大豆酶解蛋白改善断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道健康的研究

为了探明大豆酶解蛋白替代仔猪饲粮中血浆蛋白粉、肠膜蛋白或鱼粉的功效。研究选择28 d断奶三元杂交(杜×长×大)仔猪320头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复20头。分别饲喂:处理1组:3%血浆蛋白+3%肠膜蛋白+3%鱼粉日粮;处理2组(无血浆蛋白质):9%大豆酶解蛋白+3%肠膜蛋白+3%鱼粉日粮;处理3组(无肠膜蛋白):4%大豆酶解蛋白+3%血浆蛋白+3%鱼粉日粮;处理4(无鱼粉):3.5%大豆酶解蛋白+3%血浆蛋白+3%肠膜蛋白日粮。试验期28 d,于试验14 d直肠取粪便测定微生物,28 d采集血液测定血清抗体水平。研究结果证明:与常规的血浆-肠膜-鱼粉日粮相比,9%大豆酶解蛋白+3%肠膜+3%鱼粉的无血浆蛋白粉日粮,可以获得完全相同的增重和腹泻率(P0.05),但是,采食量和料重比显著降低(P0.05);4%大豆酶解蛋白+3%血浆+3%鱼粉的无肠膜蛋白日粮处理提高了日增重,降低了料重比和腹泻率(P0.05);3.5%大豆酶解蛋白+3%血浆+3%肠膜的无鱼粉日粮处理获得了最高的试验期末体重、日增重和采食量,显著降低了料重比和腹泻率(P0.05)。仔猪成活率处理之间均没有显著影响(P0.05)。4%大豆酶解蛋白+3%血浆+3%鱼粉的日粮组获得了最低的大肠杆菌总数;9%大豆酶解蛋白+3%肠膜+3%鱼粉组获得了最高的乳酸菌总数。无大豆酶解蛋白日粮组的大肠杆菌总数最多,乳酸菌总数最少。9%大豆酶解蛋白+3%肠膜+3%鱼粉组获得了最高的IgA和IgM抗体水平(P0.05)。由此证明,使用9%的大豆酶解蛋白可以替代日粮中3%的血浆蛋白粉,4%的大豆酶解蛋白可以替代日粮3%的肠膜蛋白质,3.5%大豆酶解蛋白可以替代日粮中3%的鱼粉。大豆酶解蛋白替代血浆蛋白粉可以改善断奶仔猪的生长性能,调节肠道菌群,增加免疫力。     

饲料肽对仔猪后期的生长、氨基酸消化率及消化酶活性的影响

本试验研究饲料肽对仔猪后期的生长、氨基酸利用率和肠道消化酶活性的影响.选用体重近似的96头(38±2)日龄的杜长大仔猪,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理4个重复.4个处理分别为:含6%鱼粉的对照组(C)、6%鱼粉和2%血浆蛋白粉的日粮组(T1)以及分别加1%和2%饲料肽等蛋白取代喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉的试验日粮组(T2和T3),试验21 d结束时进行屠宰试验.结果表明:血浆蛋白粉和饲料肽可显著提高仔猪的平均日增重和日粮必需氨基酸消化率(P<0.05),二者之间的生产性能和日粮必需氨基酸消化率差异不显著(P>0.05).日粮处理对仔猪肠道消化酶活性没有显著影响(P>0.05).这表明饲料肤部分取代喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉对仔猪后期的生长、氨基酸消化率和消化酶活性无显著影响.     

肠膜蛋白粉和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加肠膜蛋白粉和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分消化率的影响。试验选用180头28日龄(杜×长×大)断奶仔猪,公母各半,体质量(8.0±0.5)kg,随机分为3个处理,每处理6个重复,每重复10头猪。试验期14 d,试验期间常规饲养管理。对照组日粮为17.0%豆粕+6.0%鱼粉,进口肠膜组日粮为16.6%豆粕+4.0%发酵豆粕+4.0%进口肠膜蛋白粉,国产肠膜组日粮为16.6%豆粕+4.0%发酵豆粕+4.0%国产肠膜蛋白粉。结果表明:在采食量和增质量方面,进口肠膜组高于对照组,国产肠膜组低于对照组,差异均不显著(P≥0.05);在料重比方面,进口肠膜组最低,国产肠膜组高于对照组,差异均不显著(P≥0.05);进口肠膜组和国产肠膜组腹泻率、腹泻指数和死淘率均高于对照组,但差异均不显著(P≥0.05);进口肠膜组钙的消化率比对照组下降13.21%(P0.05);干物质、能量、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、磷和必需氨基酸的消化率处理间无显著差异(P≥0.05)。因此,断奶仔猪日粮中使用进口或国产肠膜蛋白粉和发酵豆粕等替代鱼粉,不影响生长性能、腹泻和养分消化率。     

蜘蛛酶替代保育料中血浆蛋白粉的影响初探

蜘蛛酶是由专门从事昆虫源微生物制品研发的韩国Insect Biotech公司,利用现代生物技术研制开发的新型饲料添加剂,其有效成分为来源于韩国的巫婆蜘蛛,具有抗菌消炎作用的高效蛋白酶—蜘蛛酶(Arazyme)。本试验旨在验证蜘蛛酶加鱼粉替代血浆蛋白后,在降低饲料配方成本的同时,是否对断奶仔猪日增重、采食量、料肉比和预防仔猪腹泻等方面产生影响。对照组为原有基础日粮,试验组日粮采用基础日粮去掉血浆蛋白粉的添加,而相应添加4%的鱼粉和0.1%的蜘蛛酶。试验结果表明:对照组仔猪的日增重为0.348kg,而试验组为0.333kg,经统计分析,两者差异不显著(P0.05)。日粮中添加0.1%蜘蛛酶对仔猪的日耗料量无明显影响(P0.05)。对照组和试验组料肉比分别为1.870和1.830,两者比较,差异也不显著(P0.05)。另外,对照组和试验组仔猪腹泻率分别为1.79%和1.43%,用0.1%蜘蛛酶替代血浆蛋白粉后仔猪腹泻率有所下降,但两者比较差异并不显著(P0.05)。但是通过试验数据和经济效益分析可以看到,用0.1%蜘蛛酶结合鱼粉替代基础日粮中3%的血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪的生长性能无影响,但可节省每吨饲料的成本从而增加养殖者的经济效益。     

酶解豆粕替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪诱食性及生长性能的影响

研究旨在探讨日粮中以酶解豆粕部分或完全替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪的诱食差异以及在教槽、保育不同阶段对仔猪生长性能的影响。试验一选取体重为（6.00±0.50） kg的三元断奶仔猪144头，按体重随机分为3组，即0鱼粉+20%酶解豆粕组、2%鱼粉+10%酶解豆粕组和4%鱼粉+0酶解豆粕组，分别与1%鱼粉+15%酶解豆粕日粮组（对照组）比较诱食性。试验二（大群试验，仅验证教槽阶段酶解豆粕替代鱼粉饲喂效果）选取平均体重（5.74±0.40） kg的三元断奶仔猪500头，按体重随机分为添加酶解豆粕的试验组和基础日粮对照组，进行为期10 d的饲养试验。试验三选取体重在（9.88±0.58） kg三元保育仔猪60头，随机分为添加酶解豆粕的试验组和基础日粮对照组，进行为期35 d的饲养试验。结果表明：利用酶解豆粕部分替代鱼粉可以改善教槽料适口性，极显著提高采食偏向性（P<0.01），仔猪生长性能指标（平均日增重、平均日采食量、料重比、腹泻率）及外貌性状（毛发评分，皮肤亮度、红度、黄度）方面均无显著差异（P>0.05），但添加酶解豆粕的试验组较对照组指标略有提升趋势：对体重在（5.74±0.40）...     

酶处理豆粕替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生长性能及肠道发育的影响

本试验旨在研究酶处理豆粕(ESBM)替代不同比例鱼粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道发育及后肠短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)产生的影响。选用21日龄杜×长×大断奶仔猪144头,分为4个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6头猪。在4个处理组日粮中,分别用ESBM替代0(对照组)、33.3%、66.7%、100%的鱼粉。结果表明:ESBM替代不同比例鱼粉对断奶仔猪的养分表观消化率影响差异不显著(P0.05);与对照组相比,33.3%、66.7%替代组断奶仔猪日采食量、日增重、空肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度无显著差异(P0.05),但100%替代组断奶仔猪的日采食量及日增重显著降低(P0.05),导致35日龄(-4.85%;)和42日龄(-6.62%)体重显著降低(P0.05),空肠绒毛高度及隐窝深度显著下降(P0.05);ESBM替代100%鱼粉显著降低断奶仔猪后肠食糜中乳酸杆菌数量(P0.05),改变后肠微生物体外发酵回肠食靡产生SCFAs的能力及丙酸、丁酸比例。因此,ESBM可部分替代断奶仔猪日粮中鱼粉用量,全部替代鱼粉会引起肠道微生物的改变及SCFAs的产生,并影响断奶仔猪的生长性能。     

蛋白酶解物对早期断奶仔猪肠黏膜形态和生长性能的影响

本文旨在研究自制蛋白酶解物对早期断奶仔猪生长性能的影响。选用40头健康杜×长×大三元杂交商品仔猪(约3.5 kg/头),随机分为5个处理组(1个对照组,4个试验组),每个处理组设4个重复,每重复2头。对照组添加1.5%血浆蛋白粉,试验1~4组分别添加2%玉米蛋白粉酶解物(HCPP)、豆粕酶解物(HSM)、鱼粉酶解物(HFM)和酵母酶解物(HY)。仔猪14日龄断奶,预试期2 d,正试期14 d。试验测定了早期断奶仔猪生长性能和肠黏膜形态。结果表明:日粮中添加2%酵母酶解物通过保护小肠黏膜的正常形态结构,能有效地提高早期断奶仔猪平均日增重(24.64%,P<0.05)和日采食量(7.80%),并改善饲料转化率(13.68%)。     

酶解羽毛粉替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选取28日龄断奶的三元杂种仔猪108头,按窝、性别、体重相近的原则分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复12头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,2.5%酶解羽毛粉组、5%酶解羽毛粉组分别用2.5%和5%的酶解羽毛粉等量替代基础饲粮中的鱼粉。饲养试验表明,试验各处理组间日增重、28～35日龄期间的腹泻率差异均不显著(P>0.05);添加酶解羽毛粉有降低料重比趋势,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);酶解羽毛粉替代鱼粉能提高饲粮粗蛋白质的表观消化率,2.5%酶解羽毛粉组和5%酶解羽毛粉组饲粮粗蛋白质表观消化率分别比对照组提高4.3%(P<0.05)和1.6%(P>0.05)。     

大米浓缩蛋白替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分表观消化率的影响

研究主要考察大米浓缩蛋白部分或全部替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分消化率和肠道发育的影响。选择108头25日龄DLY断奶仔猪,按照单因素试验设计,分别饲喂对照日粮(含鱼粉5%),大米浓缩蛋白粉替代50%或100%鱼粉的日粮,试验期21 d。结果发现,大米浓缩蛋白替代50%鱼粉对断奶仔猪生长性能和养分表观消化率没有显著影响(P0.05)。大米浓缩蛋白全部替代鱼粉显著降低日采食量和日增质量(P0.05),显著提高料重比(P0.05),同时显著降低能量、干物质和粗蛋白表观消化率(P0.05)。各处理组对肠道绒毛高度、隐窝深度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值没有显著影响(P0.05)。总结以上数据,大米浓缩蛋白可部分替代断奶仔猪日粮中鱼粉而不影响生长性能。     

大豆发酵蛋白替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪生产性能和肠道主要菌群的影响

本试验研究了大豆发酵蛋白替代鱼粉日粮对断奶仔猪生产性能和肠道乳酸菌、大肠杆菌的影响。以基础日粮作为对照组,以2种大豆发酵蛋白(A和B)替代部分鱼粉作为处理组对26～70日龄的仔猪进行3个阶段的饲养试验。结果表明:处理组B的仔猪生产性能最好,仔猪末重和平均日增重都显著高于对照组和A组(P<0.05),料重比显著低于其他2组(P<0.05),而处理组A的仔猪生产性能最低。各组仔猪腹泻率均有显著性差异(P<0.05),其中处理组A最高为15.00%,处理组B最低为2.31%。大豆发酵蛋白具有促进乳酸菌的增长和抑制大肠杆菌的作用,其中大豆发酵蛋白B的作用优于大豆发酵蛋白A。电泳分析表明大豆发酵蛋白B的过敏蛋白明显少于大豆发酵蛋白A和豆粕,特别是β-伴大豆球蛋白的α'亚基在大豆蛋白B中几乎没有。大豆发酵蛋白在仔猪饲料上具有替代鱼粉的潜能。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.