杉木球花特性及其种子园花粉量的研究

本文以姥山杉木初级种子园、杉木种源林和普通杉木林为对象,对杉木雌雄球花在树冠中的分布及其发育过程,雄球花特征值频率分布,雄球花大小分类及花粉产量等进行了研究。结果表明,杉木雌雄球花在树冠中的分布具有成层性。雌球花主要分布在树冠上、中部,雄球花则主要分布在下、中部。杉木雄球花及花粉特征值频率分布为偏态分布。雄球花的大小可按小孢子叶球数平均值一倍的标准差,分为大、中、小3类。花粉的客重为656.071 8mg/cm~3。用容重法测得的每个孢粉囊产生的花粉为3700粒。姥山杉木种子园平均每株母树产生花粉约697 g,约35.1亿粒。整个种子园产花粉约12681kg,约6.5478×10~(14)粒。偏雄,宜进行适当改造。     

马尾松雌、雄球花的形态发育

本文报道了马尾松雌、雄球花的形态变化与发育进程。①雄球花(即小孢子叶球):雄球花芽聚生于当年春梢基部,外被芽鳞,芽鳞张开球花显露。小孢子囊由表皮、中间层、绒毡层和造孢组织组成。绒毡层细胞是双核的。小孢子四分体为四面体形和对称形。单核花粉时期花粉外壁延伸成2个大小相同的气囊;成熟花粉具2个原叶细胞、1个生殖细胞和1个管细胞。②雌球花(即大孢子叶球):雌球花芽着生于当年春梢顶端,顶部芽鳞张开后雌球花显露。珠鳞以螺旋状排列在球花中轴上,腹面着生两枚倒生胚珠。胚珠由珠被和珠心组成,单珠被,受粉时珠鳞张开;珠心内含1或2个大孢子母细胞。雌球花各发育阶段的出现时间,均较雄球花迟。     

日本落叶松种子园优良家系球花分布规律及花量调查

对日本落叶松种子园优良家系雌雄球花数量及在树冠上的分布规律进行调查分析。结果表明:日本落叶松雄球花在树冠垂直方向上分布差异极显著,下层和中层的数量显著多于上层,所占比例为83.39%,水平方向上南面的雄球花多于其他方向;雌球花在树冠不同冠层的分布无显著差异,中、上层的雌球花数量比下层多,东、南方向多于西、北方向;雄球花多着生在2,3 a生枝上,雌球花多着生在3,4 a生枝上,1 a生枝条上无花;不同无性系间雌雄球花数量差异显著,356号无性系的雌雄球花数量均为最多。     

东北红豆杉有性生殖器官形态建成观察

本文对东北红豆杉雌、雄球花及果实发育形态建成和生殖物候进行观察,结果表明:花芽形成于上一年7—9月,雌球花在树冠上的分布较均匀,雄球花绝大多数分布于树冠的中下部,雌、雄球花多着生在树冠外部枝条叶腋处。4月中旬珠柄伸长,胚珠外露,胚珠珠孔液滴出现,小孢子叶球伸出、散粉。4月下旬至5月初胚珠珠孔液滴和小孢子叶球散粉出现盛期和末期。珠孔接受花粉最佳时期与散粉期均为7~10 d,雌、雄植株花期同步性较高。授精后,子房开始膨大生长,7、8月份为果实膨大期,9月上旬,假种皮初熟。9月中旬至下旬,果实直径最大。9月中旬至10月下旬假种皮陆续成熟、干枯。10月上旬至11月上旬果实陆续成熟、脱落。     

华山松种子园无性系开花习性研究

云南楚雄华山松种子园的无性系,其雌球花着生在树冠外围枝条,而雄球花主要着生在树冠的内膛枝条。在水平方向上,雌球花多着生在树冠南部,雄球花的分布比较均衡;在垂直方向上,雄球花基本分布在树冠的中下部,雌球花则分布在树冠的中上部。大多数无性系的雄球花散粉期比雌花可授期早2~4 d;不同无性系间的雌雄花期具有一定的同步性。各无性系间雌、雄球花数量存在极显著差异,且有明显的偏雌或偏雄特性。雄球花量与无性系生长性状间存在显著正相关,雌球花量与树体生长相关性不显著。     

闽北山地不同世代杉木种子园球花产量调查

通过对闽北2个不同世代杉木种子园无性系球花产量的分析,结果表明,(1)杉木2代、1代种子园建园无性系雌、雄球花产量在树冠内的水平分布均表现为由内至外依次递增的规律,不同方位的差异较小。(2)球花在树冠上的垂直分布具有较为明显的成层性,雌、雄球花分别主要着生在树冠的中上部及中下部,但球花成层性在无性系间差异明显,且雄球花较雌球花的成层性更为稳定。(3)无性系间雌、雄球花产量差异巨大,少数无性系球花产量的垄断现象明显,不同世代种子园无性系球花产量无显著差异。(4)2个不同世代种子园均存在严重偏雄的现象,无性系间雄、雌球花性别比差异较大,雌球花过少的无性系所占的比重太大,不利于种子园的丰产。(5)种子园雌、雄球花产量可作为种子园健康状况的良好诊断指标。(6)杉木无性系开花习性具有较生长性状更高的变异系数,为无性系的再选择提供了事实依据。     

杉木无性系间球花产量变异的分析

摘要 1989年春在黎平县东风林场对杉木优树收集区中45个无性系和种子园六大区第五小区16个无性系(共计183株母树)的雌、雄球花产量进行了调查。统计分析结果表明:不同于性系间在雌、雄球花产量上存在着极显著的差异,种子园中少量无性系雌、雄球花产量占垄断地位的现象明显;群体间与个体间在雌、雄球花产量上的差异大小顺序为:无性系内分株间>种源内无性系间>种源区内种源间>种源区间。     

思茅松无性系种子园雌雄球花分布特性及人工辅助授粉的研究

在云南省林业科学院普文试验林场思茅松种子园开展了16个无性系的雌雄球花空间分布特性及人工辅助授粉的研究，结果表明：各无性系间雌雄球花数量及雌雄比均差异极显著，存在偏雌偏雄的变异；雌雄球花数量的空间分布存在一定的规律性，在垂直方向上，79％以上的雌球花分布于树冠的中上部，80％的雄花分布在树冠的中下部；在水平方向，东 西、南、北4个方位球花数量的分布基本一致。种子园的落花现象比较严重，且不同无性系的落花率不同；人工辅助授粉有助于雌球花的保存和座果率的提高。     

思茅松无性系种子园雌雄球花分布特性及人工辅助授粉的研究

在云南省林业科学院普文试验林场思茅松种子园开展了 16个无性系的雌雄球花空间分布特性及人工辅助授粉的研究 ,结果表明 :各无性系间雌雄球花数量及雌雄比均差异极显著 ,存在偏雌偏雄的变异 ;雌雄球花数量的空间分布存在一定的规律性 ,在垂直方向上 ,79%以上的雌球花分布于树冠的中上部 ,80 %的雄花分布在树冠的中下部 ;在水平方向 ,东、西、南、北 4个方位球花数量的分布基本一致。种子园的落花现象比较严重 ,且不同无性系的落花率不同 ;人工辅助授粉有助于雌球花的保存和座果率的提高     

柏木球花及花粉特性的研究

本文以浙江省千岛湖姥山林场柏木种子园为对象,对柏木球花及花粉的生态学特性进行了研究结果表明,柏木的雌雄球花在树冠中呈成层分布;降雨时,雄球花对花粉具有保护功能;柏木花粉体积小,重量轻,花粉量大,花粉的散发受气温、风力、相对湿度和气压的综合影响,其中气温是主导因子,风左右着花粉的传播,降雨加速花粉的沉降。其垂直空间分布和水平空间分布都有一定的规律性,针对上述特性,提出了经营柏木种子园的有关建议。     

In vivo interspecific pollination success between Pinus radiata,P. maximinoi,P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii

The objective of the study was to investigate in vivo interspecific pollination success between Pinus radiata, P. maximinoi, P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii. Pinus radiata was control pollinated with pollen lots of P. maximinoi, P. oocarpa and P. tecunumanii in a P. radiata seed orchard at Karatara (Southern Cape, South Africa). Pollination success was determined by counting the number of visible ovules, pollen grains inside and outside P. radiata ovules, as well as pollen tubes visible inside P. radiata ovules. Conelets were harvested and studied at eight time intervals, including 24 h after pollination, and weekly for 7 weeks after pollination. Histology studies with a standard fixation-dehydration-embedding sequence and paraffin wax method were used to determine the number of visible pollen grains inside versus outside the ovules and number of pollen tubes. Results indicated that pollen grains did sift through the cone scales within 24 h after pollination. However, P. radiata differed significantly (time by type of cross interaction) from the other three hybrid combinations in terms of number of visible ovules, visible pollen grains inside and outside of the ovules as well as pollen tubes, confirming limited interspecific hybridisation success. Future studies need to determine the percentage of fertile ovules in cross combination as a tool in predicting pollination success.     

Effects of accelerated pollen-cone development on pollen cytology and fertilizing potential in western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla)

Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf). Sarg.) pollen cones on cut branches were collected at different stages of development and maintained at room temperature in flasks of water to accelerate pollen-cone development and produce forced pollen. Accelerating pollen-cone development at early developmental stages reduced the number of cones that matured, decreased the quantity of pollen produced, increased the proportion of abnormally developed pollen and reduced the fertilizing potential of the pollen, as determined by seed efficiency. If the branches were collected after the pollen cones were at least 50% emerged beyond the bud scales, pollen-cone development could be successfully accelerated without decreasing pollen yield or fertilizing potential. Pollen collected from cones which were accelerated at early stages and stored for two years had a lower fertilizing potential and produced fewer seeds per cone than either unstored pollen or stored pollen collected from cones accelerated at later stages of development. The feasibility of accelerating pollen-cone development to ensure adequate supplies of pollen for controlled crosses or supplemental mass pollination is discussed.     

油杉花粉个体发育与传粉过程

应用常规压片法和整体染色透明法对油杉小孢子的发生和雄配子体的发育过程进行观察,研究其传粉生物学特征.结果表明:油杉小孢子母细胞在1月26日-2月5日进行减数分裂,在减数分裂过程中胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式多为左右对称型;小孢子经过连续4次有丝分裂后,于2月底形成5-细胞型的成熟花粉粒,成熟花粉由两个原叶细胞、一个不育细胞、一个精原细胞和一个管细胞组成,其中两个原叶细胞在花粉成熟时已退化;经TCC法检验,花粉生活力为92.6%;3月1日-8日为油杉传粉期,3日-5日为传粉高峰;在传粉期间,胚珠珠孔端无传粉滴产生,珠孔端耳状结构边缘粘附有花粉.虽然花粉母细胞发育表现出不同步现象,产生少数具3个或4个气囊的异形花粉,但从小孢子的发生及雄配子体发育的整个过程看,未见败育或其他异常现象,能形成大量正常的成熟花粉,因此,花粉个体发育不是影响油杉结籽率低的主要因素,而造成油杉球果结籽率低的主要原因可能在于其传粉过程.     

落叶松种间交配结实力变异和自交衰退的研究

落叶松种间杂交的结实率普遍较高，但不同种之间有一定差异，其中日本落叶松与兴安落叶松交配结实率最低。种内自由授粉和自交的对比试验显示，示粒种子产生的主要原因是自交。本文讨论了自交不孕无性系的可能利用途径。在不同交配组合下研究了华北落叶松捕捉花粉的过程，确定在传粉期花粉和雌性生殖器官存在一定的相互作用，但无特异性。传粉后约4周，珠心顶端破裂，分泌物进入珠孔道，并与珠被分泌物共同作用于花粉，使花粉向珠心移动。组织化学分析表明，从传粉到受精期间，蛋白质的分布发生区域性变化，传粉期蛋白质几乎分布于整个胚珠，而在受精期则主要集中在颈卵器之上的珠心组织中。初步确定在花粉萌发和受精期，华北落叶松中存在花粉识别与选择系统。     

Seed-cone receptivity and seed production potential in white spruce

Three to five ramets were selected from each of five white spruce clones for the study. Seed cones (megastrobili) were pollinated once and some were sampled at the different stages of development to study the pollination mechanism, seed-cone receptivity, and seed production potential.The proximal end of a seed cone emerged from the bud scales and was the area to be receptive first. As the seed cones continued to develop, the margins of the cone scales became reflexed to increase the surface area and to funnel pollen along the margins of two adjacent scales onto the micropylar arms. Pollen was transferred to a deep depression in the nucellus and it germinated in the depression a weel after pollination. Another week later the micropyle was sealed by the ingrowth and divisions of the cells in the micropylar canal. Receptivity of a seed cone lasted for about 10 days and the end of receptivity was signalled by the closure of cone scales.The optimal receptivity appeared to occur when seed cones approached the end of receptivity and this coincided with the peak of pollen shedding. It was evident that seed cones pollinated at this stage produced the most filled seeds, an average of 41.6 from a seed production potential of 88 seeds per cone. Total cone scales averaged 67.7 per cone of which 43.6 scales were fertile and located at the mid-portion of a cone.     

Production of a new generation of seeds through the use of somatic clones in controlled crosses of black spruce (Picea mariana)

To assess the potential to integrate somatic clones (SC) of desired characteristics in production of high genetic quality seed, controlled crosses between different SCs of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.) were used to assess their suitability for the production of viable pollen, cones, seeds and seedlings. These SC produced male and female strobili at an early stage. Pollen, cones and seeds produced were characterized (mass, size, germination); their characteristics were similar to those produced by trees in natural forests or seed orchards. A maternal effect was demonstrated for the cone size and seed mass. Although seeds had excellent germination rates, the somatic biparental crosses were divided into three distinct groups with different germination curves using the Weibull function. Seeds from controlled crosses between different SC enabled the production of high morpho-physiological quality seedlings in a forest nursery. Using black spruce as a model, we showed, for the first time, that SC can be used as seed producers. These encouraging results open new perspectives on the tangible integration of somatic embryogenesis (SE) in the chain of seed, vegetative propagation (cuttings and SE) and production of plants for high productivity plantations. Controlled crosses can be made between SC with the desired characteristics (fewer large branches, fewer nodes, good growth, high wood density, performance, improved yield, etc.), vegetative propagules produced and deployed to clonal tests. After elimination of the worst performing SC, clonal tests can be converted into seed orchards that produce a new generation of seeds of high genetic quality. This will allow the rapid introduction of new materials in elite breeding programs of forest species.     

Temporal and spatial variation of pollen yield in natural populations of Pinus roxburghii

Male components of the reproduction process in Pinus roxburghii were investigated for their variation in time and space as well as pollination,viz.flowering phenology,pollen production variability and pollen dispersal,for five successive years at two different locations (at the lower and higher elevations).The study reveals that elevation and the hour of the day are the main determinants of anthesis and microsporangium dehiscence,because both are related to temperature and humidity.The receptivity of ovulate cone strobili or female strobili occurred earlier at the lower elevation than at the higher elevation,with a longer receptivity period in the latter case.The phenology of male and female cones varied significantly between years and elevations.The determinations of pollen yield considered various sources of variability,i.e.,the number of pollen strobili per branch,strobili per tree,microsporangia per tree and pollen grains per tree.Each of these parameters revealed significant year-to-year and elevation effects.Year-to-year variation in the production of pollen cone and pollen grains with mass production after a three-year period revealed a three-year cycle of masting in pollen production in P.roxburghii.The pollen dispersal decreased quickly with distance from the pollen source.As a consequence,a distance of 600 m was proposed as a minimum to prevent contamination by pollen in the management of seed orchards.The results ultimately suggest that the ample production of pollen grains per tree along with flowering synchrony and long dispersal of pollen grains results in homogeneity in large populations.     

Reduced fertilization capacity of SO2-fumigated Picea omorika-pollen

Dry pollen of Picea omorika was fumigated with 820 μg/m³ SO₂ for 3 , 4 , or 5 days. Few or no adverse effects occurred during subsequent in vitro germination: germination percentage was not affected at all, and reduction of the pollen tube length was only 10% in pollen exposed for 5 days. Nevertheless pollination with fumigated pollen resulted in reduced seed production. 41% fewer seeds per cone were produced, and only 33% were filled seeds, compared to 70% filled seeds of the control. Seed-weight was reduced from 3.6 g per thousand in the control to 3.0 g per thousand, when cones were pollinated with pollen fumigated for 5 days. Similar but less striking effects were found with pollen fumigated for 3 or 4 days.     

Background pollination in Pinus sylvestris seed orchards

The proportion of background pollen grains in the seed crops of two Pinus sylvestris seed orchards in Central Finland was estimated with the aid of multilocus allozyme markers. The orchards studied were more than 30 years old and in full pollen production. For the bulked seed crops of the seed orchard with southern clones the estimated average of background pollination over four years was 26%. There were statistically significant differences between years. No significant heterogeneity in the degree of background pollination between clones was found. Among single ramets there was significant heterogeneity in the estimated contamination rates, but the variation was not related to position in the orchard. For the seed orchard with northern clones the bulked seed crop was studied only for one year and the level of background pollination was found to be 33 %. These estimates are fairly high, but lower than for many other orchards. Background pollination at this level will cause losses in expected genetic gains. Part of the seeds from northern orchards will not be adapted to the intended area of use.