Developmental changes in morphometry of the small intestine and jejunal sucrase activity during the first nine weeks of postnatal growth in pigs

The objective of this study was to investigate the development of small intestinal size and digestive capacity of the jejunum in growing pigs. The weight, length, surface area, and mucosa weight of the small intestine were measured when pigs were 1, 3, 5, and 9 wk of age. Sucrase and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities of the jejunal brush-border membrane, prepared by differential centrifugation and Mg2+ precipitation, were determined at the respective postnatal stages. Body weights increased 7-fold from 2.7 kg at 1 wk to 23.32 kg at 9 wk postnatal. Body weight gains were greater (P < 0.05) from wk 3 to 5 than from wk 1 to 3. Weights of the small intestine and of the intestinal mucosa increased faster (P < 0.05) from 3 to 5 wk than from 1 to 3 wk; the slowest increase occurred from 5 to 9 wk. Weights of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and mucosa from the respective sections increased (P < 0.05) as pigs grew from 3 to 9 wk. Mucosa weight relative to the weight of the section was greater (P < 0.05) for the duodenum and jejunum than for the ileum at 9 wk of age. Between the ages of 3 and 9 wk, the increase in mucosa weight was highest for the jejunum followed by the duodenum and the ileum. The increase was greatest for the duodenum followed by the jejunum and the ileum when mucosal weight was expressed per unit of appropriate intestinal section weight. There was a 55-fold increase in jejunal sucrase activity from 1 to 9 wk; the greatest rate of increase occurred between 5 and 9 wk. Total jejunal ALP activities in pigs at 9 wk was greater (P < 0.05) than at 5 wk, which in turn was greater than at 1 wk of age. In summary, increases in BW during the first 9 wk of postnatal growth in pigs are accompanied by significant developmental changes in digestive capacity including intestinal weights, length, and area as well as jejunal brush-border sucrase and ALP activities.     

葛根素对饲喂氧化大豆油肉鸡小肠黏膜屏障功能及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究葛根素对饲喂氧化大豆油饲粮黄羽肉鸡小肠黏膜形态结构、紧密连接蛋白基因表达及抗氧化能力的影响。试验采用2×2因子设计,因子包括油脂质量（新鲜大豆油和氧化大豆油）和葛根素添加水平（0、750 mg·kg^-1）。选取健康1日龄雌性黄羽肉鸡360只,随机分成4个处理组,分别为新鲜大豆油饲粮组、新鲜大豆油+葛根素（750 mg·kg^-1）饲粮组、氧化大豆油饲粮组和氧化大豆油+葛根素（750 mg·kg^-1）饲粮组,每组6个重复,每个重复15羽。在28和56日龄时,每个重复随机选取1只鸡,取十二指肠、空肠、回肠检测小肠形态结构和测定小肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白基因表达及抗氧化指标。结果表明：1）饲喂氧化大豆油显著降低28日龄肉鸡十二指肠的绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度（V/C）、回肠V/C和claudin-1 mRNA表达量以及56日龄肉鸡3个肠段的绒毛高度及V/C （P<0.05）,显著升高56日龄3个肠段的隐窝深度（P<0.05）。饲粮中添加葛根素显著提高28日龄肉鸡空肠绒毛高度和V/C、回肠闭合小环蛋白1（ZO-1） mRNA表达量和56日龄肉鸡十二指肠V/C、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度及V/C （P<0.05）,显著降低3个肠段的隐窝深度（P<0.05）。2）饲喂氧化大豆油显著升高28日龄十二指肠还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量和空肠还原型谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性（P<0.05）,并显著降低28日龄回肠GSH含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力和总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）（P<0.05）。饲粮中添加葛根素显著提高28日龄肉鸡十二指肠GSH-Px活性（P<0.05）。饲喂氧化大豆油显著降低56日龄回肠SOD活性和T-AOC （P<0.05）,饲粮中添加葛根素显著提高56日龄肉鸡十二指肠SOD和回肠SOD、GSH-Px活性（P<0.05）,显著降低56日龄肉鸡空肠GSH含量、SOD活性、T-AOC和回肠T-AOC （P<0.05）。综上所述,饲喂氧化大豆油破坏肠道黏膜形态结构、降低紧密连接蛋白基因的表达量和抗氧化能力,添加葛根素可提高肉鸡小肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白基因的表达量,改善氧化损伤条件下肠道黏膜形态结构,提高抗氧化酶的活性而提高其抗氧化能力。     

微生态制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能、器官重及其胃肠道发育的影响

通过给苏淮断奶仔猪饲喂微生态制剂(植物乳杆菌为主)研究其对断奶仔猪生长性能、器官重及其胃肠道发育的影响,分析仔猪生长性能与器官重、小肠形态、肠道pH的相关性,探讨微生态制剂缓解仔猪断奶应激的可能机制。选取健康、胎次和体重相近[(9.34±0.33)kg]的144头28日龄苏淮断奶仔猪,随机分为对照组(基础日粮)、抗生素组(基础日粮+抗生素)、微生态制剂组(基础日粮+微生态制剂),每组6个重复,每个重复8头仔猪。预试期为3d,试验于32日龄开始,59日龄结束时屠宰采样。结果表明,与对照组相比,微生态制剂可显著提高断奶仔猪平均日增重(ADG)和平均日采食量(ADFI)(P0.05),降低料重比(F/G)和腹泻率(P0.05);显著提高(P0.05)断奶仔猪脾脏相对重量;显著增加断奶仔猪十二指肠绒毛高度(P0.05),显著降低十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒隐比(P0.05),十二指肠、空肠、回肠隐窝深度有下降趋势,但差异不显著(P0.05);显著降低(P0.05)断奶仔猪盲肠、结肠pH。与抗生素组相比,微生态制剂组对各指标无显著影响(P0.05)。相关性分析显示,ADG增加与肝脏相对重量增加显著相关(P0.05);ADFI增加与十二指肠和脾脏相对重量、回肠绒隐比增加显著相关(P0.05),与结肠和盲肠pH、回肠隐窝深度降低显著相关(P0.05);F/G降低与结肠相对重量增加呈显著相关(P0.05);腹泻率下降与十二指肠相对重、脾脏相对重量、十二指肠和空肠绒隐比增加呈显著相关(P0.05)。由此看出,微生态制剂可通过增加器官重,改善肠道形态,降低胃肠道pH,提高断奶仔猪生长性能、降低腹泻率,缓解断奶应激对仔猪的影响,该微生态制剂具有替代抗生素的潜力。     

鸡不同肠段碱性氨基酸转运载体mRNA表达的差异性研究

为研究肉鸡肠道不同肠段碱性氨基酸转运载体rBAT(系统b0, )、y LAT2(系统y L)、CAT1(系统y )、CAT4(系统y )mRNA表达的差异性,以快大型黄羽肉鸡为动物模型,采集30日龄接近平均体重黄羽肉鸡的十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结直肠样品,采用相对定量RT-PCR方法研究不同肠段rBAT、y LAT2、CAT1、CAT4mRNA表达丰度。结果显示:结直肠rBAT、y LAT2的mRNA表达丰度极显著低于十二指肠、空肠和回肠(P<0.01),其在回肠表达丰度高于空肠、十二指肠,差异不显著(P>0.05)。结直肠CAT1 mRNA表达丰度极显著高于十二指肠、空肠和回肠(P<0.01),回肠极显著高于空肠(P<0.01),高出十二指肠27.9%(P=0.111)。结直肠CAT4 mRNA的表达丰度极显著高于其他各个肠段(P<0.01),十二指肠、空肠、回肠CAT4 mRNA的表达丰度依次降低,但相互之间无显著差异。结果表明,位于肠上皮黏膜细胞顶端的碱性氨基酸转运系统b0, 和基底部位的系统y L转运载体mRNA的表达在肠道中的分布类似,显著区别于系统y 。     

Effect of the gut Microflora on the size and weight of organs of chicks fed diets of different protein content

1. Germ‐free (GF) and conventional (CV) chicks were reared for 14 d on diets containing 50 (LD), 200 (AD) and 400 (HD) g protein/kg. Food and water were provided ad libitum. The size and weight of the proven‐triculus, gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caeca, colon, liver, pancreas, heart, spleen, adrenal glands and kidneys were measured, and liver composition was examined.

2. The absolute and relative (weight/kg body‐weight) weights of the intestine of CV chicks fed AD and HD diets were greater than those of GF chicks. The LD diet did not affect the absolute and relative weights of the duodenum and jejunum.

3. The absolute weight, relative weight and fat content of the liver of GF chicks given LD diet were greater than those of their CV counterparts.

4. The size and weight of some organs are affected by the diet (dietary protein content)‐microflora‐host interaction.

     

能量限制对三黄鸡补偿生长及肠道结构的影响

本试验旨在研究能量限制对三黄鸡补偿生长及肠道结构的影响,选用72只15日龄三黄母鸡,随机分为3个组:自由采食组(对照组)、15%能量限制组(试验1组)和30%能量限制组(试验2组),限饲15 d(30日龄)、补偿生长14 d(44日龄)和35 d(65日龄)后分别屠宰,取其十二指肠、空肠、回肠,测量其肠壁厚度、绒毛高度和隐窝深度。结果表明:1)限饲降低三黄鸡平均日增重(P0.05),但料重比与对照组相比差异不显著(P0.05)。补偿生长后,试验组与对照组组间的末重、平均日增重、料重比均差异不显著(P0.05)。2)限饲增加了十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒毛高度及回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度(P0.05)。补偿生长后,十二指肠肠壁厚度变薄(P0.05),空肠和回肠绒毛高度增加(P0.05)。本试验表明,能量限制显著降低三黄鸡限饲期生长性能,补偿生长35 d后表现出完全补偿生长效应;能量限制在一定程度上改善了三黄鸡的小肠肠道形态结构,增加了十二指肠、空肠、回肠绒毛高度。     

Body and intestinal growth of broiler chicks on a commercial starter diet. 1. Intestinal weight and mucosal development

1. A study was conducted on the pattern of development of the intestinal mucosa of the Steggles x Ross (F1) strain of broiler chickens reared on a commercial starter diet. The mechanisms underlying the structural changes were also assessed. 2. In relation to body weight, small intestinal weight peaked at 7 d of age and declined subsequently. There was also a reduction in the relative weights of the gizzard and yolk sac with age. The length of the small intestine and its regions increased with age. 3. Crypt depth increased with age in the duodenum and jejunum while villus height increased significantly with age in all three regions of the small intestine. There were also significant changes in apparent villus surface area in the three regions, while interactions between age and intestinal region were significant in the case of crypt depth and villus height. 4. There were significant differences between the age groups in the mucosal protein content of jejunal and ileal homogenates, both tending to peak at 7 d of age. The DNA content of the intestinal mucosa declined with age in the three regions of the small intestine. While there was an increase in RNA content in the duodenum and ileum, there was a reduction in the jejunum. 5. Protein: DNA ratio increased between hatch and 21 d of age in all intestinal regions. Protein: RNA ratio decreased with age in the duodenum and ileum but increased in the jejunum. There were significant increases in RNA: DNA ratio in the duodenum and ileum but no changes were observed in the jejunum. The interactions between age and intestinal region were significant for all biochemical indices assessed. 6. At all ages, enterocyte proliferation at the jejunum was completed and quantifiable within 1 h of administration of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrDU). Subsequent assessment revealed an increase in crypt column count and number of BrDU-labelled cells. The rate of cell migration increased with age while there was a decline in the distance migrated in proportion to mucosal depth. The estimated life-span of enterocytes and time spent by enterocytes in the crypt varied with age. In d-old and 7-d-old chicks, migration was complete or nearly complete within 96 h of cell birth. 7. Although the intestinal mucosa of the strain was structurally developed at hatch, there was much change in structure with age, especially over the first 7 d post hatch. The rate of development was most rapid in the jejunum but the other regions are also important, on account of villus height or relative length of the region.     

宫内发育迟缓仔猪小肠形态和屏障功能相关基因的表达特征

为了研究宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)仔猪小肠形态和屏障功能相关基因的表达特征,选取24窝"长白×大白"杂交新生仔猪,每窝选取1头IUGR仔猪和1头正常出生体重(NBW)仔猪,分别于7、21和28日龄屠宰8头IUGR仔猪和8头NBW仔猪,采集小肠样品进行分析.结果表明:1)与NBW仔猪相比,IUGR仔猪7日龄时空肠绒毛高度、...     

谷氨酰胺对断奶肉兔肠道发育的影响

本试验旨在研究谷氨酰胺对肉兔肠道发育的影响。试验选择28日龄断奶新西兰白兔360只,随机分成4个组,每个组9个重复,每个重复10只(公母各占1/2)。4组试验兔分别饲喂在基础饲粮基础上添加0(对照)、0.4%、0.8%和1.2%谷氨酰胺的试验饲粮,试验期为4周。结果表明:饲粮添加谷氨酰胺对肉兔35、42和56日龄时的胃重、盲肠重和小肠长度以及56日龄时的小肠重无显著影响(P0.05),但饲粮添加0.8%谷氨酰胺可以显著提高肉兔35和42日龄时的小肠重(P0.05);饲粮添加0.8%和1.2%谷氨酰胺可以显著提高肉兔35和42日龄时的十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度(P0.05),同时饲粮添加0.8%谷氨酰胺还可以显著提高肉兔35和42日龄时的回肠绒毛高度以及56日龄时的十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度(P0.05);饲粮添加0.8%谷氨酰胺可以显著降低肉兔35和42日龄时的十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度以及35日龄时的回肠隐窝深度(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加谷氨酰胺可以促进肉兔断奶后1~2周的肠道发育,本试验条件下,肉兔饲粮中谷氨酰胺适宜添加水平为0.8%。     

支链氨基酸对肉鸡生长性能及肠道发育的影响

本试验旨在研究支链氨基酸(BCAAs)对肉鸡生长性能及肠道发育的影响。选取1日龄爱拔益加(AA)健康肉公鸡384只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复16只。各组分别饲喂BCAAs水平为3.04%、3.93%、4.82%和5.71%的试验饲粮,各组饲粮中亮氨酸∶异亮氨酸∶缬氨酸均为1.8∶1.0∶1.2,自由采食和饮水,试验期21 d。结果表明:各组肉鸡体重及平均日增重均无显著差异(P0.05),但5.71%组肉鸡平均日采食量显著小于3.04%组(P0.05),4.82%和5.71%组肉鸡料重比显著小于3.04%组(P0.05)。14、21日龄时,随着BCAAs水平从3.04%增加到4.82%,肉鸡十二指肠、空肠单位长度重及空肠相对重逐渐增加,且4.82%组肉鸡十二指肠单位长度重显著大于3.04%组(P0.05);而当BCAAs水平从4.82%增加到5.71%时,则肉鸡十二指肠单位长度重及空肠相对重显著下降(P0.05)。在14、21日龄时,4.82%组肉鸡十二指肠和回肠绒毛高度均显著大于3.04%组(P0.05)。在10、14日龄时,4.82%组肉鸡空肠绒毛高度显著大于3.04%组(P0.05);5.71%组肉鸡小肠绒毛高度均显著小于4.82%组(P0.05)。另外,5.71%组肉鸡空肠隐窝深度与3.04%组无显著差异(P0.05);而10、21日龄时,4.82%组肉鸡空肠隐窝深度显著大于3.93%组(P0.05)。10、14、21日龄时,5.71%组肉鸡空肠和回肠的绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)最低,且与3.04%组差异不显著(P0.05);但3.93%组肉鸡空肠和回肠V/C显著大于5.71%组(P0.05)。由此可见,本试验条件下,增加饲粮BCAAs水平能够降低肉鸡料重比;适宜水平的BCAAs能够促进肉鸡肠道生长发育;但高水平BCAAs则会显著降低肉鸡平均日采食量,同时导致小肠生长发育减慢。     

肠膜蛋白粉和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪免疫功能和消化道发育的影响

本试验旨在研究肠膜蛋白粉和发酵豆粕替代鱼粉对断奶仔猪免疫功能和消化道发育的影响。选用28日龄平均体重为(8.0±0.5)kg的杜×长×大断奶仔猪180头,公、母各半,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂17.0%豆粕+6.0%鱼粉的日粮,进口肠膜组饲喂16.6%豆粕+4.0%发酵豆粕+4.0%进口肠膜蛋白粉的日粮,国产肠膜组饲喂16.6%豆粕+4.0%发酵豆粕+4.0%国产肠膜蛋白粉的日粮。预试期3 d,正试期14 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,进口肠膜组脾脏指数、下颌淋巴结指数和血清白蛋白(ALB)含量分别显著提高43.53%、49.18%和16.20%(P<0.05),国产肠膜组脾脏指数显著提高41.77%、血清补体C3含量显著降低16.22%(P<0.05);各组间胸腺指数、腹股沟淋巴结指数、髂下淋巴结指数、腘淋巴结指数、颈浅淋巴结指数及血清总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(BUN)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和一氧化氮(NO)含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,进口肠膜组胃重量和十二指肠重量无显著差异(P>0.05),而国产肠膜组分别显著降低19.68%和48.55%(P<0.05);进口肠膜组十二指肠长度显著升高(P<0.05),而国产肠膜组显著降低(P<0.05);进口肠膜组和国产肠膜组空肠长度和回肠重量显著降低(P<0.05),且国产肠膜组回肠绒毛高度显著降低(P<0.05);各组间肝脏重量、空肠重量、回肠长度、十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,断奶仔猪日粮中使用进口或国产肠膜蛋白粉和发酵豆粕等氮替代鱼粉,对主要免疫器官指数、血清免疫指标和小肠形态无显著影响,但国产肠膜组胃重量和十二指肠重量显著降低。     

2种植物提取物复合物对断奶仔猪生长性能以及肠道形态结构、免疫功能和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ含量的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加2种植物提取物对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道免疫功能、肠道形态结构和胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF?Ⅰ)含量的影响.选取胎次相近(3～6胎次)、25日龄断奶的"大白×长白"二元仔猪120头,随机分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组在基础饲粮中添加100 mg/kg杆菌肽锌...     

饲粮营养限制对羔羊肠道组织形态以及血清胰岛素样生长因子-1和胰高血糖素样-2浓度的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮营养限制对羔羊肠道组织形态及血清中胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)和胰高血糖素样-2(GLP-2)浓度的影响。选取64只17日龄湖羊羔羊随机分为4组,饲喂不同营养水平的代乳品和开食料,分别为对照(CON)组、20%蛋白质限制(PR)组、20%能量限制(ER)组、20%蛋白质+20%能量限制(BR)组,每组4个重复,每重复4只羔羊,公母各占1/2。于羔羊20日龄、40日龄和60日龄采集血清用于测定IGF-1和GLP-2的浓度,40日龄和60日龄时每组分别选取4只羔羊进行屠宰,屠宰后取十二指肠、空肠和回肠组织观察小肠组织形态结构。结果表明:1)PR组、ER组、BR组40日龄小肠重量显著低于CON组(P0.05),到60日龄仅ER组羔羊小肠重显著低于CON组(P0.05),小肠重量降低主要由于空肠重量的降低。2)PR组、ER组、BR组40日龄十二指肠、空肠绒毛高度及60日龄十二指肠绒毛高度显著低于CON组(P0.05),ER组、BR组60日龄空肠绒毛高度显著低于CON组(P0.05)。3)BR组40日龄十二指肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著低于CON组(P0.05)。4)ER组60日龄血清GLP-2浓度显著低于其他3组(P0.05),4组间血清IGF-1浓度无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮营养限制抑制了羔羊十二指肠、空肠组织形态发育,同时能量限制可降低血清GLP-2的浓度。     

日粮中添加复合微生态制剂对蛋种鸡肠道pH及微生物的影响

研究日粮中添加复合微生态制剂对蛋种鸡小肠肠道长度、pH及盲肠微生物的影响,试验选用1日龄海兰褐蛋种鸡320只,随机分为4个组,进行16周的试验。试验组日粮是在对照组日粮基础上分别添加50、100、200 g/t的复合微生态制剂组成。试验结果表明:① 与对照组相比, 21日龄时,添加复合微生态制剂组显著降低了蛋种鸡十二指肠、空肠、回肠的相对长度(P<0.05);42日龄时,试验2组的回肠相对长度显著低于对照组(P<0.05); 112日龄时, 试验1组空肠和回肠的相对长度显著低于对照组 (P<0.05),试验3组十二指肠的相对长度显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。②试验1、2组蛋种鸡21日龄空肠和回肠的pH显著低于对照组(P<0.05),试验3组蛋种鸡21、42、112日龄十二指肠、42日龄空肠的pH也显著降低 (P<0.05) 。③添加复合微生态制剂可显著提高蛋种鸡21日龄盲肠乳酸菌的数量(P<0.05),其中试验2组乳酸菌的数量最多,与对照组相比,提高了11.76%,其次是试验3组和试验1组;添加复合微生态制剂对于42和112日龄蛋种鸡的盲肠微生物无显著影响。结果提示,日粮中添加复合微生态制剂能缩短蛋种鸡小肠肠道相对长度,同时降低肠道pH并能改善肠道菌群,对雏鸡的健康生长有促进作用。本试验中添加100 g/t的复合微生态制剂为适宜添加量。     

肉犊牛小肠黏膜免疫相关细胞的数量变化研究

分别选择1、4、6月龄各4头利杂犊牛的十二指肠、空肠、回肠,利用组织化学法和图像分析法研究犊牛小肠的上皮内淋巴细胞、杯状细胞和肥大细胞的数量变化.结果显示在同一月龄犊牛的小肠的上皮内淋巴细胞数量由十二指肠向空肠、回肠逐渐减少,而杯状细胞的数量逐渐增加,肥大细胞的密度逐渐降低.在1、6月龄犊牛十二指肠、空肠、回肠的上皮内淋巴细胞数量之间差异极显著(P＜0.01);4月龄十二指肠的上皮内淋巴细胞数量最多(P＜0.01).在1月龄犊牛十二指肠、空肠、回肠杯状细胞的数量差异极显著(P＜0.01);4和6月龄犊牛十二指肠和空肠之间的杯状细胞的数量差异不显著(P＞0.05),但二者与犊牛回肠杯状细胞的数量差异极显著(P＜0.01).各年龄犊牛十二指肠、空肠、回肠的肥大细胞密度差异极显著(P＜0.01),4月龄时犊牛小肠的肥大细胞密度最低.结果提示犊牛的黏膜免疫水平可能与其机体的发育相一致.     

不同日龄乳鸽肠道CaBP-D28k基因表达的变化规律研究

为了解乳鸽肠道钙吸收规律,以满足乳鸽生产中钙的营养需要,试验将48对健康种鸽随机分为8个重复,每个重复6对,产蛋后由种鸽自然孵化和哺育乳鸽,在乳鸽7、14、21、28日龄时称量体重,平均体重分别为(120.27±31.37)g、(264.35±88.77)g、(399.22±75.04)g和(454.16±38.39)g,分别从每个重复选取1只体重适中的乳鸽,取其嗉囊内容物(鸽乳),并对其十二指肠和空肠肠段进行采样,测定鸽乳钙含量和肠道CaBP-D28k的相对表达量。结果表明:7日龄鸽乳钙含量显著低于21、28日龄鸽乳钙含量(P<0.01);7日龄时十二指肠和空肠中CaBP-D28k的表达量显著高于14、21、28日龄的表达量(P<0.01);且CaBP-D28k在7～28日龄乳鸽十二指肠的表达量显著高于在空肠的表达量(P<0.05)。由此可见:鸽乳的钙含量随着乳鸽日龄的增大而增加,乳鸽肠道CaBP-D28k基因表达量随着日龄增大而减少,十二指肠是鸽进行钙载体吸收的主要部位。     

大豆蛋白抗原对断奶仔猪生长性能、小肠消化酶活性及组胺水平的影响

选取88头7日龄＂杜×长×大＂三元杂交仔猪,按体质量和性别随机分成11组,每组8头。仔猪经皮下注射进行免疫,A组（对照组）注射生理盐水,大豆球蛋白（11S）B、C、D免疫组注射11S500μg/kg.w,21日龄时进行二免,23日龄C、D组分别肌肉注射11S2 500、5 000μg/kg.w;大豆球蛋白（11S）E、F组不免疫,23日龄肌肉注射11S2 500、5 000μg/kg.w。β-伴大豆球蛋白（7S）分组同11S。所有仔猪于23日龄断奶,在7、21、35日龄时空腹称重,计算平均日增重。试验结束时,每组选择5头仔猪进行屠宰,取十二指肠近端、空肠中段、回肠近段各2cm,用于测定消化酶活性和组胺水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,免疫500μg/kg.w 11S和7S可显著提高断奶仔猪平均体质量和平均日增重（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,直接致敏2 500、5 000μg/kg.w的11S和7S可显著降低断奶仔猪的平均体质量和平均日增重（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;11S可显著降低断奶仔猪十二指肠、回肠中胰淀粉酶、蛋白酶和十二指肠脂肪酶活性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,降低十二指肠、回肠组胺水平（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;而7S显著降低断奶仔猪十二指肠、空肠胰淀粉酶、蛋白酶和十二指肠中脂肪酶活性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,降低十二指肠、空肠组胺水平（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。与免疫组相比,免疫后致敏5 000μg/kg.w的11S可显著降低断奶仔猪的平均体质量和平均日增重（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）、十二指肠、回肠中胰淀粉酶、蛋白酶、十二指肠脂肪酶活性（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）和十二指肠、回肠组胺水平（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;致敏2 500、5 000μg/kg.w的7S差异不显著（P〉0.05）。对仔猪提前免疫大豆蛋白抗原,能显著提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和小肠中消化酶活性,降低组胺的释放,从而促进仔猪的生长,并且7S的免疫效果明显优于11S。     

低蛋白质饲粮添加载锌蒙脱石对肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育和肠道组织形态的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质饲粮添加载锌蒙脱石(Zn-MMT)对肉鸡生长性能、免疫器官发育和肠道组织形态的影响.随机选择1日龄健康科宝公雏288只,按体重一致原则随机分成6个组,每组6个重复,每个重复8只鸡.对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型低蛋白质基础饲粮,正对照组[硫酸锌(ZnSO4)组]饲喂低蛋白质基础饲粮+40 mg/kg Zn...     

Effect of weaning on small intestinal structure and function in the piglet.

Fifty-four piglets were selected from 12 litters weaned at 17 (Treatment 1), 21 (Treatment 2), 28 (Treatment 3) and 35 (Treatment 4) days old, respectively, to determine the effect of weaning age on small intestinal villus morphology, immunology and histochemistry. From proximal duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum and middle ileum, intestinal samples with three replicates (piglets) in each treatment were taken at 18, 22, 28 and 36; 22, 28, 36 and 43; 28, 36, 43, and 50; and 18, 22, 28, 36, 43 and 50 d of age in Treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. This was equivalent to 12 h, 3 d, 1 week, 2 week postweaning in Treatment 1; 12 h, 1 week, 2 week, 3 week postweaning in Treatment 2 and 3, and all the same age in Treatment 4 as in Treatment 1, 2, 3, respectively. The results showed that villous height of duodenum and proximal jejunum decreased significantly in Treatment 1 and 3. Crypt depth in the duodenum, proximal jejunum and ileum also decreased significantly in Treatment 1. Date had significant effect on villous height of the duodenum, distal jejunum and ileum with the shortest on day 29 and crypt depth of all positions increased with piglet age except the crypt depth in proximal jejunum decreased on day 50. Weaning age and day of age had significant effects on intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) number and goblet cell (GC) number at all positions of small intestinal mucosa in piglets. The number of IEL at all segments of small intestinal mucosa in Treatment 3 increased significantly compared to those in other treatments, but IEL number at all locations of small intestinal mucosa in Treatment 2 decreased significantly compared to those in other treatments. The number of GC in small intestinal mucosa increased significantly in early-weaned (< day 21) piglets. It appears that providing fluid milk replacer for a few days postweaning could dramatically reduce the negative impact of weaning on villous morphology and digestive and absorptive function, especially in pigs weaned prior to 3 week of age. Finally, as weaning age was reduced, GC had a greater role in intestinal duct protection.     

Effect of segregated early weaning on postweaning small intestinal development in pigs

The effect of segregated early weaning (SEW) on postweaning small intestinal development was investigated in SEW and control (CON) pigs. Small intestines were collected from a total of 15 pigs killed at 11 (preweaning), 15 (3 d postweaning), and 34 d of age. At 3 d postweaning, the SEW and CON pigs had shorter villi (P<.01), deeper crypts (P<.01), and reduced (P<.01) ratios of villus height:crypt depth (V:C) compared with preweaning. Weaning also reduced specific activities of lactase (P<.01) in duodenum and ileum and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (P<.05) in duodenum and jejunum. Sucrase activity in the three regions of the small intestine marginally decreased in both groups at 3 d postweaning. The mucosal protein:DNA ratio in duodenum and jejunum increased (P<.05) in SEW and CON pigs at 3 d postweaning compared with preweaning pigs. The SEW and CON treatments resulted in differences in postweaning gut development. At 15 d of age in SEW pigs, the mucosal protein:DNA ratio in duodenum and jejunum were 20 and 25.5% (P<.05) less, respectively, than those in CON pigs. However, at 34 d, these ratios in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were 43.5 (P<.05), 24.3, and 32.9% (P<.05) greater, respectively, in SEW pigs than in CON pigs. Longer villi, shorter crypts (P<.01), and higher V:C ratios (P<.01) in jejunum and ileum were observed in SEW pigs vs CON pigs at 34 d of age. The specific activities of lactase in duodenum (P<.01) and jejunum (P<.05) and of ALP in duodenum (P<.01) were higher in SEW pigs. Sucrase activity in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was 21.7, 46.3 (P<.05), and 11.2% greater in SEW pigs at 34 d of age. These results demonstrate differences in postweaning gut development between SEW and CON pigs. Furthermore, the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in jejunum was greater (P<.001) in 34-d-old SEW pigs compared with CON pigs. Microscopy revealed a thick mucus coating over epithelial cells in the ileum of 34-d-old CON pigs that was not apparent in the SEW pigs. These observations are consistent with reduced pathogen exposure associated with SEW. We suggest that segregated early weaning advances postweaning gut maturation, which is consistent with improved growth and feed efficiency observed in SEW pigs.