鸡骨髓内嗜酸性粒细胞发生的形态特点

对雏鸡骨髓内嗜酸性粒细胞发生的形态结构进行了光镜和电镜观察。嗜酸性颗粒从早幼阶段开始出现，随着细胞的不断发育，颗粒的数量逐渐增多。嗜酸性颗粒呈圆形，大小相近，着桔红色，内部结构均匀，电子密度中等，胞核轮廓清楚，异染色质较少。     

禽异嗜性粒细胞与机体免疫研究进展

禽异嗜性粒细胞是存在于禽类血液中的一种主要的颗粒性白细胞,类似于哺乳动物的中性粒细胞,是禽类抵御外界微生物病原体入侵的一道重要防线,也是机体非特异性免疫系统中的重要成员和主要调节者。近年来,对于该细胞在机体急性炎症反应和吞噬杀伤作用中的研究已经深入到了基因和蛋白水平,为从禽类异嗜性粒细胞方面入手治疗禽类疾病,提供了理论依据和研究方向。论文从异嗜性粒细胞与中性粒细胞在形态结构,急性炎症反应和吞噬杀伤病原体作用中的区别,以及近年来该细胞的其他研究热点等方面综述了禽类异嗜性粒细胞的研究进展。     

家禽骨髓内红细胞、白细胞发生的显微和亚显微结构特点

利用光镜和电镜对鹅、鸭和鸡骨髓内红细胞和白细胞发生的显微和亚显微结构进行了研究。结果显示 :鹅骨髓内红细胞系的体积比鸭的略大。光镜下鸭、鹅异嗜性粒细胞 ,在早幼阶段胞质内出现少量圆形颗粒 ;在晚幼阶段出现较多暗红色的圆形、杆状、梭形颗粒。嗜酸性粒细胞在早幼阶段胞质内出现少量着桔红色的圆形颗粒 ;晚幼阶段颗粒多呈杆状 ,胞核轮廓清楚。嗜碱性粒细胞在各阶段胞质内散布紫红色的细小颗粒。电镜下鸡原始红细胞多附着在窦壁上 ,核周隙窄 ,核孔数量较多 ;而成熟红细胞多分布在近血窦中央处 ,核周隙宽 ,核孔数量较少。异嗜性颗粒在早幼阶段可分 A型和 B型。嗜碱性颗粒分为 型和 型 ,它们分别在中幼和晚幼阶段出现。嗜酸性颗粒呈均质的圆形     

东北梅花鹿血液有形成分电子显微镜观察

东北梅花鹿血液有形成分的种类及基本结构与其他哺乳动物类似.其本身特点:红细胞形态除有圆饼状外,还含有一定数量的所谓“圆口状”细胞,红细胞无核,胞质均质,电子密度较高;中性粒细胞的嗜中性颗粒有椭圆形、圆形和杆状等多种形态,而且电子密度低;嗜酸粒细胞的嗜酸性颗粒只有一种,颗粒为圆球状,不含有蛋白结晶体;嗜碱粒细胞数量极少,其颗粒的数量亦较少,颗粒内含有更微细的小颗粒;血小板无核,内含有两种颗粒,即①特殊颗粒,数量较多,基质电子密度较高,②致密颗粒,数量较少,含有致密芯,呈牛眼状;此外胞质还有少量的线粒体和大量的核糖体等.     

康贝尔鸭血细胞电子显微镜观察

对20只康贝尔鸭的血细胞进行了透射电子显微镜观察。结果表明,鸭血细胞大部分与鸡血细胞类似。但本身也有特点。红细胞胞质内未发现有高尔基复合体;嗜酸粒细胞的嗜酸性颗粒内含有结晶体,此外,这种细胞还含有一种小的不含晶体的微小颗粒;嗜硷粒细胞的嗜硷性颗粒,基本是一种,不再分型;血栓细胞胞质内的致密颗粒数量很少。     

鸡血细胞电子显微镜观察

本研究对20只鸡的血细胞进行了电子显微镜观察,观察结果表明、鸡的血细胞与家畜的血细胞在超微结构方面有许多不同。特别是:红细胞不但有细胞核.而且胞质内还含有线粒体、高尔基复合体和自噬体;假嗜酸性粒细胞的特殊颗粒可分为A、B、C三种类型;嗜酸性粒细胞颗粒为均质无构造;嗜硷性粒细胞的嗜硷性颗粒又分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ两型;血栓细胞有细胞核,细胞质中的特殊颗粒可分为α颗粒和致密颗粒。     

黑熊血液有形成分显微及亚微结构的研究

利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜技术对5只黑熊血液有形成分进行了系统观察.结果表明:红细胞为圆饼状,直径为7.4μm,胞质均质,电子密度中等,未见有任何细胞器,中性粒细胞胞质内含有大量体积较小、形态多样、电子密度不同的中性颗粒,嗜酸粒细胞胞质内的嗜酸性颗粒含有纵向排列、电子密度高的长方形晶体;嗜碱粒细胞除含有体积较大、内含小粒的嗜碱性颗粒外,还含有数量较多体积较小的颗粒;单核细胞和淋巴细胞与其他种哺乳动物相应细胞形态结构类似;血小板体积较小,直径为3μm,无核,基质内含有两种颗粒,即一种是体积较大,且电子密度较高的致密颗粒,另一种为体积较小,内有芯样结构的特殊颗粒.     

穿心莲内酯提高异嗜性粒细胞吞噬和杀伤鸡大肠杆菌O78功能的体外试验

模拟大肠杆菌O78在血液中被鸡异嗜性粒细胞吞噬杀伤的过程,利用激光共聚焦和涂板茵落计数的方法研究中药单体成分穿心莲内酯对异嗜性粒细胞吞噬杀伤大肠杆菌O78活性的影响.结果显示,穿心莲内酯质量浓度为1 mg/L时有极显著的提高异嗜性粒细胞吞噬大肠杆菌O78的作用(P＜0.01),并且在异嗜性粒细胞发挥杀伤作用的12h后有极显著的增强其杀伤作用的功效(P＜0.01).结果表明,穿心莲内酯能够提高异嗜性粒细胞吞噬、杀伤大肠杆菌O78的活性,从而起到增强机体抗病能力,提高机体免疫力的作用.     

黄芪甲苷调节鸡异嗜性粒细胞吞噬和杀伤大肠埃希菌O78作用的体外研究

用涂板菌落计数和激光共聚焦方法观察中药单体黄芪甲苷作用后的鸡异嗜性粒细胞吞噬和杀伤鸡大肠埃希菌O78能力的变化,结果显示,黄芪甲苷在5μg/mL有极显著提高异嗜性粒细胞吞噬大肠埃希菌O78的作用(P<0.01),并且在异嗜性粒细胞发挥杀伤作用12h后有极显著增强其杀伤作用的功效(P<0.01)。结果表明,黄芪甲苷能够提高异嗜性粒细胞吞噬、杀伤大肠埃希菌O78的活性,从而起到增强机体抗病能力,提高机体免疫力的作用。     

鸡马立克氏病外周血液各类白细胞动态观察

本研究对人工感染鸡马克氏病强毒鸡外周血液各类白细胞进行的动态观察表明：感染鸡外周血液的白细胞总数和淋巴细胞数持续性增高，单核细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞数呈一定程度的下降趋势，而嗜碱性粒细胞和异嗜性粒细胞的变化则无明显的统计学意义。     

鹅骨髓细胞化学观察

对10只成鹅的骨髓细胞进行细胞化学染色,光镜下观察,结果如下;嗜酸性粒细胞的过氧化物酶和脂类染色反应呈强阳性( );异嗜性中幼粒细胞和幼稚血栓细胞的多糖类(PAS)染色反应呈强阳性( )和较强阳性( );红系、粒系和淋巴系统的核糖核酸(RNA)染色反应呈阳性;各系统的酸性磷酸酶反应均呈阴性.     

Canine heterophilic antibodies as a source of false-positive B-type natriuretic peptide sandwich ELISA results

BACKGROUND: Interference by heterophilic antibodies is a well-known cause of false-positive sandwich ELISA results in human medicine. They are considered rarely in veterinary species and have not been characterized but could become important as newer, highly sensitive sandwich immunoassay technologies are developed. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this study were to use a B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP-32) sandwich ELISA to determine the effect of heterophilic antibodies on test performance; to characterize canine heterophilic antibodies; and to develop and test a method for heterophilic antibody removal. METHODS: A sandwich ELISA was developed using a mouse IgG(1)K monoclonal and a rabbit polyclonal antibody to two synthetic peptides of canine BNP-32. The effects on false-positive results of heterophilic antibody depletion and blocking by various techniques were compared. The titers of canine heterophilic antibodies were compared with various blood antigens from other species and the relative amount of canine IgG was compared with that of IgM heterophilic antibody. RESULTS: Heterophilic antibodies in dog plasma were shown to be capable of causing false-positive ELISA results. They reacted with blood proteins from a variety of animal species at relatively low titers and consisted of both IgG and IgM. Protein A agarose antibody precipitation, in conjunction with mouse IgG(1)K blocking antibody, was effective in eliminating false-positive sandwich ELISA results while retaining adequate test performance. CONCLUSIONS: Canine heterophilic antibodies can interfere with sandwich ELISA assays and cause false-positive test results. An effective technique for their removal that has a potentially broad application was developed, and allows measurement of canine blood constituents at low picomolar concentrations.     

Localization of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 in the Ovary of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2) play a paramount role in the regulation of normal and pathologic angiogenesis in the ovary of mammals. Very little is known on the expression of these two growth factors in the avian ovary. The aim of this study was to determine for the first time the localization of VEGF and FGF‐2 in the ovary of the ostrich using immunohistochemical techniques to investigate the vascularization of the rapidly growing huge ostrich oocyte. At the oocyte periphery, distinct VEGF‐positive granules are visible. In our opinion, the expression of VEGF in the growing oocytes, which does not occur in mammals such as bovines, does not significantly contribute to angiogenesis in the theca interna and externa, where all the original and developing vessels are located, but may contribute to the mitoses and survival of granulosa cells during folliculogenesis. A different immunostaining can be demonstrated for FGF‐2: from late pre‐vitellogenic follicles, FGF‐2 immunopositivity can be observed at the inner perivitelline layer area. In the stroma, the smooth muscle cells of small arteries and the endothelial cells of venules and veins are positively stained for FGF‐2. Another interesting finding of this study is the occurrence of a significant number of VEGF‐ and FGF‐2 positive heterophilic granulocytes within the ovarian stroma, which migrate from the periphery of the ovary towards the growing follicles. We assume that the growth factors of the heterophilic granulocytes contribute significantly to the angiogenesis seen in both theca layers.     

Histochemical identification of tissue eosinophils in the inflammatory response of the fowl (Gallus domesticus)

A staining technique was developed for the differential identification of tissue eosinophil and heterophil leucocytes in the fowl. Pieces of formalin-fixed skin, challenged with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) or citraconic anhydride (CA), were incubated in a substrate suitable for peroxidase prior to embedding in either paraffin wax, glycol methacrylate or Araldite. This results in deep brown staining of the eosinophil granules while those of the heterophils remain unstained. Heterophils and eosinophils were conspicuous at 30 minutes after challenge in the early inflammatory response. By 48 hours the heterophilic response had diminished and eosinophils had almost disappeared. Only mononuclear cells were seen at 72 hours. It is suggested that the eosinophil leucocyte might act as an early modulator of inflammation in delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in the fowl.     

Fatal cutaneous mycosis in tentacled snakes (Erpeton tentaculatum) caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii.

The fungus Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii was identified as the cause of fatal, multifocal, heterophilic dermatitis in four freshwater aquatic captive-bred tentacled snakes (Erpeton tentaculatum). Pale, 1- to 4-mm focal lesions involving individual scales, occurred primarily on the head and dorsum. Histology showed multifocal coagulation necrosis of the epidermis, with marked heterophilic infiltration without involvement of the underlying dermis. Septate, irregularly branched hyphae, and clusters of 4- to 8- by 2- to 3-microm rod-shaped cells (arthroconidia) were present within the lesions and in a superficial crust. Failure to maintain an acidic environment was likely a predisposing factor in the development of these lesions.     

Renal pathology in specific-pathogen-free chickens inoculated with a waterfowl-origin type A influenza virus

Five-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens inoculated intravenously with a waterfowl-origin type A influenza virus (A/mallard/Ohio/184/86) had swollen and mottled kidneys on days 3, 5, and 7 postinoculation (PI) and multiple raised nodules on days 5, 10, and 20 PI. Histologically, the kidneys had multifocal heterophilic tubulointerstitial nephritis with epithelial necrosis on day 3 PI, lymphoplasmacytic tubulointerstitial nephritis on day 5 PI, and fibrosing interstitial nephritis with cortical lobular collapse, atrophic tubules, glomerular aggregates, and interstitial lymphoid follicles and aggregates on days 7, 10, and 20 PI. Heterophilic intratubular medullary-cone nephritis was present in dead or moribund chickens on days 3 and 5 PI. Furthermore, the presence of mild multifocal heterophilic tubulointerstitial nephritis on day 20 PI suggests that a waterfowl-origin strain of type A influenza virus of low pathogenicity has the potential to produce acute and chronic active nephritis in the chicken and that the kidney is a potential site for influenza viral persistence. The acute, subacute, and chronic histopathologic renal lesions of this influenza virus in chickens are similar to lesions reported for some nephropathogenic infectious bronchitis viruses and avian nephritis picornavirus.     

Cryptosporidium sp.-associated enteritis without gastritis in rough green snakes (Opheodrys aestivus) and a common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis).

An epizootic of severe Cryptosporidium sp.-associated enteritis occurred in a group of 15 wild-caught juvenile rough green snakes (Opheodrys aestivus) at the Baltimore Zoo quarantine facility. All of the animals died with no premonitory signs. Histopathologic examination of the small and proximal large intestine of eight of the green snakes showed moderate to severe Cryptosporidium sp. infection and enteritis characterized by dense heterophilic and lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates throughout the lamina propria with epithelial necrosis. Cryptosporidium sp. was also found in feces of an adult common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) that was wild caught on zoo grounds and held in quarantine during the epizootic. After euthanasia, histologic examination of the garter snake showed a severe small intestinal Cryptosporidium sp. infection with only mild enteritis consisting of sparse heterophilic and lymphocytic infiltrates. There was no gross or histologic evidence of Cryptosporidium sp. gastritis in the nine snakes evaluated, and this is the first report of Cryptosporidium sp.-associated enteritis in snakes without gastric lesions.     

Reluctant to dive: coelomic effusion in a frog

An adult female, albino South African Clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) from a research colony at the Biological Resources Facility of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at North Carolina State University (NCSU) was presented with depression, lethargy, loss of diving reflex, and a distended abdomen. Cytologic examination of coelomic effusion fluid at the NCSU veterinary teaching hospital revealed a mixed population of inflammatory cells, including heterophils and a predominance of large mononuclear cells (macrophages) that often contained intracytoplasmic, negatively-stained, rod-shaped to filamentous organisms consistent with Mycobacterium sp. Ziehl-Neelsen stain revealed bright pink to red, acid-fast organisms with a beaded appearance. Histopathologic findings in tissues obtained at necropsy included marked, multifocal to coalescing, heterophilic, granulomatous and fibrinous coelomitis as well as severe multifocal heterophilic and granulomatous hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia and sinusitis/rhinitis. Slender gram-positive, acid-fast bacterial rods were identified in sections of coelomic pleura, kidneys, nasal cavities, spleen, liver, and pulmonary interstitium, indicative of systemic mycobacteriosis. Based on mycobacterial culture, the organism was identified as M marinum complex. Mycobacteria are variably gram-positive, often acid-fast, small rods that are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. The clinical and pathologic spectrum of disease in amphibians depends on host and pathogen status. Xenopus sp and several other frogs are good models for studying the pathogenesis of M tuberculosis infection. In addition to culture, polymerase chain reaction assays may be used for definitive identification of the organisms; accurate speciation may require further genetic investigation.     

Comparison of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis levels in crops of fed or fasted infected hens

Long-term feed withdrawal has been shown to increase ileocecal intestinal colonization and fecal shedding of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in challenged hens. Less information is available regarding effects of fasting on crop colonization. Two trials were conducted to compare effects of 14-day feed withdrawal vs. full feed on crop colonization in hens challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. The levels of Salmonella Enteritidis in the crops of fasted hens were significantly higher than in nonfasted hens on days 3 and 10 and days 3, 9, and 16 postinfection (PI) in trials 1 and 2, respectively. Fecal shedding of Salmonella Enteritidis was significantly increased in the fasted hens on day 10 PI in trial 1. Analysis of crop IgA anti-Salmonella Enteritidis lipopolysaccharide levels in crop lavage samples of hens in trial 1 revealed a humoral response PI in both treatment groups with no significant differences, although peak response for fasted hens occurred 1 wk later. Histologic evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained crop sections from trial 1 birds revealed mild to moderate heterophilic infiltration within the crop lamina propria (LP) or LP and epithelium of nonfasted infected hens at 24 and 96 hr PI. In comparison, heterophils in crops of fasted hens infected at this time point were sparse, indicating a possible diminished heterophil response in the fasted birds. Multifocal areas of tissue inflammation, as indicated by marked heterophil infiltration, with necrosis and sloughing of epithelium, were observed in crops from fasted hens at day 11 PI (14th day of feed withdrawal) but not in the fed groups. This severe heterophilic inflammation was observed in both challenged and nonchallenged fasted hens, suggesting that some factor other than Salmonella Enteritidis was responsible. These results indicate that feed withdrawal can have a dramatic effect on the integrity of the crop and its ultimate response to infection.     

Expression and adhesive ability of gicerin, a cell adhesion molecule, in the pock lesions of chorioallantoic membranes infected with an avian poxvirus.

The expression and adhesive activities of gicerin, a cell adhesion protein, in the pock lesions on chicken chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) infected with an avian poxvirus were studied. In normal CAMs, gicerin was found on the flattened epithelial cells, and neurite outgrowth factor (NOF) was in the basement membrane. However, in the pock lesions on infected CAMs, gicerin was overexpressed on the cell membranes of hyperplastic epithelial cells forming thick epithelial layers. Neurite outgrowth factor was also found mainly in the basement membrane, but occasionally showed aberrant expression among hyperplastic cells. In vitro analyses, using the dissociated cells from pock lesions, demonstrated that an anti-gicerin polyclonal antibody inhibit cell aggregation activity and cell adhesion to NOF. These results suggest that gicerin might promote the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein bindings of the hyperplastic epithelial cells by its homophilic and heterophilic adhesive activities, and contribute to pock formation on the infected CAMs.