红曲合生元、酵母硒锗及其组合对断奶仔猪肠道结构及直肠菌群数量的影响

本试验旨在研究红曲合生元、酵母硒锗及其组合替代抗生素对断奶仔猪肠道结构及直肠菌群数量的影响。试验选用80头平均日龄(28±1) d,平均体重(7.57±0.49) kg的三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为4个处理组,每组5个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮+25 mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素和45 mg/kg金霉素,Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮+0.5%红曲合生元,Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮+0.5%红曲合生元酵母硒锗复合制剂,Ⅲ组饲喂基础日粮+0.5%酵母硒锗制剂,正式试验42 d,分3个阶段。结果表明:①与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组空肠黏膜超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均极显著或显著升高(P0.01;P0.05);与Ⅲ组相比,Ⅱ组空肠黏膜SOD活性、T-AOC均显著升高(P0.05)。②与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组十二指肠绒毛长度和绒毛长度/隐窝深度极显著或显著提高(P0.01;P0.05),Ⅱ组空肠绒毛长度/隐窝深度显著升高(P0.05)。③试验1～14 d,与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌数量均显著下降(P0.05)、双歧杆菌和乳酸菌数量显著或极显著增加(P0.05;P0.01)。试验15～28 d,与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组乳酸菌数量极显著或显著增加(P0.01;P0.05)。以上结果表明,与抗生素、红曲合生元及酵母硒锗制剂相比,复合制剂可有效改善肠道组织结构和直肠菌群结构,提高肠道健康水平。     

负离子复合制剂对冷藏期猪肉微生物数量及pH值的影响

为了研究负离子复合制剂对冷藏期猪肉微生物、pH值和硒含量、锗含量的影响,试验将60头45日龄左右的健康杜长大三元杂交仔猪(公母各半,公猪去势)随机分为2组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮+0.25%负离子复合制剂,生长到(115.0+4.5)kg进行屠宰,屠宰后采集前腿、里脊和后腿肉,测定微生物数量、pH值、硒含量、锗含量。结果表明:试验组有害菌数少于对照组;在贮藏期间不同部位猪肉pH值均呈上升趋势,但试验组上升速度低于对照组;试验组猪肉硒、锗含量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。说明日粮中添加负离子复合制剂可抑制冷藏期间猪肉pH值的增长和猪肉微生物数量,减缓猪肉腐败速度;还能够提高猪肉中硒、锗含量,改善猪肉品质。     

富硒乳酸菌中药制剂对育肥猪免疫、抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究富硒乳酸菌中药制剂(LSTCM)对育肥猪免疫、抗氧化能力的影响。选取日龄相近、体重(57±1.50)kg、体况良好的杜×长×大三元杂交育肥猪60头,分为4个组,每组3个重复,每重复5头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加0.1%、0.3%、0.5%的LSTCM(硒含量为100 mg/kg)。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,0.3%、0.5%LSTCM组IgA含量极显著提高,而IgG及IgM含量显著提高;与对照组相比,0.3%LSTCM组血清、肌肉、肝脏中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均提高(P<0.01),肾脏中T-AOC、SOD活性均提高(P<0.01),GSH-Px活性提高(P<0.05),血清、肌肉、肾脏中丙二醛含量均降低(P<0.01),肝脏中降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,富硒乳酸菌中药制剂能显著提高育肥猪免疫能力以及血清及组织的抗氧化能力。     

红曲合生元、酵母硒锗及其组合对断奶仔猪肠道结构及直肠菌群数量的影响

本试验旨在研究红曲合生元、酵母硒锗及其组合替代抗生素对断奶仔猪肠道结构及直肠菌群数量的影响。试验选用80头平均日龄（28±1） d,平均体重（7.57±0.49） kg的三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为4个处理组,每组5个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮+25 mg/kg硫酸黏杆菌素和45 mg/kg金霉素,Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮+0.5%红曲合生元,Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮+0.5%红曲合生元酵母硒锗复合制剂,Ⅲ组饲喂基础日粮+0.5%酵母硒锗制剂,正式试验42 d,分3个阶段。结果表明：①与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组空肠黏膜超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性均极显著或显著升高（P<0.01;P<0.05）;与Ⅲ组相比,Ⅱ组空肠黏膜SOD活性、T-AOC均显著升高（P<0.05）。②与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组十二指肠绒毛长度和绒毛长度/隐窝深度极显著或显著提高（P<0.01;P<0.05）,Ⅱ组空肠绒毛长度/隐窝深度显著升高（P<0.05）。③试验1~14 d,与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌数量均显著下降（P<0.05）、双歧杆菌和乳酸菌数量显著或极显著增加（P<0.05;P<0.01）。试验15~28 d,与对照组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组乳酸菌数量极显著或显著增加（P<0.01;P<0.05）。以上结果表明,与抗生素、红曲合生元及酵母硒锗制剂相比,复合制剂可有效改善肠道组织结构和直肠菌群结构,提高肠道健康水平。     

植物提取物对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、猪肉品质及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究植物提取物对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、肉品质及猪肉抗氧化能力的影响。选用20头体重相近[(83.75±5.83 kg)]的PIC猪,随机分为对照组(基础日粮)和试验组(基础日粮中额外添加0.04%植物提取物),每个处理5个重复,每个重复2头猪。结果表明,两组间育肥猪采食量、日增重、料肉比和胴体性状差异不显著(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组肉色a*45min值显著提高(P<0.05),L*96 h值极显著降低(P<0.01);4℃下储存0、3 d和7 d猪肉,试验组肉样中丙二醛(MDA)的含量显著降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著提高(P<0.05)。因此,饲粮中添加植物提取物有利于储存中猪肉品质的改善。     

中草药超微粉剂对晋阳白猪肉质的影响

为了研究中草药超微粉剂对晋阳白猪肉质的影响,使用2组中药方剂制成的超微粉剂对64头晋阳白猪进行饲喂试验并使用抗生素组和基础日粮组作为对照组,将晋阳白猪分为对照组(CK组)、中草药Ⅰ组(Ⅰ组)、中草药Ⅱ组(Ⅱ组)和抗生素组(Ⅲ组)4个组。当4组猪的体重达到120kg时结束试验,测定猪肉中的电导率、pH值、肉色蒸煮损失、系水力与最大剪切力、眼肌面积、背最长肌肌肉营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸和胆固醇等。结果发现,试验Ⅱ组眼肌面积显著高于其他组(p<0.05),试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组肌内脂肪含量极显著低于对照组和试验Ⅲ组(p<0.01),试验Ⅰ组背最长肌肌肉营养成分中的水分含量显著高于试验Ⅲ组(p<0.05),试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组粗蛋白含量显著高于空白对照组(p<0.05),试验Ⅱ组天门冬氨酸含量显著高于对照组和试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组谷氨酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组苯丙氨酸含量显著高于对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅲ组(P<0.05),试验Ⅱ组十七烷酸的含量显著高于试验Ⅰ组(P<0.05)。说明试验Ⅱ组的中草药组方对猪肉品质具有明显改善作用。     

中药微生态制剂对威宁黄牛杂交肉牛育肥效果和肉质的影响

为了研究中药微生态制剂对威宁黄牛杂交肉牛育肥效果和肉质的影响,试验选择了1.5岁左右的西门塔尔牛与威宁黄牛杂交的F1代公牛24头,采用随机区组设计将试验牛分为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组分别在基础日粮中添加1.0%和1.5%的中药微生态制剂,对照组饲喂基础日粮,进行60 d育肥试验,测定增重和肉质指标。结果显示,试验Ⅰ组和对照组相比,日增重和屠宰率均显著提高(P0.05),试验Ⅱ组与对照组相比,日增重极显著提高(P0.01)。两试验组的粗蛋白含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01);试验Ⅱ组系水率、剪切力、大理石评分、粗脂肪显著优于对照组(P0.05),但与试验Ⅰ组差异不显著(P0.05)。试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组每头牛每天的净利润分别为14.8元、17.4元,与对照组14.3元相比,分别增加0.5元、3.1元。因此,在本次试验中得出日粮中添加1.5%中药微生态制剂育肥威宁黄牛杂交肉牛综合效益最大。     

发酵饲料桑粉对育肥猪生长性能和猪肉品质的影响

为研究育肥期间补饲发酵饲料桑粉对猪的生长性能与猪肉品质的影响,54头胎次、初始体质量(65.80±1.20)kg、日龄基本一致的健康"杜×大×长"三元杂交育肥猪随机分为对照组与试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅰ组在基础饲粮的基础上添加15%饲料桑粉,试验Ⅱ组在基础饲粮的基础上添加15%发酵饲料桑粉。育肥猪在饲喂66d后,测定平均日增重、饲料增重比、屠宰率、平均背膘厚度、眼肌面积、肌肉pH值、肌内脂肪含量、肌肉剪切力,脂肪含量和脂肪酸含量等。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组的猪平均日增重提高了2.51%,差异显著(P0.05);屠宰率有所提高,但差异不显著(P0.05);平均背膘厚度,试验Ⅰ组降低了6.60%,差异显著(P0.05),试验Ⅱ组差异不显著(P0.05);肌内脂肪,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ分别提高了9.97%,17.82%,差异均显著(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组的猪肌肉剪切力降低了9.86%,差异显著(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组的猪肉内饱和脂肪酸的含量显著降低(P0.05),而不饱和脂肪酸的含量有所提高(P0.05)。     

超微粉中药添加剂改善猪肉品质配方筛选试验

为筛选改善猪肉品质的较佳超微粉中药添加剂配方,将72头猪随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪,分别饲喂基础饲粮、基础饲粮+抗生素、基础饲粮+0.1％中草药组方Ⅰ、基础饲粮+0.1％中草药组方Ⅱ,进行饲养试验及屠宰试验.结果显示:中药Ⅱ组效果较佳,其料重比最低为3.25,显著低于中药Ⅰ组和抗生素组(P＜0.05),极显著低于对照组(P＜0.01);背膘厚最高,为4.18cm,与其他组差异不显著(P＞0.05);眼肌面积最小,为39.95 cm2,显著小于对照组(P＜0.05);pH1(宰后45 min pH)及pH24(宰后24h pH)最高,分别为6.32和5.75;滴水损失最低,为4.94％;剪切力最小,为5.07 kg,显著小于对照组(P＜0.05),与其他组差异不显著(P＞0.05);肌内脂肪含量为2.96％,显著高于中药Ⅰ组和抗生素组(P＜0.05),极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);L值(亮度)最低,为47.59;背最长肌纤维、股二头肌纤维直径最细,分别为41.17 μm、42.17 μm;背最长肌中水含量最少,粗灰分含量最高,粗蛋白质含量与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05);每头猪比对照组多赚64.4元,经济效益提高18.5％.结果表明,中药Ⅱ组能提高猪的生长性能、饲料营养成分消化率及经济效益,且能有效改善猪肉品质,使猪肉肌纤维变细,背膘厚、嫩度及pH提高,滴水损失减少.     

红茶提取物对猪肉品质及生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究红茶提取物对猪肉品质及生化指标的影响。选择60头约50kg杜长大肥育猪,随机分为对照组和试验组,分别饲喂基础日粮和基础日粮+2.0g/kg红茶提取物,每组3个重复,每个重复10头,试验至100kg左右体重结束。结果表明,在本试验条件下,红茶提取物能提高肥育猪的屠宰性能,显著提高屠宰率(P<0.05),改善猪肉品质,改善肉色(P<0.05),增加嫩度,极显著提高肌肉丰度(P<0.01),增加风味指数,提高pH1;改善生化指标,显著提高肌苷酸含量(P<0.05),显著降低胆固醇11.30%(P<0.05),显著提高铁、锌含量(P<0.05)。结果提示,饲料中添加2.0g/kg红茶提取物可提高屠宰率,改善猪肉品质。     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

Antibacterial action of combinations of oxytetracycline, dimethyl sulfoxide, and EDTA-tromethamine on Proteus, Salmonella, and Aeromonas

Antibacterial effects against Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aeromonas hydrophila were obtained with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. Antibacterial effects were not observed with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide plus oxytetracycline or with dimethyl sulfoxide plus EDTA-tromethamine. Using a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique, inhibitory activities of the various combinations of solutions were studied, and isobolograms were plotted. A synergistic effect was seen with combinations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. The greatest synergistic effect was observed when the mixture was caused to react with P mirabilis. These findings were confirmed by kinetic studies of microbial death, using one-fourth minimal inhibitory concentrations of these preparations.     

Comparative cardiovascular, analgesic, and sedative effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare sedative, analgesic, and cardiopulmonary effects after IV administration of medetomidine (20 microg/kg), medetomidine-hydromorphone (20 microg of medetomidine/kg and 0.1 mg of hydromorphone/kg), and medetomidine-butorphanol (20 microg of medetomidine/kg and 0.2 mg of butorphanol tartrate/kg) in dogs. ANIMALS: 6 dogs healthy mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Instruments were surgically inserted, and heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), core body temperature, and cardiac output (CO) were measured 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after injection. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were calculated. Arterial samples for blood gas analysis were collected 0, 15, and 45 minutes after injection. Intensity of analgesia, degree of sedation, and degree of muscle relaxation were evaluated at aforementioned time points and 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 minutes after injection. RESULTS: Administration of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol was associated with increases in SAP, MAP, DAP, MPAP, PCWP, CVP, SVR, PVR, core body temperature, and PaCO2 and decreases in HR, CO, CI, SV, SI, RR, pH, and PaO2. Clinically important differences were not detected among treatments. Medetomidine-hydromorphone and medetomidine-butorphanol provided a longer duration of sedation and better quality of analgesia, compared with medetomidine alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Medetomidine-hydromorphone or medetomidine-butorphanol is associated with improved analgesia and sedation but has cardiopulmonary effects comparable to those for medetomidine alone.     

Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Anticoagulant, cholecalciferol, and bromethalin-based rodenticides

The control of rodent pests is a continuing goal of mankind. To this end, a multitude of rodenticides have been produced, each designed to kill rodents by exerting their toxic effects on various body systems. As examples, veterinarians have had to manage companion animal poisonings due to anticoagulant, sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080), thallium, barium carbonate, and zinc phosphide-based rodenticides. Many of these rodenticides were introduced because of their anticipated safety in relation to nontarget species; unfortunately, this has not been the case. Veterinarians must attempt to identify the specific rodenticide involved in poisoning cases. Therapeutic success in these poisonings is often more dependent upon symptomatic and supportive care rather than the use of antidotal therapy.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Genetic parameters among weight, prolificacy, and wool traits of Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep

Genetic parameters for Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep were estimated using REML with animal models for prolificacy, weight, and wool traits. All bivariate analyses included a covariance between additive genetic effects for the two traits plus appropriate additional covariances. Number of observations by breed ranged from 5,140 to 7,095 for prolificacy traits, from 7,750 to 9,530 for weight traits, and from 4,603 to 34,746 for wool traits. Heritability estimates ranged from .03 to .11 for prolificacy traits (litter size at birth and litter size at weaning), from .09 to .26 for weight traits (birth weight and average daily gain), and from .25 to .53 for wool traits (fleece weight, fleece grade and staple length). Estimates of direct genetic correlations among prolificacy and among weight traits were positive and ranged from .58 to 1.00 and .18 to 1.00, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic correlation between fleece weight and staple length were positive (.50 to .70) but were negative between fleece weight and fleece grade (-.60 to -.34) and between staple length and fleece grade (-.72 and -.40). Prolificacy and wool traits were essentially uncorrelated. Weight and prolificacy traits were slightly positively correlated. Weight traits had a moderate positive direct genetic correlation with fleece weight and staple length, but were uncorrelated with fleece grade. These estimates of genetic parameters between prolificacy, weight, and wool traits can be used to construct multiple-trait selection indexes for dual-purpose sheep.     

Echocardiography, electrocardiography, and radiography of cats with dilatation cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and hyperthyroidism

The echocardiographic, ECG, and radiographic findings of sequentially examined cats with dilatation cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 7), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n = 8), and hyperthyroidism (HT, n = 20) were compared with those of healthy control cats (n = 11). Cats with DCM were easily differentiated from healthy cats by echocardiography and from cats with HCM and HT by a dilated left ventricle at end-diastole with a mean +/- SD of 2.20 +/- 0.36 cm, reduced fractional shortening (2.9% +/- 3.7%), reduced aortic amplitude (0.07 +/- 0.05 cm), reduced left ventricular wall amplitude (0.09 +/- 0.09 cm), and increased E-point septal separation (0.83 +/- 0.29 cm). The cats with HCM were most consistently recognized echocardiographically by increased left ventricular wall thickness at end-diastole (0.75 +/- 0.12 cm). Some cats with HT had abnormal echocardiograms with left ventricular wall hypertrophy. These cats could usually be differentiated from the cats with HCM because of normal or increased ventricular wall amplitude, aortic amplitude, or percentage of thickening of the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum. Left atrial enlargement (left atrial diameter greater than 1.57 cm or left atrium/aorta greater than 1.75) was commonly detected by the echocardiogram in cats with DCM, HCM, or HT. The echocardiogram was helpful in differentiating the type of cardiomyopathy (DCM, HCM, or HT) when plain thoracic radiographs indicated that cardiomegaly existed. The ECG may have indicated incorrectly that there was left ventricular enlargement in some cats with HT, and it did not indicate consistently that left ventricular enlargement existed when present in cats with DCM or HCM. The ECG was a poor indicator of left atrial enlargement in all cats.