实现网箱养鱼的可持续发展,以筛选得到的漂浮植物大薸(Pistia stratiotes)和沉水植物金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)为研究对象,通过设置金鱼藻-大薸混养生态网箱与传统网箱进行对比,考察其对网箱养殖长吻氮磷排放的影响。试验结果表明,生态网箱氮和磷的回收率分别为49.86%±0.94%、38.07%±0.62%,传统网箱氮和磷的回收率分别为44.60%±0.85%、33.17%±0.58%,生态网箱与传统网箱氮磷的回收率均有显著性差异(P<0.05)。生态网箱氮和磷的利用率分别为28.13%±1.48%和16.95%±1.09%,传统网箱氮和磷的利用率分别为26.40%±1.89%和15.64%±1.47%,生态网箱氮磷利用率稍高于传统网箱,但两者之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过分析网箱养鱼系统中氮和磷输入和输出的途径及其总量,当网箱面积与大薸和金鱼藻种植面积为1∶17.00左右时,养殖长吻网箱的氮和磷为零排放。     

Systemic acquired resistance,NPR1, and pathogenesis-related genes in wheat and barley

In Arabidopsis, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is established beyond the initial infection by a pathogen or is directly induced by treatment with salicylic acid (SA) or its functional analogs, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH). NPR1 protein is considered the master regulator of SAR in both SA signal sensing and transduction. In wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), both pathogen infection and BTH treatment can induce broad-spectrum resistance to various diseases, including powdery mildew, leaf rust, Fusarium head blight, etc. However, three different types of SAR-like responses including acquired resistance (AR), systemic immunity (SI), and BTH-induced resistance (BIR) seem to be achieved by activating different gene pathways. Recent research on wheat and barley NPR1 homologs in AR and SI has provided the initial clue for understanding the mechanism of SAR in these two plant species. In this review, the specific features of AR, SI, and BIR in wheat and barley were summarized and compared with that of SAR in model plants of Arabidopsis and rice. Research updates on downstream genes of SAR, including pathogenesis-related (PR) and BTH-induced genes, were highlighted.     

基于MATLAB/Simulink和ADAMS的拖拉机建模与振动仿真分析

基于多体动力学研究的理论和方法,利用MATLAB和ADAMS软件分别建立JS-754拖拉机振动的数学模型和机械模型,进行随机振动和脉冲输入的平顺性仿真分析。数学模型包括利用拉格朗日第二方程建立拖拉机3自由度振动模型,从轮胎动态特性出发,建立拖拉机整车—轮胎耦合系统;机械模型借助虚拟样机技术对JS-754拖拉机整车实体建模,并定义整车各个部件约束关系。仿真结果表明,JS-754拖拉机在D级路面下座椅处垂向加速度均方根值为0.390 9 m/s2,脉冲激励输入下座椅处垂向加速度最大响应小于34.59 m/s2。仿真得到轮胎特性随车行驶时变化曲线,座椅处振动频率的范围集中在3-5 Hz。研究表明,JS-754拖拉机平顺性较好,提出的拖拉机振动建模方法具有较强的参考价值,可为拖拉机以及其他非道路车辆平顺性的研究提供理论依据和建模思路。     

不同部位籽瓜果皮电学特性分析

为探究不同部位籽瓜果皮电学特性的变化规律及其相关性,以甘肃靖远1号籽瓜为试材,利用平行极板检测法测定了不同部位籽瓜果皮的8个电学特性,分析其随频率的变化规律及相关性,建立了各电学特性随频率变化的数学模型并验证。结果表明：随着频率的增加,不同部位籽瓜果皮电学特性之间存在显著差异,G、X均呈单调递增趋势变化,Rp、Cp、Z、Q均呈单调递减趋势变化;除瓜梗部外,其他部位果皮D均呈单调递增趋势变化;瓜梗部和赤道部果皮的Z与G、Lp、X之间均呈极显著负相关（P < 0.01）,与Q、Cp、Rp之间均呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）,而与D之间的相关性有显著不同。回归结果表明,随着频率的变化,瓜梗部与赤道部果皮的Z、G、Cp、Rp、X和D的值均呈Polynomial模型分布（R² > 0.83）。模型验证得出在频率163.28 ~ 8 000 kHz范围内,瓜梗部和赤道部果皮Z、Lp试验值与模型预测值的一致性较好。因此,基于平行极板检测法区分籽瓜不同部位的果皮电学特性变化规律是可行的,该结果为籽瓜果皮电学检测提供理论依据。     

Electrical imaging of soil water availability to grapevine: a benchmark experiment of several machine-learning techniques

Electrical resistivity (ER) can be used to assess soil water in the field. This study investigated the possibility of extending the use of ER to measure plant available soil water variables, i.e. available soil water (ASW), total transpirable SW (TTSW), and fraction of transpirable SW (FTSW) using a pedotransfer approach. In a vineyard, 224 electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) transects and 672 time domain reflectometry (TDR) soil water profiles were acquired over 2 years. Soil physical–chemical properties were measured on 73 soil samples from eight different sites. To estimate the amount of soil water available to plants, grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) water status was monitored by means of leaf water potentials. A benchmark experiment was carried out to compare four machine-learning techniques: multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS), k-nearest neighbours (KNN), random forest (RF), and gradient boosting machine (GBM). Model interpretation led to a deeper understanding of the relationships between electrical resistivity and soil properties when predicting soil water availability for the plant. The models assessed had good predictive performance and were therefore used to map ASW, TTSW and FTSW in the vineyard. ER coupled to machine-learning algorithms was shown to be a good proxy for quantification and visualisation of plant available soil water with low disturbance.     

果园灌溉物联网实时监控系统的研制与试验

目的 简化果园网络部署,延伸信号覆盖范围,提供精细、实时的灌溉监控,并提高其对传统设备的兼容性。方法 通过窄带物联网(NB-IoT)和LoRa混合组网实现远程数据传输、延伸基站信号覆盖范围。采用终端电学参数检测电路及标定功率,结合异常检测算法,精准监测设备运行状态,并将异常状态即时上传,降低数据上传频率。同时在保证处理能力的前提下降低处理器主频,从而延长待机时长。结果 果园现场监测系统实现了150 ms内上报异常状态,并将上报次数限制为每年2万次。校正检测功率后,功率的线性回归预测决定系数(R²)为0.999 8。通过宏生成JSON数据,生成时长为cJSON方法的10%,进一步降低MCU计算需求。在满足计算和控制需求的前提下,2 MHz的微处理器主频和200 mA·H锂电池可以满足果园灌溉监控系统计算和持续工作的最低要求,采用低功耗微处理器可以进一步延长工作时间。结论 监控系统延伸了NB-IoT网络的覆盖范围,可实现精准、低成本和实时的远程监控。     

黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林株高生长过程新模型

黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林的株高生长不随时间单调增加,在生长末期因生长动力小于生长阻力,株高随时间小幅度减小.采用宁夏固原上黄生态站柠条林的生长观测资料,以经典Logistic方程为基础,添加了生长阻力因素,建立了柠条林生长的改进模型,使得生长速率在生长末期出现负值;并以高密度柠条成林多年生长观测数据为依据,建立了连年生长模型.用数学建模和统计检验的方法对数据进行处理,其结果表明,改进模型较Logistic方程具有更高的拟合度和相关系数.建立的模型与传统生长方程不同,由于微分方程中引入了阻力因子,故生长曲线中存在极值坐标且不具有严格单调性.将多年的株高生长曲线综合到一个坐标系内后,新模型中位置参数a与内禀生长率b的比值随着生长呈现逐渐增大的趋势.改进模型的生长顶点出现在8月,与柠条林株高的实际生长过程吻合;计算了新模型的生长顶点与生长期结束时的株高的差值,并将该值记为生长损失.由于柠条林的灌丛较为矮小,在越冬时干梢现象对株高的影响不可忽略,该过程导致生长方程中第二年初始点小于第一年最末点;在考虑了该现象后所建立的连年生长模型中,2002年和2003年干稍现象的终止点位于2月,与植物生长的节律吻合.本研究为描述半干旱区灌木林生长过程提供了依据.     

Structure,Binding Characteristics,and 3D Model Prediction of a Newly Identified Odorant-Binding Protein from the Cotton Bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)

The full-length sequence of the odorant binding protein 5 gene, HarmOBP5, was obtained from an antennae cDNA library of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). The cDNA contains a 444 bp open reading frame, encoding a protein with 147 amino acids, namely HarmOBP5. HarmOBP5 was expressed in Escherichia coli and the recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis demonstrated that the purified protein can be used for further investigation of its binding characteristics. Competitive binding assays with 113 odorant chemicals indicated that HarmOBP5 has strong affinity to some special plant volatiles, including (E)-ß-farnesene, ethyl butyrate, ethyl heptanoate, and acetic acid 2-methylbutyl ester. Based on three-dimensional (3D) model of AaegOBP1 from Aedes aegypti, a 3D model of HarmOBP5 was predicted. The model revealed that some key binding residues in HarmOBP5 may play important roles in odorant perception of H. armigera. This study provides clues for better understanding physiological functions of OBPs in H. armigera and other insects.     

Mapping radiation interception in row-structured orchards using 3D simulation and high-resolution airborne imagery acquired from a UAV

This study was conducted to model the fraction of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (fIPAR) in heterogeneous row-structured orchards, and to develop methodologies for accurate mapping of the instantaneous fIPAR at field scale using remote sensing imagery. The generation of high-resolution maps delineating the spatial variation of the radiation interception is critical for precision agriculture purposes such as adjusting management actions and harvesting in homogeneous within-field areas. Scaling-up and model inversion methods were investigated to estimate fIPAR using the 3D radiative transfer model, Forest Light Interaction Model (FLIGHT). The model was tested against airborne and field measurements of canopy reflectance and fIPAR acquired on two commercial peach and citrus orchards, where study plots showing a gradient in the canopy structure were selected. High-resolution airborne multi-spectral imagery was acquired at 10?nm bandwidth and 150?mm spatial resolution using a miniaturized multi-spectral camera on board an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In addition, simulations of the land surface bidirectional reflectance were conducted to understand the relationships between canopy architecture and fIPAR. Input parameters used for the canopy model, such as the leaf and soil optical properties, canopy architecture, and sun geometry were studied in order to assess the effect of these inputs on canopy reflectance, vegetation indices and fIPAR. The 3D canopy model approach used to simulate the discontinuous row-tree canopies yielded spectral RMSE values below 0.03 (visible region) and below 0.05 (near-infrared) when compared against airborne canopy reflectance imagery acquired over the sites under study. The FLIGHT model assessment conducted for fIPAR estimation against field measurements yielded RMSE values below 0.08. The simulations conducted suggested the usefulness of these modeling methods in heterogeneous row-structured orchards, and the high sensitivity of the normalized difference vegetation index and fIPAR to background, row orientation, percentage cover and sun geometry. Mapping fIPAR from high-resolution airborne imagery through scaling-up and model inversion methods conducted with the 3D model yielded RMSE error values below 0.09 for the scaling-up approach, and below 0.10 for the model inversion conducted with a look-up table. The generation of intercepted radiation maps in row-structured tree orchards is demonstrated to be feasible using a miniaturized multi-spectral camera on board UAV platforms for precision agriculture purposes.     

基于声发射信号信息熵的木材损伤断裂过程研究

为获得木材在弯曲破坏过程中的声发射（acoustic emission,AE）信号特征,从AE信号的随机性出发,利用AE信号信息熵辨识木材的损伤过程,并研究木材在不同损伤断裂水平下的AE信号分布特性。首先,对气干状态的榉木和樟子松试件进行三点弯曲试验,并通过谐振频率为150 kHz的AE传感器采集原始AE信号,采样频率设置为500 kHz。然后,采用小波变换重构AE信号波形,依据无AE发生时的信号幅值确定AE阈值,统计每秒内超过阈值的次数并作为AE活动计数,再以活动计数为随机变量定义AE信息熵。最后,依据信息熵值确定应变能释放的转折点,并结合三点弯曲试验的载荷-时间曲线,将木材损伤断裂过程划分为线性变形、非线性变形、宏观断裂3个阶段。以10 ms为间隔分析并统计AE信号的频率,获得木材弯曲破坏过程的AE信号频率分布情况,从而揭示不同损伤阶段的AE信号特征。结果表明,线性变形阶段,AE信号表现为低幅值、低频率,主要集中在30~55 kHz频段内;非线性变形和宏观断裂阶段,AE信号中既存在大量的30~55 kHz低频信号成分,又存在100~110 kHz和115~130 kHz的高频信号。研究提出的基于AE活动数信息熵能够准确反映应变能释放的集中程度,为木材损伤断裂水平评价提供了客观依据。     

植物微弱电信号研究现状

介绍植物电信号的特性,综述植物微弱电信号的国内外研究现状,提出目前植物微弱电信号研究中有待进一步解决的问题。     

Robust fractional order controller for irrigation main canal pools with time-varying dynamical parameters

A new method is proposed with which to design a class of robust fractional order controllers - which we denote as FPI controllers since they can be regarded as a generalization of standard PI controllers - for the effective control of water distribution in irrigation main canal pools characterized by time-varying dynamical parameters. The closed loop behavior of the nominal plant is defined by using frequency specifications, which are combined with an optimization procedure that minimizes the IAE (Integral of Absolute Error) - a cost related to the closed loop time response specifications - in the whole range of plant parameter variations. Interest in such robust fractional order controllers is justified by the fact that dynamical parameters of irrigation main canal pools may change drastically according to their operational regimes. Equivalent FPI, PI and PID controllers - in the sense of their exhibiting the same closed loop dynamics for the nominal plant specifications - were simulated for several working conditions, and their behaviors were compared. Additional issues, such as noise rejection or robustness to unmodelled high frequency dynamics have also been considered.     

植物抗病反应及系统获得抗性研究进展

植物在与病原菌长期共同进化的过程中,形成了一整套复杂而有效的防御机制。植物的抗病反应是建立在一定的物质基础上的,木质素、植保素、活性氧、水杨酸等在植物抗病反应中起着重要的作用。系统获得抗性是植物抵抗病原菌侵袭的相当复杂的防御机制之一,其信号转导途径是近年来研究的热点。本文综述了植物抗病反应及其系统获得抗性的研究进展,并对发展具有广谱抗性的作物和利用激活系统获得抗性的化学物质来保护植物进行了讨论。     

管道泄漏声发射信号的传播特性

对管道泄漏声发射信号进行传播特性研究,可以为工程上进行传感器布设和采集参数确定提供参考依据.介质类型、压力、流量与泄漏孔径对产生的泄漏声发射信号幅值影响较大,对泄漏声发射信号传播衰减规律无影响.泄漏介质为气体时,产生的声发射信号幅值较大;随着压力的增加,泄漏声发射信号幅值增大;随着泄漏孔径的增大,泄漏声发射信号幅值先变大后变小.应用FFT变换和小波包分解等理论方法,分析泄漏声发射信号在传播过程中经过法兰、阀门时的频率变化特征.研究结果表明：泄漏声发射信号经过法兰后,主要引起信号幅值衰减,衰减值为11～15 dB,而信号频率分布变化不大.泄漏声发射信号经过阀门后不仅信号幅值衰减27～35 dB,且信号的高频成分（187.5～312.5 kHz）也出现较大幅度的衰减.     

Effects of rearing system(floor vs. cage) and sex on performance,meat quality and enteric microorganism of yellow feather broilers

This study investigated the effects of floor and cage rearing systems on performance, meat quality, and enteric microorganisms of male and female yellow feather broilers. Two hundred Xueshan chickens(42 days old; 100 of each sex) were divided into four groups, according to sex and rearing system(stainless-steel cage or litter floor). Male and cage-reared broilers exhibited better(P0.001) performance and higher(P≤0.001) eviscerated percentage than female and floor-reared broilers. The interaction between rearing system and sex had an effect(P0.05) on the percentage of breast and thigh muscles. Female floor-reared broilers presented the highest(P0.02) percentage of breast and thigh muscles among all the groups. In both sexes, the abdominal fat content in cage-reared broilers was higher(P0.01) than that in floor-reared broilers. Female cage-reared broilers exhibited better(P0.05) meat quality of breast muscle than other groups. An analysis of welfare observations indicated that the feather quality of floor-reared broilers was better(P0.01) than that of cage-reared broilers, whereas the gait scores were not significantly affected(P0.05) by rearing system. The enteric microbiota assessment by 16 S rRNA amplicon-based sequencing showed that Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the most prevalent phyla in both rearing systems, and that the cecum was relatively stable in terms of microbiome composition. Floor-reared broilers exhibited a richer diversity of bacteria in the intestinal tract than cage-reared broilers, while alpha diversity was not significantly different(P0.05) among the groups. The ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes and the abundance of Helicobacter and Romboutsia could potentially affect the production of broilers. These findings indicate that cage rearing improved the production of male Xueshan broilers, which may be due to the difference in enteric microbiota between cage and floor rearing systems.