柑橘皮渣中果胶提取工艺研究进展及其应用现状

为综合利用柑橘皮渣,减少废弃柑橘皮渣造成的资源浪费和环境污染,本文对柑橘皮渣中果胶的不同提取方法及果胶的应用现状进行综述分析,为高效、绿色环保地开发利用柑橘皮渣资源提供一定参考。     

柚皮渣脱苦发酵菌种及工艺条件优化研究

以柚皮渣为原料,以柚皮渣中的主要苦味物质-柚皮苷的降解率为考察指标,筛选柚皮渣脱苦的发酵菌种,考察含水率、接菌量及发酵时间等因素对柚皮苷降解率的影响,采用正交试验优化发酵工艺条件.结果表明,以诱导的黑曲霉为发酵菌种,以15 %的麸皮作辅料,在培养基含水率为60 %,接菌量0.4 mL/g,发酵时间4 d的条件下,柚皮苷降解率达92.2 %,可溶性蛋白含量从0.164 增加到0.389 mg/g,增长率为137.2 %.     

柚皮提取果胶脱色工艺的研究

本文研究了以柚皮为原料提取果胶时脱色工艺条件。通过对活性炭和醇溶液脱色工艺的研究,得到较佳条件,为批量生产提供了依据。     

鲜柑橘皮渣青贮方式及青贮皮渣饲料的质量评定

鲜柑橘皮渣是果汁加工企业在榨汁季节大量产生的副产品,对草食动物而言,是一种优质粗饲料,但这种饲料不易贮藏,也容易污染环境。经适宜方式贮藏后,能在相当时间内保存其营养特性,同时解决了均衡供应动物的问题。本研究介绍了大量、快速、经济、无害化地处理鲜柑橘皮渣方式以及柑橘皮渣青贮饲料的质量评定结果。     

柑桔柚皮苷抗癌活性研究进展

柚皮苷为芸香科柑桔属植物次生代谢产物,因其具有显著的抗癌活性而成为医学和食品领域研究的热点。文章就柚皮苷在现代癌症防治中的作用、抗癌机理及其生物活性利用等方面的研究作一综述,旨在为我国柑桔资源进一步开发利用提供一定的科学依据。     

高价铁盐沉淀法从柚皮提取果胶的研究

本文介绍了以柚皮为原料采取酸萃取,高价铁盐沉淀提取果胶的方法,探讨了原材料的选择、抽提时酸种类的选择、高价铁盐的用量以及除铁剂的选择和用量对果胶质量的影响,获得最佳条件为：用磷酸与盐酸的混合酸对柚皮进行提取,磷酸与盐酸的比例为13（体积比）;萃取过滤后,高价铁盐10％FeCl3的用量为40ml相对于100g干柚皮;除铁剂采用HN和盐酸的混合酸,其比例为13（摩尔比）,当HN的加入量为果皮的3．74％、HCL的加入量为果皮量的0．62％（体积;重量）时,果胶的产量高,而且质量也较好。     

超声波辅助索氏提取法提取柚皮精油的工艺优化及其成分分析

试验旨在对柚皮精油的提取工艺进行优化以提高柚皮精油的产量。采用超声波辅助索氏提取法提取柚皮精油,探究影响超声波辅助索氏提取法提取柚皮精油的主要因素,通过单因素试验和响应面分析法确定其最佳提取工艺。结果显示,最佳提取工艺条件为液料比8 mL/g、索氏提取时间30 min、超声功率206 W、超声时间26 min,柚皮中香精油的提取率达1.36%。经气相色谱和质谱联机分析精油成分,鉴定出38种主要挥发性物质,包括烷烯烃类、醇类、醚类、酮类、酯类和酚类等物质,其中醚类占28.94%,酯类占19.82%,醇类占13.84%,酮类占12.57%,烷烯烃类占10.33%。抑菌活性研究表明,柚皮精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉菌均具有较强的抑菌活性。研究表明,研究可为柚皮精油在饲料中的应用提供参考。     

磁场条件下柑橘皮中活性物质提取研究

柑橘皮内含有丰富的活性物质，如色素、黄酮类、香精油，果胶等物质，具有多重生理功效。试验以柑橘皮为原料，用95％乙醇为溶剂，在磁场条件下提取柑橘皮中的活性物质，以活性物质的得率为评价指标，进行单因素试验，研究革取时间（0．5h、1h、1．5h、2h）、磁感应强度（90mT、140mT、270mT、360mT、450mT）、温度（45℃、50℃、55℃、60℃）、料液比（1：5、1：6、1：7、1：8）对柑橘皮中活性物质得率的影响。在单因素考察基础上，进行正交试验设计。结果表明：柑橘皮中活性物质提取的最佳提取条件分别为：温度60℃、料液比1：7、磁感应强度140mT、革取时间2h，此时得率为14．5％。     

龙安柚柚皮精油提取工艺及抗氧化、抑菌活性研究

本文采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取龙安柚柚皮精油,通过单因素及正交试验对提取工艺进行优化,考察浸泡时间、NaCl溶液质量分数、料液比对得率的影响;测定龙安柚柚皮精油抗氧化和抑菌活性。结果表明：当提取时间为60 min,NaCl溶液质量分数为2%,料液比为1:1.5时柚皮精油提取率最高为0.79%;龙安柚柚皮精油具有较强的还原能力和清除DPPH自由基的作用,对DPPH的半抑制浓度为3.22mg/mL,抑菌试验结果显示,龙安柚柚皮精油对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌有一定抑制作用,随着精油浓度增加,抑菌效果增强。     

蜂胶黄酮提取纯化的工艺研究

为确定蜂胶黄酮提取纯化的最佳工艺条件.以蜂胶黄酮的得率和绝对提取率为指标,采用正交法优化乙醇提取蜂胶黄酮的工艺条件,考察乙醇浓度、液固比、水浴温度和水浴时间对蜂胶黄酮得率和绝对提取率的影响,再通过大孔吸附树脂对蜂胶黄酮进行纯化.结果表明,最佳提取纯化工艺条件为:乙醇浓度为60%,液固比为18ml/g,水浴温度为55℃,水浴时间为5h,上述工艺条件下,黄酮纯度为72.2%.最优树脂为D101,吸附速度为1.0ml/min,洗脱剂先采用40%乙醇2BV体积洗脱洗去杂质,再用80%乙醇5BV体积洗脱获得黄酮成分,此条件下层析得到的蜂胶黄酮纯度90.2%.     

柑橘渣的综合利用

柑橘渣是柑橘果实加工制汁或制罐后的下脚料,主要有皮、种子、橘络和残余果肉等,约占果实的40 %～5 0 %。我国柑橘生产及加工业发展迅速,柑橘渣资源丰富。但长期以来,研究的缺乏及技术的落后使其大部分弃而不用,造成资源浪费及环境污染。柑橘渣用途广泛,综合利用可创造相当于甚     

柑橘渣在动物生产中的应用研究

柑橘渣是柑橘加工业的主要副产物,约占鲜重的45%￣60%,是优良的反刍动物饲料,在单胃动物的营养和免疫方面也具有开发价值。文章主要从3个方面综述了国内外关于柑橘渣作为饲料资源开发的研究进展:①柑橘渣的不同加工处理方法对营养成分的影响;②柑橘渣在牛、羊、猪、家禽生产方面,特别是在反刍动物饲料中的应用;③柑桔渣作为添加剂在饲料加工业中的研究和应用。     

可溶性玉米须多糖的提取与纯化

本试验采用水提醇沉法提取玉米须多糖,在不同的煎煮时间、提取温度、水料比条件下,探索最佳提取条件。并用不同体积的乙醇沉淀多糖,得出最佳醇沉体积比。水提后的玉米须残渣用β-葡聚糖酶和木聚糖酶酶解提取,比较用不同的酶量酶解条件下的最适提取条件,提取的粗多糖用三氯乙酸(TCA)法除多糖蛋白,用紫外扫描检验蛋白是否除尽。结果表明,玉米须多糖提取的最佳条件为:80min、80℃、18倍的水料比、2.5倍体积乙醇沉淀效果最佳;3%浓度的TCA溶液除蛋白质效果最好;通过紫外扫描检测纯化样品表明糖结合蛋白基本除尽。     

Suspected citrus pulp toxicosis in dairy cattle.

Thirteen lactating dairy cows from a herd of 650 died over a 6-week period. Most animals were down in milk production at 1 milking and were found dead at the next milking. Two cows had elevated heart rate and enlarged mandibular lymph nodes. Two others had azotemia, elevated heart rate, hyperglycemia, and weight loss. Necropsy of 10 cows revealed hemorrhages on the intestinal serosa and epicardium, lymphadenopathy, interstitial nephritis, small intestinal hemorrhage, and interstitial pneumonia. Histopathology showed lymphocytic to lymphogranulomatous inflammation in the heart, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, liver, lung, pancreas, and adrenal gland. Phlebitis was present in 2 livers. The lesions resembled those of hairy vetch toxicosis, but no vetch was being fed. Similar lesions have been reported with the feeding of citrus pulp. Citrus pulp was being fed to the lactating cows and had been added to the diet 6 weeks before the first death. The syndrome resolved with elimination of citrus pulp from the diet.     

可溶性荷叶多糖的提取与初步纯化

本试验采用水提醇沉淀法研究了影响可溶性荷叶多糖提取的因素并测定了其多糖含量.通过控制和改变提取时间、提取温度、乙醇沉淀体积倍数研究这些因素对提取结果的影响,并且利用三氯乙酸法除蛋白质.时荷叶多糖进行初步纯化.结果表明,荷叶多糖最佳提取的条件为:80℃、3h、2.5倍体积乙醇沉淀效果最佳,粗糖提取率为1.795%,糖相对含量为7.23%,3%浓度的TCA溶液除蛋白质效果最好,糖相对含量为9.98%.     

Effects of carbohydrates from citrus pulp and hominy feed on microbial fermentation in continuous culture.

Eight dual-flow continuous-culture fermenters were used to evaluate the effect of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrates (NDSC) on fermentation by ruminal microorganisms. Citrus pulp and hominy feed were added to a basal diet as sources of NDSC, with citrus pulp providing neutral detergent-soluble fiber (NDSF) in the form of pectic substances and with hominy feed in the form of starch. The basal diet contained 26.7% corn silage, 6.0% alfalfa hay and 3.8% cottonseed hulls on a DM basis. The dried citrus pulp diet contained on a DM basis 17.2% CP, 34.7% NDF, 33.7% NDSC, and 14.4% NDSF, whereas the hominy feed diet contained 17.9% CP, 33.2% NDF, 35.9% NDSC, and 8.8% NDSF. Organic matter, DM, and NDF and ADF digestion were not affected by source of carbohydrate. Ammonia N concentration was greater (P < 0.05) for the hominy feed diet (14.2 mg/100 mL) than for the dried citrus pulp diet (9.3 mg/100 mL). Total N, nonammonia N, microbial N, and dietary N flows were not affected by treatments; however, the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was greater (P = 0.055) for the dried citrus pulp diet than for the hominy feed diet (30.6 vs 27.8 g of bacterial N/kg of OM truly digested). Results from this experiment indicate that NDSF from citrus pulp can provide similar sources of energy compared with starch from hominy feed to support ruminal microbial growth.     

柑橘渣自然发酵过程中pH及营养物质含量的变化规律研究

为研究柑橘渣在自然发酵过程中pH和营养物质含量的动态变化规律,本试验将新鲜柑橘渣密封后自然厌氧发酵,分别在第0、7、14、21、28、56天采集样品,测定pH和营养物质含量。试验结果表明:柑橘渣自然发酵7 d内pH迅速下降,粗蛋白质、粗灰分、钙、磷含量分别提高58.18%、52.38%、57.45%、30.00%,然后保持相对稳定;14 d内干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量保持稳定,14 d后逐渐下降,发酵56 d较发酵前分别降低9.20%、19.33%、13.02%。试验结果提示,柑橘渣自然发酵能降低pH和纤维含量,提高营养物质含量,但由于蛋白质和干物质含量低,因此需要与其他低水分、高蛋白质的饲料进行混合发酵,以提高其饲用价值。     

Nutritive value of dry citrus pulp and its effect on performance in geese from 35 to 70 days of age

The study was conducted to determine the chemical composition nutritive value of dried citrus pulp (DCP) and its effect as a feed supplement on the performance of geese. The results of Experiment 1 showed that the DM, GE, CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, calcium, and total phosphorous of DCP were 90.75%, 3.60 Mcal/kg, 6.17, 3.51, 15.69, 23.37, 21.49, 3.60, and 0.13%, respectively. The content of methionine, lysine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, phenylalanine, arginine, histidine, glycine, proline, serine, cystine, alanine, glutamate, tyrosine and aspartate, and tryptophan was 0.02, 0.22, 0.24, 0.33, 0.18, 0.20, 0.22, 0.19, 0.10, 0.25, 0.51, 0.21, 0.02, 0.28, 0.54, 0.15, 0.46, and 0.05%, respectively. In Experiment 2, the digestibility of energy and amino acids of DCP were analyzed using an emptying followed by force-feeding method. The AME of DCP was 2.05 Mcal/kg, and the true total tract digestible methionine, lysine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, phenylalanine, arginine, histidine, glycine, proline, serine, cystine, alanine, glutamate, tyrosine and aspartate, and tryptophan contained in DCP by geese were 0.01, 0.10, 0.12, 0.19, 0.09, 0.12, 0.14, 0.13, 0.06, 0.14%, 0.42, 0.13, 0.01, 0.15, 0.31, 0.08, 0.28, and 0.03%, respectively. In Experiment 3, 210 35-day-old male Sichuan white geese were randomly allocated to 5 treatments, and each treatment group was fed one of 5 experimental diets containing 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16% DCP until 70 d of age. Geese that were fed diets containing 4% DCP exhibited greater ADG compared to the other 4 groups. Geese fed diets supplemented with 16% DCP had increased ADFI (P < 0.05) and a higher FCR (P < 0.05) than those fed the diet containing zero to 12% DCP. Moreover, inclusion of DCP in the diet did not affect the yields of breast meat, leg meat, subcutaneous fat and skin, and abdominal fat across the 5 treatment groups. In conclusion, DCP appears to be a potential feedstuff for geese, and DCP can be included in diets below 12% without negative effects on growth performance and carcass yield in geese.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇提取、纯化及含量检测

本试验通过提取和纯化方法的优化,旨在获得高纯度的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)。首先将禾谷镰刀菌孢子液接种于玉米培养基,于27℃30%湿度的条件下培养25d,收集产毒培养基,制成毒素粗提液。经过层析柱2次洗脱,分段收集洗脱液,用薄层色谱法(TLC)确定含DON的洗脱液,合并洗脱液,运用多重结晶法进行纯化,获得DON的纯品,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)进行分析确认。采用该培养方法,每千克玉米培养基可产生DON 56.65 mg,纯化后可得到DON 29.5mg,纯度达到98.1%;HPLC检测条件为:Waters C18柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-水(16∶84),流速0.8mL/min,紫外波长218nm,色谱柱柱温30℃;本方法加标回收率为86.9%~100.6%,日内相对标准偏差≤9.42%,日间相对标准偏差≤5.79%。本试验建立的DON提取与纯化方法简单,不需要任何特殊的试剂与设备,且该检测方法回收率高,准确度和精密度均能满足试验要求,为DON纯品的定量提供了技术支撑。