长期施肥对木薯农艺性状、鲜薯产量和淀粉质量分数的影响

1992—2003年12a间，对2个木薯品种(华南205和华南124)，进行氮、磷、钾和火烧土等4种肥料各4个不同施肥水平组成共16个施肥配方的试验，研究了长期施肥对木薯农艺性状、鲜薯产量和淀粉质量分数的影响。结果表明：淀粉质量分数与收获指数呈显著正相关，鲜薯产量与株高、茎径及单株结薯数呈极显著正相关，单株结薯数与株高、茎径呈极显著正相关，株高与茎径呈极显著正相关。并列出它们的相关回归方程。推荐木薯最佳N，P2O5，K2O的施肥质量配比为2～4：1：2～4，其中，N，P2O5，K2O的施肥质量配比在连作初期以2：1：2为佳，而连作后期则以逐渐过度为4：1：4为佳。     

种茎覆膜、浸水和蜡封对木薯抗旱性的影响

在云南省元谋县极端干旱的干热河谷地区,以华南124为试验材料,研究了种茎覆膜、浸水和蜡封对木薯抗旱性的影响。结果表明:种茎蜡封和浸水有利于提高成活率,蜡封和覆膜有利于提高单株发芽数,蜡封有利于提高收获指数、薯干率和鲜薯淀粉含量。浸水和蜡封的鲜薯产量分别比对照(CK)提高25.0%和21.3%,蜡封的薯干和淀粉产量分别比CK提高22.6%与35.0%,浸水的薯干和淀粉产量分别比CK提高16.1%与10.0%,蜡封的薯干和淀粉产量分别比浸水提高5.6%和22.7%,而覆膜的鲜薯和薯干产量分别比CK减产6.3%和6.5%,其淀粉产量与CK持平。因此,种茎抗旱处理技术的优劣排序为蜡封浸水对照覆膜。     

广西红壤木薯肥料多年定位试验(1989～1996)综合分析

1989～1996年在广西典型红壤上进行了肥料定位试验,试验有2个木薯品种(SC201和SC205)、15个施肥处理(包括有机肥,氮磷钾化肥)。结果表明：不同年份和品种的木薯鲜薯产量差异显著,茎叶重亦如此;SC201施用有机肥后3/8年有显著增产,而SC205 有5/8年显著增产。NPK的施用显著增加鲜薯产量,SC201的概率6/8,SC205 7/8。且NPK施肥量能与SC201的产量在3/8年显著拟合,SC205则为6/8年。茎叶重随NPK的施用量增加呈抛物线上升趋势,淀粉含量随着NPK施用量增加而降低。施用氮肥在部分年份(SC201,5/8年;SC205 8/8年)显著提高产量,且产量与施氮量能在部分年份用抛物线显著拟合(SC201,5/8年;SC205 3/8年)。茎叶重随施氮量增加而显著增加;施用磷肥对SC201在3/8年有增产效果,对SC205在5/8年有显著增产。钾肥对2个品种的鲜薯产量仅2/8年有显著增产;但分别在3/4年显著提高了茎叶重。说明氮在大部分年份能显著增加鲜薯产量和茎叶重,氮是典型红壤木薯产量的第一限制因子;钾肥能提高茎叶重,施磷比施钾对SC205在更多年份能显著增产;SC201茎叶重、鲜薯产量、淀粉产量比SC205高;SC205比SC201需要更多的肥料,但是获得更小的产量。因此,木薯施肥应考虑品种差异,推荐的施肥量为50%(50∶25∶50 kg/hm2 N∶P2O5∶K2O)的推荐施肥量＋5 t/hm2的有机肥(猪粪);纯施化肥时,推荐SC201和SC205的施肥量分别为124∶62∶124,161.6∶50∶100 kg/hm2 N∶P2O5∶K2O。     

不同种茎种植角度对木薯产量性状的影响

为探讨平地种植木薯不同种茎种植角度对木薯产量性状的影响,以华南8号木薯种茎为试材,比较种茎的0°平放(CK)、30°斜插、60°斜插、90°竖插和270°倒插5种处理对木薯产量的影响。结果表明,5种处理的薯干率和鲜薯淀粉含量之间存在较小差异,鲜薯产量、薯干产量和淀粉产量均表现60°斜插>30°斜插≈竖插>倒插≈平放,其中,60°斜插比30°斜插和竖插增产11.1%~13.4%的鲜薯、薯干和淀粉,60°斜插比倒插和平放增产18.0%~20.3%的鲜薯、薯干和淀粉。在平地种植木薯时,建议以60°斜插种茎为优,其次是30°斜插和竖插,不宜倒插。     

复混肥及施用方法对木薯产量构成因素、土壤养分及经济效益的影响

采用随机区组试验,比较复混肥 585、780、1 170 kg/hm2 在一次施肥和分次施肥处理下对华南 12 号木薯产量构成因素、土壤养分及经济效益的影响,探讨木薯种植中的最佳施肥方案和经济效益。结果表明：复混肥处理的化肥施用量分别比对照减少了 52.71%、36.94%和 5.42%,但其株高、单薯长度、单薯粗、鲜薯重和地上部鲜重均与对照差异不显著。木薯种植降低了土壤 pH、有机质、碱解氮含量,提升了土壤速效磷含量,而施肥量 1 170 kg/hm2 的 T3、T6处理提升了土壤速效钾含量。但相对于对照,土壤肥力的变化则因施肥量和施肥次数而异,复混肥施用量为 585、780 kg/hm2 的处理,分次施用更有利于减缓土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的降低,而施肥量为 1 170 kg/hm2的处理分次施用仅有利于减缓土壤有机质含量的降低,而不利于减缓土壤速效磷含量的降低。另外,所有复混肥处理均比对照具有更高的产投比,但经济效益最好的为 T1、T4 处理,其次为T2和T5处理。因此,从产量构成因素、土壤养分变化和经济效益综合考虑,T4为最佳施肥方案。     

复混肥及施用方法对木薯产量构成因素、土壤养分及经济效 益的影响

采用随机区组试验,比较复混肥 585、780、1 170 kg/hm2 在一次施肥和分次施肥处理下对华南 12 号木薯产量构成因素、土壤养分及经济效益的影响,探讨木薯种植中的最佳施肥方案和经济效益。结果表明：复混肥处理的化肥施用量分别比对照减少了 52.71%、36.94%和 5.42%,但其株高、单薯长度、单薯粗、鲜薯重和地上部鲜重均与对照差异不显著。木薯种植降低了土壤 pH、有机质、碱解氮含量,提升了土壤速效磷含量,而施肥量 1 170 kg/hm2 的 T3、T6处理提升了土壤速效钾含量。但相对于对照,土壤肥力的变化则因施肥量和施肥次数而异,复混肥施用量为 585、780 kg/hm2 的处理,分次施用更有利于减缓土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的降低,而施肥量为 1 170 kg/hm2的处理分次施用仅有利于减缓土壤有机质含量的降低,而不利于减缓土壤速效磷含量的降低。另外,所有复混肥处理均比对照具有更高的产投比,但经济效益最好的为 T1、T4 处理,其次为 T2 和 T5 处理。因此,从产量构成因素、土壤养分变化和经济效益综合考虑,T4 为最佳施肥方案。     

马铃薯高淀粉生理基础的研究——块茎淀粉含量与单株若干性状

本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯2号、中淀粉品种内薯3号和低淀粉品种紫花白为试验材料,设置了小区试验.在生育期间,从植株茎叶淀粉含量、单株叶面积、单株干物重、单株茎数和块茎数等方面与块茎淀粉含量的相关关系进行了研究,其结果:(1)叶片和茎秆中的淀粉含量与块茎淀粉含量呈正相关.因此,生育前中期叶片和生育中后期茎秆的淀粉含量,可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择的生理指标和品质预测的依据;(2)单株叶面积和单株干物重始终与块茎淀粉含量呈正相关.因此,单株最大叶面积和任何生育时期的单株干物重,均可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质预测的生理指标;(3)单株茎数、单株块茎数与块茎淀粉含量呈正相关或显著正相关.故单株茎数、单株块茎数可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择的重要生理指标和品质预测的依据.     

不同木薯/花生模式下的产量表现及其经济产出研究

研究了4种木薯株行距配置0.8 m×0.8 m(M_1)、0.6 m×1.0 m(M_2)、0.8 m×(1.0 m+0.6 m)(M_3)、0.6 m×(1.0 m+0.8 m)(M4),木薯单作与相应木薯/花生体系的产量表现和经济产出的影响。结果表明:4种间作处理的土地当量比(LER)和产值当量(VOE)均大于1,木薯实际产量亏损(AYLc)均大于0,木薯偏土地当量比(PLER-C)均高于木薯在间作和单作中所占的土地面积之比,即4种间作模式均能提高土地利用率,且对木薯来说均具有间作优势;M3间作处理中花生相对于木薯的竞争力(Apc)和花生实际产量亏损(AYLp)大于0,而经济产出则比M3单作木薯高出了237元/667 m2,总的实际产量亏损(AYL)为1.07,在4种间作处理中数值最大。故木薯/花生间作体系中M3木薯株行距配置的间作产量优势和经济效益优势最佳。     

施钾改善木薯农艺性状及淀粉组分

以2个木薯品种’SC205’和’SC124’为研究对象,设置不施钾(K0,K2O 0 kg/hm²)、低钾(K50,K2O 50 kg/hm²)、中钾(K100,K2O 100 kg/hm²)和高钾(K200,K2O 200 kg/hm²)4个施钾量处理,测定收获期木薯的农艺性状、鲜薯产量及其构成指标、可溶性糖组分含量、淀粉组分含量等指标。结果表明:(1)与不施钾相比,施钾量达100kg/hm²以上时,能显著提高木薯株高、茎径、单条薯重;施钾量达50 kg/hm²以上时,能显著提高鲜薯产量,其中’SC205’和’SC124’的鲜薯产量增幅分别达59.2%～131.7%和51.4%～127.9%,在施钾量(K₂O)为100 kg/hm²时鲜薯产量达到最大值;(2)施钾量对不同组织可溶性糖组分含量及总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量均有显著影响;品种与施钾量间交互作用对蔗糖含量具有显著影响,对其他可溶性糖组分及淀粉各组分均无显...     

种茎排布对木薯鲜薯产量与薯构型的影响

平地宽窄行（1.0 m+0.6 m）模拟机械化种植模式下,以我国主栽机械化木薯品种‘NZ199’为对象,设置平放顺向对称（T1）、平放顺向交错（T2）、平放斜向对称（T3）、平放斜向交错（T4）、斜插反向对称（T5）、斜插反向交错（T6）,共6种双行种茎排布方式,研究其对鲜薯产量、薯块特征及薯构型的影响,以期筛选适宜的木薯机械化种植模式与收获农艺农机参数。结果表明,斜插较平放有助于提高鲜薯产量;斜插反向交错、平放顺向对称的鲜薯产量均较高,分别达41.92~50.11、38.55~48.42 t/hm²,二者结薯的平均垂直行向半幅宽均较窄,仅为22.92~24.09 cm;当收获单株的垂直行向半幅宽为30.0 cm、层深为25.0 cm时,斜插反向交错与平放顺向对称的收获鲜薯产量占比、鲜薯产量均较高,分别达97.54%~98.87%、38.12~40.87 t/hm²。综上,在平地宽窄行机械化种植模式中,推荐斜插反向交错和平放顺向对称种植方式,建议收获机在窄行间的双行作业幅宽120.0 cm、犁深25.0 cm,则可收获98%的鲜薯产量。     

How Planting Density Affects Number and Yield of Potato Minitubers in a Commercial Glasshouse Production System

Commercial potato minituber production systems aim at high tuber numbers per plant. This study investigated by which mechanisms planting density (25.0, 62.5 and 145.8 plants/m²) of in vitro derived plantlets affected minituber yield and minituber number per plantlet. Lowering planting density resulted in a slower increase in soil cover by the leaves and reduced the accumulated intercepted radiation (AIR). It initially also reduced light use efficiency (LUE) and harvest index, and thus tuber weights per m². At the commercial harvest 10 weeks after planting (WAP), LUE tended to be higher at lower densities. This compensated for the lower AIR and led to only slightly lower tuber yields. Lowering planting density increased tuber numbers per (planted) plantlet in all grades. It improved plantlet survival and increased stem numbers per plant. However, fewer stolons were produced per stem, whereas stolon numbers per plant were not affected. At lower densities, more tubers were initiated per stolon and the balance between initiation and later resorption of tubers was more favourable. Early interplant competition was thought to reduce the number of tubers initiated at higher densities, whereas later-occurring interplant competition resulted in a large fraction of the initiated tubers being resorbed at intermediate planting densities. At low planting densities, the high number of tubers initiated was also retained. Shortening of the production period could be considered at higher planting densities, because tuber number in the commercial grade > 9 mm did not increase any more after 6 WAP.     

Comparative performance of different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed

The growth and yield of plants from different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed were evaluated on a per stem, per plant, and per unit area basis using either single or multiple-sprout tubers. In single-sprout tubers, haulm dry weight per stem 47 days after planting was greater in the 40–60 g tubers when compared with that in the 5–10 g or the 10–20 g tubers. This resulted in greater tuber weight per stem in the 40–60 g tubers throughout the growing season. The number of tubers per stem was not affected by seed tuber size. In multiple-sprout seed tubers of increasing size, total tuber number and total tuber weight, as well as weight of those tubers larger than 45 mm, increased on a per plant basis but decreased on a per stem basis. At different rates of planting, 1–5 g seed tubers produced smaller tubers than 5–10 g or 10–20 g seed tubers. Increased rate of planting resulted in non-significant yield increases per unit area in plots planted with 1–5 g seed tubers. The yield increases were significant when 5–10 g and 10–20 g seed tubers were planted at higher rates. The number of main stems per unit of seed tuber weight was five times greater in 1–5 g tubers compared with that in 40–60 g tubers. This resulted in low seed weights per hectare when small tubers were planted and in a high ratio of harvested to planted tuber weight.     

脱毒小薯原原种粒级、密度、品种熟性对一级原种繁殖的影响

采用马铃薯脱毒小薯不同粒级、不同密度、不同品种熟性三因子三水平正交试验，研究了原原种对一级原种的产量、单株平均结薯数及＜２５ｇ小薯所占比率的影响。结果表明：当早熟、结薯少、薯块均匀的品种原原种播种密度在１．２万株／亩以上，晚熟和中晚熟、结薯较多薯块不均匀的品种在１．０～１．２万株／亩之间，且播种粒级大于０．５ｇ／粒时，一级原种繁殖方可收到既高产又具较高的繁殖系数和较低用种量的效果。     

Yield-enhancing and tuber-downsizing effects of transplantation cultivation method of case-held tuber seedlings in the sweet potato cultivar Beniharuka

We developed transplantation cultivation method of case-held tuber seedlings (CTS), which was derived from direct planting method of seed tubers, and applied this method to the sweet potato cultivar Beniharuka. A plastic case made of polypropylene was designed for cultivation of CTS. Seed tubers of cultivar Beniharuka in the range of 30–80 g were cut in half. The half-cut tubers were placed inside the plastic cases, and the cases were filled with a commercial soil mix. The case-held tubers were incubated under natural sunlight in a glass house. After 3–4 wk, the CTS were transplanted into a field. Mother tuber (seed tuber) enlargement was suppressed by the plastic confinement of the cases, and daughter tubers were formed above the case as vine-root-originated tubers. In the field experiments in 2012 and 2013, daughter tuber yields were increased 19% and 21% by case-held tuber seedling transplanting (CTST) over conventional vine-planting (VP), the number of daughter tubers per plant in CTST were 36 and 68% higher than in VP, and the mother tuber yields were limited to 2.1 and 4.3% of the total fresh yield of mother and daughter tubers, respectively in 2012 and 2013. Application of CTST method to cultivar Beniharuka enhanced tuber yield, increased the number of daughter tubers per plant, downsized daughter tubers compared to VP, and mother tuber enlargement was suppressed by case-holding. The CTST method is expected to produce more and smaller good in shape tubers of cultivar Beniharuka compared to VP.     

化肥减施下木薯产量及养分吸收利用特征

木薯种植中的不合理施肥容易引起徒长、产量下降。本研究通过田间试验,设置不施肥、常规施肥、减量施肥、减量同步施肥4个处理,以探明不同施肥量及施肥时期对木薯产量及养分吸收利用的影响,为提高肥料利用效率、增加木薯产量提供依据。结果表明：施肥能够显著增加木薯的株高、茎粗及生物量;减量施肥、减量同步施肥处理木薯块根的产量极显著高于常规施肥与不施肥处理,与不施肥和常规施肥处理相比,减量施肥木薯鲜重依次增加28.15%、32.73%,减量同步施肥依次增加15.46%、19.57%;与常规施肥相比,化肥减量施用能提高木薯块根的收获指数;施肥能够提高木薯的淀粉含量,与常规施肥相比,适当减少化肥用量不会导致木薯块根淀粉含量的下降;化肥减施能够提高肥料的利用率,与常规施肥处理相比较,减量施肥处理氮、磷肥利用率分别提高8.52、5.01个百分点,钾肥利用率两者相近,减量同步施肥处理氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别提高12.65、8.09、6.26个百分点,对肥料利用率的作用更为明显。在本试验条件下,2个化肥减施的处理块根产量分别为44.93 t/hm²及40.08 t/hm²,显著高于常规施肥处理的32.58 t/hm²,肥料利用效率显著提高,达到了“减肥增效”的目的。     

增施生物有机肥对食用木薯产量及品质的影响

本研究采取随机区组试验,以不施生物有机肥为对照,设3个处理,研究不同生物有机肥施肥方式下食用木薯的生长情况、产量、品质的变化,探讨增施生物有机肥对食用木薯的产量及品质的影响,为食用木薯高产栽培技术研究和品质的改良提供理论依据。结果表明：增施生物有机肥可有效提高株高、茎粗、块根膨大期的SPAD值和块根形成期、块根膨大期的光合速率,并通过提高薯粗和薯数2个产量构成因子来增加块根的产量,对提高淀粉、蛋白质、干物质、可溶性糖的含量、支链淀粉/直链淀粉的比值、块根的综合品质也有促进作用,但对块根形成期的SPAD值、薯长、收获指数、粗纤维的影响较小;此外,相关性分析结果显示：在一定的范围内,生物有机肥施肥总量与产量及品质均呈正相关关系,且大部分相关系数均达到显著或极显著水平。综上所述,增施生物有机肥可提高食用木薯的光合作用,促进其生长,提高块根产量,有效改善了块根的品质,建议的施肥方式是在基肥和幼苗期各增施一次生物有机肥,施用量分别为3000、1500 kg/hm ²。     

Impact of early-season water deficits on Russet Burbank plant development,tuber yield and quality

Russet Burbank potatoes grown on Owyhee silt loam were subjected to early-season moisture stress by delaying initiation of furrow irrigation up to seven weeks after planting. A range of water stress treatments from 4 to 7 weeks after planting resulted in reduced plant size, tuber number and total tuber weight per plant 8 1/2 weeks after planting. Early-season water stress resulting from delayed irrigation onset was associated with improved tuber quality at harvest. Plants water stressed before tuber initiation had fewer tubers with dark stem-end fry colors, reduced percentage of US No. 2 potatoes, and increased percentage and size of US No. 1 potatoes. Increasing duration of soil water potential below -60 kPa early in the season was associated with declining total yield in 1985 but not in 1986. To obtain optimum yield and processing quality, the first irrigation should be no sooner than full plant emergence.     

Growth and yield of potato plants grown from microtubers in fields

Despite many reports of thein vitro production of microtubers, little is known about plant growth and yield from microtubers planted in the field. This study clarified differences in growth and yields between potato plants grown in the field from microtubers and from conventional seed tubers. The experiments were performed at Hokkaido University, Japan, over four years. Conventional seed tubers of about 50 g and microtubers of two sizes (0.5–1.0 g and 1.0–3.0 g) of the latematurity cultivar Norin 1 were planted, and plant growth and tuber yields were analyzed. The microtuber plants had a lower initial increase in root and leaf area index than conventional seed tuber plants, but had the same leaf area index after about 40 days from emergence. The first tuber formation in microtuber plants was about 7 days later than in conventional seed tuber plants, while tuber bulking occurred about 14 days later in microtuber plants. Consequently, the onset of tuber weight increase was later in microtuber plants, but the rate of increase thereafter was similar between conventional seed tuber and microtuber plants. At harvest the tuber fresh weight of microtuber plants was 82% that of conventional tuber plants, suggesting a potential for using microtubers for field planting.