日粮蛋白水平对藏母羊妊娠期乳腺发育及初生羔羊肌肉组织形态的影响

试验旨在研究日粮蛋白水平对藏母羊妊娠期乳腺发育相关生殖激素及初生羔羊肌肉组织形态的影响,为藏母羊妊娠期日粮合理配制提供依据。4组母羊妊娠前期(0～85 d)放牧饲养;妊娠后期(86～150 d)舍饲饲养,分别饲喂能量相同而蛋白水平依次为7.5%、9.5%、11.5%和13.5%的日粮。结果表明,试验条件下,藏母羊血清中黄体酮、催乳素、生长激素、促黄体素、促卵泡激素含量均11.5%蛋白组最高;初生羔羊肌纤维的直径和面积随着母羊妊娠后期日粮蛋白水平的增高而增加,肌纤维密度随蛋白水平的增高而减小。     

母羊日粮营养水平高低对马头山羊羔羊初生重、成活率的影响试验

马头山羊母羊营养水平对其体重、羔羊初生重及成活率影响试验，经统计分析，营养水平高低对增加母羊体重、羔羊的初生重、成活率呈正相关.通过图养或半牧加补料，在较高营养水平的饲养下，羔羊平均初生重提高25.15%，2月龄羔羊成活率提高12.1个百分点，窝重增加29.41%，收到了较好效果。     

母羊日粮营养水平高低对马头山羊羔羊初生重、成活率的影响试验

马头山羊母羊营养水平对其体重、羔羊初生重及成活率影响试验,经统计分析,营养水平高低对增加母羊体重,羔羊的初生重、成活率呈正相关.通过圈养或半牧加补料,在较高营养水平的饲养下,羔羊平均初生重提高25.15%,2月龄羔羊成活率提高12.1个百分点,窝重增加29.41%,收到了较好效果.     

日粮蛋白水平对肉用仔鸡的影响

选用200只1日龄良凤花肉仔鸡，随机分成4组（公母各半）。I组为对照组，喂以基础日粮；Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组为试验组，在基础日粮的蛋白质水平上分别提高2、4和6个百分点，试验期为56d(天），研究了这种蛋白水平下对其生产性能、板油率、胃周围脂肪和血清中胆固醇含量的影响。结果表明：试验组肉仔鸡板油率、胃周围脂肪含量显著低于对照组，其中Ⅲ组极显著低于对照组；试验Ⅳ组胸肌率显著高于对照组，血清中胆固醇显著低于对照组；生产性能与对照组差异不显著。     

日粮不同蛋白水平对绵羊脂肪和肌肉中FAS基因表达的影响

选择年龄、体质量相近的杂交母羊(萨福克♂×小尾寒羊♀)24只,随机分为3组,分别饲喂不同蛋白水平的日粮:中蛋白日粮(150 g.d-1)、低蛋白日粮(112.5 g.d-1)和高蛋白日粮(187.5 g.d-1)。采用半定量RT-PCR的方法,检测日粮不同蛋白水平对绵羊脂肪和肌肉中FAS基因表达的影响。结果表明:日粮的蛋白质水平影响绵羊腹部皮下脂肪、肠系膜脂肪和半腱肌组织中FAS基因的表达,随着日粮蛋白质水平的升高FAS表达量降低。FAS基因表达量在各组织间有差异,腹部皮下脂肪、肠系膜脂肪中,中蛋白组和低蛋白组间表达差异不显著(P0.05),高蛋白组显著低于中蛋白组和低蛋白组(P0.05);在半腱肌组织中,中蛋白组与高蛋白组和低蛋白组间均差异显著(P0.05),高蛋白组极显著低于低蛋白组(P0.01)。     

日粮精粗比对藏羔羊增重的影响

试验旨在研究日粮精粗比对羔羊增重的影响,为育肥羔羊日粮合理配制提供理论依据。选择90只2月龄藏羔羊,随机分为3组,分别饲喂精粗比为7∶3、6∶4和5∶5的3种日粮,试验期120 d。结果表明,羔羊日增重随日粮精粗比的提高而增加(P<0.01),提高日粮精粗比能有效提高饲料利用效率,精粗比为7∶3的日粮饲喂藏羔羊经济效益较好。     

日粮蛋白水平对肉用鹧鸪胸肌肉品质的影响

鹧鸪肉厚、骨细、内脏小、脂肪少 ,是一种优质的营养滋补品和野味珍品。特别是近几年来 ,随着人们生活水平的提高 ,鹧鸪作为高档营养保健品已愈来愈受到青睐 ,市场需求也越来越大 ,故饲养规模也越来越大 ,但对肉鸪的一些基础研究工作做得并不多。本研究在饲养试验的基础上做了一些测定工作 ,现把方法与结果等列出如下 ,以供同行参考。1　材料与方法1.1　饲养动物 :选用成新农场的 1日龄肉用鹧鸪 15 0羽 ,逐羽称重后随机分成 3组 ,每组 5 0羽。1.2　试验设计与日粮组成 :饲养分三阶段 ,即 1～ 30日龄为雏鸪阶段 (前期 ) ,31～ 70日龄为中鸪阶…     

日粮能量蛋白水平对肉用型种公鸡繁殖性能的影响

１材料和方法１．１试验时间和地点本试验于２０００年５月初开始，同年７月中旬结束，地点为辽宁某父母代肉种鸡场。１．２试验动物和饲养管理３９～５０周龄的艾维茵肉用父母代种公鸡为试材，种公、母鸡同舍笼养，人工授精。试验期每天１６h光照，强度为１０勒克斯；依据舍内温度机械通风；种公鸡每天人工给料１２０g，限制饮水；人工拣蛋４次，每日喂料前人工清粪；定期喷雾消毒。１．３试验设计及饲料配方选择３９周龄健康种公鸡７２只，随机分为９组，每组８只，一鸡一笼；另选择健康同周龄种母鸡４３２只，也随机分为９组，每组４８只…     

日粮蛋白水平对肉用仔鸡腹脂率影响的研究

选用400只1日龄良凤花肉仔鸡，随机分成4组（公母各半），Ⅰ组为对照组，喂以基础日粮；Ⅱ，Ⅲ和Ⅳ组为试验组，在基础日粮的蛋白水平上分别提高2，4，和6个百分点，试验期为56d。结果表明：试验组肉仔鸡腹脂率显著低于对照组，其中Ⅲ组极显著低于Ⅰ组；试验Ⅳ组胸肌率显著高于对照组，血清中胆固醇含量却低于对照组；生产性能和屠宰率与对照组差异不显著。     

日粮不同蛋白质水平对育肥羔羊增重效果的影响

本研究选用宣化种羊场2月龄左右、体重相近的健康陶赛特♂×小尾寒羊♀杂交一代羔羊30只,按体重、性别对等的原则,随机分成3组,每组10只,试验3组蛋白质水平分别是18%、17%、16%,研究日粮不同蛋白质水平对育肥羔羊增重效果的影响。试验结果表明:试验1组和试验2组的试验末重、日均增重以及试验期净增重都显著高于试验3组(P0.05);试验1组和试验2组间差异不显著(P0.05)。羔羊宰前活重、胴体重试验1组、试验2组与试验3组差异显著(P0.05),而各组的屠宰率差异不显著(P0.05)。羔羊育肥阶段补饲精饲料选用17%蛋白水平的日粮最好。     

Effect of dietary protein level on nitrogen metabolism in lambs: studies using 15N-nitrogen

Six wether lambs (31 kg) were randomly assigned to two treatments (three lambs/treatment): a high protein intake (HP; 21 g N/d) or a low protein intake (LP; 12 g N/d). Each lamb received 860 g/d dry matter (DM) of a pelleted diet (75% corn-soybean meal, 25% cottonseed hulls) offered hourly in 24 equal portions. Single injections of 15N-labelled compounds were made into the ruminal NH3-N and blood urea-N pools to measure the rate of flux through, and transfer of N between, these and the bacterial N pool. Total tract digestibilities of DM and N were lower (P less than .05) for the LP than the HP treatment. Abomasal flows of total, feed or bacterial N tended to be greater (P greater than .05) in lambs fed HP than LP. Lambs fed HP excreted more (P less than .01) urinary N, yet retained a greater (P less than .01) amount of N than lambs fed LP (6.2 vs 1.8 and 9.7 vs 4.1 g N/d, respectively). Pool size and production rate for both ruminal NH3-N and blood urea-N were greater (P less than .05) for the HP than LP treatment. Lambs consuming HP degraded more (P less than .05) blood urea-N in the gastro-intestinal tract (13.4 vs 6.9 g N/d); however, lambs fed LP degraded a greater (P less than .05) percentage of synthesized body urea-N (88.7 vs 71.8%). Ruminal NH3-N absorption was greater (P less than .01) for the HP than LP treatment (3.1 vs .5 g N/d). Although the percentage of bacterial N derived from ruminal NH3-N was similar (P greater than .05) between diets (51.1 vs 63.9), a greater (P less than .05) percentage of bacterial N was derived from blood urea-N in lambs fed LP than HP (77.1 vs 30.2%). Lambs fed LP incorporated a greater (P less than .10) amount of blood urea-N into bacterial N than lambs fed HP (5.5 vs 2.6 g N/d). These data are interpreted to suggest that blood urea-N may provide a substantial quantity of N for bacterial protein synthesis and, thus, may be an important source of protein in the deficient animal. In addition, urea recycling may play an important role in the recovery of ruminal NH3-N lost through absorption in animals fed a high level of protein.     

Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on the vitamin D status of ewes and their lambs

Pregnant ewes were injected intramuscularly with 300,000 iu of vitamin D3 in a water miscible vehicle either 10, seven or four weeks before the expected lambing date and the effects on plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 were monitored. The concentrations increased quickly and remained high at parturition but at no time were they outside the normal physiological range. The concentrations in the plasma of the newborn lambs were higher than in uninjected controls and were well correlated with the concentrations in their mothers. Dosing pregnant ewes with 300,000 iu of vitamin D3 in a rapidly available form, approximately two months before lambing, provided a safe means of increasing the vitamin D status of the ewe and the newborn lamb by preventing the seasonally low concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.     

日粮蛋白质水平对云南半细毛羊空怀母羊能量代谢的影响

为研究日粮蛋白质水平对云南半细毛羊空怀母羊能量代谢的影响,试验选择25只云南半细毛羊空怀母羊,平均分为5个组,分别饲喂蛋白质水平为8.4％、10.0％、12.3％、13.6％、15.9％的日粮,用全收粪法进行消化代谢试验,试验期共19 d,预试期14 d,正试期5 d.结果表明:(1)日粮蛋白质水平对总能摄入量无显著影...     

Copper oxide needles administered during early pregnancy improves the copper status of ewes and their lambs

AIM: To determine the effect of copper oxide (CuO) needles administered orally to ewes in early pregnancy on the copper (Cu) status of ewes throughout gestation and lactation, and of their lambs from birth to weaning. METHODS: In mid-April, after mating, 12 twin-bearing ewes were given an oral capsule containing 5 g CuO needles while 12 others served as untreated controls. Changes in Cu status were monitored by determining serum and liver Cu concentrations on Days 1, 62, 117, 153, 185 and 216 in the ewes, and at 1, 36, 68 and 99 days of age for lambs. Pasture herbage samples were collected at about 60-day intervals for Cu, molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe) and sulphur (S) determinations. RESULTS: Copper status of the ewe flock was adequate, as initial mean serum and liver Cu concentrations were 15 micromol/L and 1,060 micromol/kg fresh tissue, respectively. The CuO needles did not affect serum Cu concentrations of the ewes or their lambs. Mean serum Cu concentration of all lambs at birth was about half that of ewes (8 vs 17 micromol/L), regardless of Cu supplementation, and not until at least 68 days of age was it similar to the dams'. Liver Cu concentrations of lambs at birth were also lower than that of the ewes (380 vs 640 micromol/kg fresh tissue among the controls), but changed little over time. CuO treatment increased liver Cu concentration in ewes for at least 185 days and in lambs for 36 days (p<0.05). Among untreated ewes, there was a seasonal decline in mean liver Cu concentrations, which were highest in autumn and lowest in early spring (1,060 vs 370 micromol/kg fresh tissue). The mean pasture mineral concentrations were Cu 5.7, Mo 0.48, Fe 194 and S 2,900 mg/kg dry matter (DM). CONCLUSIONS: CuO needles administered to ewes in early pregnancy increased their Cu status through gestation and early lactation, and the Cu status of their lambs for 36 days from birth. Serum Cu concentration was not affected by treatment but a marked rise was observed in all lambs between birth and 10 weeks of age. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Copper deficiency in young lambs may be conveniently and effectively prevented by treating ewes with CuO needles during early pregnancy. The serum Cu concentration in lambs <8 weeks old may not reflect the Cu status of the flock.     

Changes in dietary protein level during the pullet year

A “High” protein diet (14 per cent crude protein, 2490 k cal. ME/kg.) and a “Low” protein diet (10.5 per cent protein, 2420 k cal. ME/kg.) were fed to two types of laying pullet. One type was a small commercial hybrid weighing about 1.6 kg. and the other was a large first cross weighing about 2.4 kg. at 20 weeks. After 12 weeks and 24 weeks of lay, groups were transferred from the High to the Low protein diet and vice versa.

In the heavy strain birds the High and Low protein diets both supported good egg production throughout the trial and changing from High to Low protein had no effect on rate of lay. The opposite change from Low to High, made after 12 weeks of lay, stimulated an increase in rate of lay above the level of birds which had received the High protein diet throughout.

In the small hybrid pullets the low protein diet did not support a normal rate of lay. Attempts to reduce dietary protein by switching from High to Low after 12 or 24 weeks caused a fall in rate of lay. Groups transferred from Low to High increased their rate of lay to a level comparable with controls kept on High protein throughout.

Egg weight and body weight were affected by dietary protein level in both strains. Changes in the diet caused corresponding changes in both egg weight and body weight.

It is concluded that there is little scope for reducing the level of protein in the diet during the laying year. If a diet is inadequate in the early stages of production it is likely to remain inadequate for any later stage. On the other hand, some unexpected benefit was obtained in one strain by increasing the dietary protein beyond the level which was adequate for maximum egg production in the first 3 months of lay.     

Effects of two dietary crude protein levels on finishing performance,meat quality,and gene expression of market lambs

Seventeen crossbred lambs were assigned randomly to low-protein (LP; 8% crude protein [CP]; n = 9) and high-protein (HP; 13% CP; n = 8) diets for 9 weeks. The final body weight, average daily feed intake (ADFI), and average daily gain (ADG) of the HP lambs were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the LP lambs; however, gain to feed ratio (G:F) for the LP lambs was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the HP lambs. Hot carcass weight (HCW), adjusted fat thickness, and drip loss of longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for the HP than LP lambs. In contrast, instrumental color values L*, a*, b*, C*, and hue angle (H) of meat from the LP lambs scored significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the HP lambs. The LD muscle from HP lambs had significantly greater CLA of cis-9 trans-11 isomer (P < 0.05) than the LP lambs. The gene expression of metabolism and meat quality-related genes of LP was significantly higher than HP (P < 0.05). These results suggest that a higher dietary CP level promotes growth performance for finishing lambs, whereas lower dietary CP level is beneficial for meat quality, especially when evaluating color characteristics in the final product.     

Effects of maternal nutrition on udder development during late pregnancy and on colostrum production in Scottish Blackface ewes with twin lambs

Effects on udder development and colostrum production of changing the level of ewe nutrition were investigated. Udder weights at term were derived from their linear dimensions and yields of colostrum were obtained by hand milking on three occasions between one and 18 hours after birth. The linear dimensions of the udder increased progressively in all animals between 100 days of gestation and term (about 145 days), but udder development was retarded significantly within three days of the onset of underfeeding at 105 days of gestation. Underfeeding reduced the total yield of colostrum during the first 18 hours after birth by decreasing the prenatal accumulation of colostrum and its subsequent rates of secretion. Improving the ewe's nutrition from one hour after birth tended to increase the secretion rates of colostrum between 10 and 18 hours. Refeeding previously underfed ewes to high levels from about five days before birth had no effect on udder growth but did increase the prenatal accumulation of colostrum and its subsequent rates of secretion to levels which, when corrected for differences in udder weight, were similar to those of ewes which were fed well throughout. Calculations revealed that by ignoring udder growth the Agricultural Research Council recommendations for the energy requirements of pregnant ewes underestimate the cost of tissue synthesis during the last four weeks of pregnancy by about 100 per cent.