滴灌冬小麦不同施氮量下光合-气孔导度耦合模拟和验证

针对华北平原冬小麦田过量施氮(N)现象,构建和参数化不同施N量下光合-气孔导度耦合模型有利于理解降低施N量对作物产量影响的生理基础。该文于2013—2014年连续2个生长季在滴灌冬小麦田设置3种施N量:290、190和110 kg/hm2,开展了光合及相关生理因子的测定,确定了光合-气孔导度耦合模型关键参数。结果表明:最大羧化速率V_(cmax)在84.5~153.3μmol/(m2·s)之间变化,V_(cmax)与叶片N含量之间的可用线性关系来量化;最大电子传递速率J_(max)在156.5~236.2μmol/(m2·s)之间变化,二者比值在处理间差异不显著;推导光合模型和气孔导度Ball-Berry模型联立的解析解来求解耦合模型,能较好模拟光合速率日进程,对2次测定模拟的平均绝对误差分别为2.11和2.23μmol/(m2·s)。通过对环境因子及生理因子差异的综合分析,模型可用于模拟施N条件下的光合速率变化,从而为较准确地预测小麦产量奠定基础。     

Effect of elevated carbon dioxide and water stress on gas exchange and water use efficiency in corn

CO₂ has been predicted to increase in the future, and thus leading to possible changes in precipitation patterns. The objectives of this study were to investigate water use and canopy level photosynthesis of corn plants, and to quantify water use efficiency in corn plants under two different CO₂ levels combined with four different water stress levels. Corn plants were planted in sunlit plant growth chambers and a day/night temperature of (28/18 °C) was applied. From 21 days after emergence (DAE), the eight treatments including two levels of carbon dioxide concentrations (400 and 800 μmol mol⁻¹) and four levels of water stress (well-watered control, “mild”, “moderate”, and “severe” water stress) treatments at each CO₂ level were imposed. Height, number of leaves, leaf lengths, and growth stages of corn plants were monitored from nine plants twice a week. Corn plants were separately collected, dried, and analyzed for the biomass accumulation at 21 and 60 DAE. Soil water contents were monitored by a time domain reflectometry (TDR) system (15 probes per chamber). The “breaking points” (changes from high to low rates of soil water uptake) were observed in the bottom of soil depth for the water stressed conditions, and the “breaking points” under ambient CO₂ appeared 6-9 days earlier than under elevated CO₂. Although approximately 20-49% less water was applied for the elevated CO₂ treatments than for ambient CO₂ from 21 DAE, higher soil water contents were recorded under elevated CO₂ than under ambient CO₂. However, corn growth variables such as height, leaf area, and biomass accumulation were not significantly different in CO₂ or water stressed treatments. This result may be explained by considering that significant differences in canopy level gross photosynthesis among the water stress treatments was observed only toward the end of the experiment. The higher soil water contents observed under elevated CO₂ resulted mainly from less water use than under ambient CO_2. WUE (above ground biomass per water use since 21 DAE) at the final harvest was consistently higher and varied with a smaller range under elevated CO₂ than under ambient CO₂. This study suggests that less water will be required for corn under high-CO₂ environment in the future than at present.