塔里木沙漠公路防护林乔木状沙拐枣耗水特性

利用植物茎流计,测定了塔里木沙漠公路塔中段乔木状沙拐枣茎干液流变化及耗水特性.结果表明3株乔木状沙拐枣在一个生长季内的日平均耗水量为4 183.4 g;在现行的灌溉管理条件下,4～10月3株基径为3.6,3.1,1.9 cm的乔木状沙拐枣日平均耗水量分别为6 203.5,4 829.1,1 517.5 g;7月份是耗水量最大的季节.乔木状沙拐枣液流日变化呈单峰曲线型,并随环境因子的变化有所波动;液流高峰值出现在12:00～15:00,最小值出现在0:00～3:00,夜间仍保持较高的液流速率.乔木状沙拐枣液流速率与基径呈正相关关系,在6月底,3株基径为3.6,3.1,2.1 cm的乔木状沙拐枣日耗水量分别为9 521.2,5 803.1 g/d和1 818.8 g/d.不同天气条件下沙拐枣日平均率日耗水量的排列顺序为:小雨＜阴天＜浮尘＜沙尘暴＜多云＜晴天.干旱的环境条件和较为充足的水分供应是耗水量大的一个重要原因.     

冀北山地白桦全生长季树干液流特征

依据组织热平衡原理,运用热扩散探针法,于2015年3月1日-2016年3月1日对冀北山地小五台山自然保护区白桦的树干液流速率进行连续监测,并同步观测气温、相对湿度、净辐射、总辐射、风速等环境因子的变化,研究其树干液流特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:1)小五台地区白桦树干液流启动于4月下旬,结束于10月上旬,前后历时160多天。晴天条件下,不同月份树干液流速率日变化均呈典型的单峰曲线。2)生长季各月白桦树干液流速率日均值变化表现为单峰型,以7、8月最高,分别达到0.074和0.083kg·h~(-1)·cm~(-1);5、6、9月次之,达到0.06kg·h~(-1)·cm~(-1)以上。3)白桦5-9月单株日耗水量在65.04-86.69kg·tree-1·d-1之间;生长季单株总耗水量11452.07kg·tree-1,其中以7、8月耗水量最大,分别为2374.32和2687.24kg·tree-1。4)白桦树干液流速率与空气温度、净辐射、总辐射、水汽压亏缺呈极显著正相关,与空气湿度呈显著负相关,与风速相关关系不显著。辐射和气温是影响白桦树干液流速率的主要因子。     

胡杨夜间液流通量及其影响因子研究

夜间液流在树木的整个生长过程中起着非常重要的作用,它不但与夜间蒸腾有关,而且有助于夜间自根系向上运输物质,为植物器官的夜间呼吸提供氧传递的机制。采用热比率技术,测量了荒漠河岸林自然生长条件下胡杨(Populus euphratica)的夜间液流通量大小、变化规律及影响因子。结果表明:1 4月胡杨夜间液流通量变化不大;5月和9月前半夜缓慢下降,后半夜缓慢上升,但变化幅度不大;6、7、8月均呈先下降后上升的趋势,且变化幅度较5月和9月大。2前半夜胡杨累积液流量约占整夜液流量的53%~62%,而后半夜仅占整夜累积液流量的38%~47%;后半夜液流通量显著低于前半夜;胡杨各月夜间累积液流量占整日累积液流量的比例依次为:4月(45.7%)5月(30.7%)8月(30.1%)9月(29.5%)6月(28.6%)7月(26.2%),春季夜间累积液流量占整日累积液流量的比例大于夏季和秋季。3胡杨夜间液流通量受水汽压差、气温等影响,就4—9月来看,胡杨夜间液流通量与环境因子的相关系数依次为:水汽压差(0.63)气温(0.58)空气相对湿度(-0.335)土壤含水量(0.17)。水汽压差是影响夜间液流通量最关键的因子。     

灌溉量对多枝柽柳水分生理及生长的影响

运用热平衡式茎流计和压力室,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地不同水分管理条件下多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)的水分生理及生长特征进行了测定与分析.结果表明:在不同灌溉量条件下,多枝柽柳茎干液流速率的日变化不同,在灌溉量为35 kg/(株·次)和28 kg/(株·次)条件下,茎干液流的日变化曲线呈单峰型,且液流速率较高,变幅较大;但在灌溉量为17.5 kg/(株·次)条件下,其日变化曲线为双峰型,液流速率较低,变幅也较大.随着灌溉量的减少,日平均液流速率逐渐降低,日液流累积量也随之降低,日累积液流量分别为6 643.04 g,5 665.88 g,2 827.81 g.不同灌溉量条件下,多枝柽柳的清晨和午后水势都随着灌溉量的减少而降低,其中灌溉量对清晨水势的影响较大.不同灌溉量条件下,多枝柽柳的基径、新枝长度以及新枝直径都随着灌溉量的减少而减小,其平均生长速率也随着灌溉量的减少而降低.     

准噶尔盆地南缘梭梭树干液流规律比较

采用SF-300热脉冲树干液流仪,分析比较了准噶尔盆地南缘人工种植和原生条件下,梭梭树干液流及其土壤水分的变化,建立了人工种植梭梭树干液流速率与气象因子的最优回归方程。结果表明：人工种植梭梭日累积液流量过程线呈近似 “S”型,与土壤含水率具有极显著的相关性;液流速率日变化多呈双峰型,昼夜变化明显,对气温的时滞约1 h;原生梭梭耗水特征相对稳定,日累积液流量过程线近似直线型,与土壤含水率无相关性,液流速率日变化多呈多峰型,无明显日过程。观测期人工梭梭单位面积液流通量平均为0.240 L/(cm².d),是原生梭梭的1.5倍;降雨后人工和原生梭梭液流速率峰值分别比降雨前提前3 h和30 min。     

沙木蓼蒸腾耗水规律研究

采用热平衡包裹式树干茎流测量系统(Stem Heat Balance,SHB)和自动气象站观测沙木蓼生长季茎干液流以及环境因子,以揭示毛乌素沙地沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata A.Los)蒸腾耗水规律。结果表明:1)沙木蓼液流具有明显的昼夜节律,启动、停止与日出、日落同步,夜间仍保持一定液流,以补充植物体水分亏缺。2)沙木蓼液流规律受天气影响显著:降雨时白天的液流速率大幅下降,夜间液流却大幅提升,日液流总量降至晴天的一半;阴天液流速率平缓,昼夜差距减小,液流总量较晴天小幅下降;多云天液流速率波动剧烈,但总液流量变化不大。3)沙木蓼生长季的液流量与土壤水分状况和植物体的生长阶段密切相关,6、7月份沙木蓼植株处在旺盛的营养生长阶段,新叶生长迅速,加上土壤含水充足,液流量总体是增长趋势,从7月末到8月份沙木蓼植株从营养生长期过渡到生殖生长以开花结果为主的阶段,蒸腾减小,同时天气干旱土壤水分逐渐亏缺,液流量呈下降趋势。4)从6月到8月基茎9mm,16mm,25mm的沙木蓼总耗水分别为100.8kg,170.5kg,301.3kg。沙木蓼植株生长季茎干液流总量基本与基茎成正比,平均为11.5kg/mm/a,可以用来作各个茎级沙木蓼植株的茎干液流推算,进而推算已知林分的总蒸腾耗水量。     

塔里木河下游地区胡杨、柽柳液流变化研究——以英苏断面为例

应用先进的PHYTALK植物生理生态监测系统对塔里木河下游英苏断面胡杨、柽柳的液流流速和相关环境因子日变化进行了监测。结果表明:胡杨和柽柳的液流速率日变化趋势相似,有明显昼夜节律变化,夜晚平稳,白天波动剧烈,呈多峰值;受植株水分储存的影响,液流早晨启动后,液流突然下降,达到一个低值后开始恢复;主要受降雨影响,距主河道100m处的胡杨枝平均液流速率低于距主河道200m处相同直径柽柳枝的平均流速;试验期,影响胡杨和柽柳液流的主导环境因子不同,每个因子都有各自的影响机制;植株液流的变化是植株自身生理调节和外界环境共同作用的结果。     

柴达木盆地沙棘茎流速率与环境因子的关系

采用热扩散flow-32包裹式茎流计,于2014年6—9月对柴达木盆地的沙棘茎流速率进行连续观测,并应用Vantage Pro 2小型气象站对林地的太阳辐射、大气温度、相对湿度主要气象因子进行同步采集,对不同天气条件下沙棘茎流速率的变化规律以及茎流速率与主要气象因子的相关关系进行研究。结果表明:典型晴天下沙棘茎流日变化呈双峰型,典型阴天下沙棘茎流呈单峰型,晴天的平均茎流速率是阴天的2.87倍;生长季各月的平均茎流速率为:8月7月9月6月;6—9月沙棘茎流速率与温度、太阳辐射呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与湿度呈极显著负相关(P0.01),各气象因子相关系数绝对值为:太阳辐射(0.811)大气温度(0.594)湿度(-0.571),太阳辐射是主导环境要素;用SPSS软件针对上述3种环境因子进行多元线性逐步回归,得回归模型Fs=19.268-0.221Ta-0.055RH+0.036Rs(R2=0.82),能够对柴达木盆地的沙棘蒸腾耗水量进行预测。     

双层模型下艾比湖湿地植物群落蒸散计算

基于双层模型原理,结合生长季的实测数据验证,计算新疆艾比湖湿地植物群落生长季节蒸散量的时空变化,选择胡杨(Populus euphratica)、柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)3 种不同植物群落的蒸散量进行比较.结果表明:艾比湖湿地生长季植物群落平均蒸散量约为 10 mm/d,最大值在 20 mm/d 以上,出现在 58 月,总体表现出随季节变化先增长后降低的特点;3 种典型植物群落蒸散强度依次为:胡杨群落>柽柳群落>梭梭群落.构建基于能量平衡的干旱区自然系统蒸散量模型时,应考虑地表植被类型和干旱区特性.研究结果对干旱区水量平衡计算、不同植物群落的蒸腾耗水量以及艾比湖湿地自然保护区生态建设规划具有一定的参考意义.     

药用植物黄芪的茎流速率研究

本文采用植物热平衡流测(Sap Flow System)计,对沙漠绿洲边缘沙地栽植的药用植物黄芪整株茎流速率的日变化、季节变化规律及耗水量进行了测定,测试分析得出:黄芪茎流速率日变化呈双峰曲线,第一茎流速率峰值为91.22gm/hr出现在11:00时;第二茎流速率峰值为111.05gm/hr出现在20:00时;黄芪茎流速率在季节变化中7月份平均茎流速率最大为28.83gm/hr,其次是6月平均值为4.46gm/hr,8月份为4.40gm/hr。经黄芪植物茎流速率样株的耗水量计算,每亩10000株黄芪苗木蒸腾耗水量的生理用水量在6月份每亩为32m3、7月份每亩207m3、8月份每亩31m3、5月和9月共用水30m3。经茎流测试分析表明:在绿洲边缘种植药用植物黄芪比种植农作物玉米、小麦可节水27%-33%;另外,黄芪茎流速率与环境因子之间经相关分析得出,黄芪茎流与大气温度(TAIR)和水气压亏缺(VPD)呈极显著正相关关系,r值分别为0.57004和0.42114;与光量子通量密度(Qn)、大气CO2浓度(CO2.℃)和空气湿度(RH)呈不显著正或负相关关系;同时得出了黄芪茎流与各影响因子之间的回归方程。     

黑河下游胡杨林耗水规律研究

2003年5-10月,对黑河下游额济纳绿洲中一块25年生的胡杨林耗水进行了研究,结果表明通过标准木的标准比导率和树木胸径和边材面积的相关模型,可以比较准确地推算出林分的蒸腾耗水量。胡杨林的蒸腾耗水量具有明显的季节差异;胡杨幼林在生长季节耗水量为213.4mm。林分的生长状况主要受地下水位和土壤含水量的影响。     

不同生育期幼龄枣树茎流特征及其与环境因子的关系

采用包裹式茎流计对位于新疆阿克苏地区温宿县新疆林科院佳木试验站内的幼龄枣树茎流速率进行连续测定,并同步监测样地内太阳辐射、温度、空气湿度以及风速4个环境因子,研究不同生育期枣树茎流特征及其与环境变化的关系。结果表明:1夜间均存在茎流活动,茎流速率变化曲线除果实膨大期为双峰外,其余生育期内均为单峰;2日累积量变化过程曲线均为"S"形,日均耗水量和总耗水量的趋势均为先增大后减小,且差异性明显,萌芽展叶期最低,果实膨大期最大,日均耗水量分别为2.78 L和8.31 L,总耗水量分别为83.39 L和249.30L;3茎流速率曲线与太阳辐射和温度曲线波形变化趋势基本一致,与空气湿度曲线波形变化趋势相反,茎流速率与环境因子进行偏相关分析,影响枣树茎流速率的主要因子有所差异,但太阳辐射偏相关系数最高,按生育期顺次分别为0.767、0.762、0.873、0.838、0.603和0.825,利用多元线性回归对不同生育期枣树茎流速率与环境因子进行逐步回归,经过回归系数和相关系数检验,各多元线性回归方程均达到了显著水平。     

Patterns, magnitude, and controlling factors of hydraulic redistribution of soil water by Tamarix ramosissima roots

Tamarix spp.(Saltcedar)is a facultative phreatophyte that can tolerate drought when groundwater is not accessed.In addition to deep water uptake,hydraulic redistribution(HR)is another factor contributing to the drought tolerance of Tamarix spp.In this study,data on soil volumetric moisture content(θ),lateral root sap flow,and relevant climate variables were used to investigate the patterns,magnitude,and controlling factors of HR of soil water by roots of Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.in an extremely arid land in Northwest China.Results showed evident diurnal fluctuations in θ at the depths of 30 and 50 cm,indicating "hydraulic lift"(HL).θ increased remarkably at 10 and 140 cm but decreased at 30 and 50 cm and slightly changed at 80 cm after rainfall,suggesting a possible "hydraulic descent"(HD).However,no direct evidence was observed in the negative flow of lateral roots,supporting HR(including HL and HD)of T.ramosissima.The HR pathway unlikely occurred via lateral roots;instead,HR possibly occurred through adventitious roots with a diameter of 2-5 mm and a length of 60-100 cm.HR at depths of 20-60 cm ranged from 0.01-1.77 mm/d with an average of 0.43 mm/d,which accounted for an average of 22% of the estimated seasonal total water depletion at 0-160 cm during the growing season.The climate factors,particularly vapor pressure deficit and soil water potential gradient,accounted for at least 33% and 45% of HR variations with depths and years,respectively.In summary,T.ramosissima can be added to the wide list of existing species involved in HR.High levels of HR may represent a considerable fraction of daily soil water depletion and substantially improve plant water status.HR could vary tremendously in terms of years and depths,and this variation could be attributed to climate factors and soil water potential gradient.     

Intra-annual stem diameter growth of Tamarix ramosissima and association with hydroclimatic factors in the lower reaches of China’s Heihe River

High-resolution observations of cambial phenology and intra-annual growth dynamics are useful approaches for understanding the response of tree growth to climate and environmental change. During the past two decades, rapid socioeconomic development has increased the demand for water resources in the oases of the middle reaches of the Heihe River in northwestern China, and the lower reaches of the Heihe River have changed from a perennial river to an ephemeral stream with a decreased and degraded riparian zone. Tamarisk（Tamarix ramosissima） is the dominant shrub species of the desert riparian forest. In this study, the daily and seasonal patterns of tamarisk stem diameter growth, including the main period of tree ring formation, were examined. Observations concerning the driving forces of growth changes, along with implications for the ecology of the dendrohydrological area and management of desert riparian forests in similar arid regions, are also presented. The diurnal-seasonal activity of stem diameter and the dynamics of growth ring formation were studied using a point dendrometer and micro-coring methods during the 2012 growing season in shrub tamarisk in a desert riparian forest stand in the lower reaches of the Heihe River in Ejin Banner, Inner Mongolia of northwestern China. Generally, the variation in diurnal diameter of tamarisk was characterized by an unstable multi-peak pattern, with the cumulative stem diameter growth over the growing season following an S-shaped curve. The period from late May to early August was the main period of stem diameter growth and growth-ring formation. Among all of the hydroclimatic factors considered in this study, only groundwater depth was significantly correlated with stem diameter increment during this period. Therefore, for the dendrochronological study, the annual rings of the tamarisk can be used to reconstruct processes that determine the regional water regime, such as river runoff and fluctuations in groundwater depth. For the management of desert riparian for     

Effects of deficit irrigation on daily and seasonal variations of trunk sap flow and its growth in Calligonum arborescens

Water deficit in arid and semiarid regions affects whole-plant sap flow and leaf-level water relations. The objectives of this study were to clarify how sap flow of Calligonum arborescens responds to different drought stress conditions and to understand its acclimation mechanism to drought environments. A field experiment was conducted for C. arborescens during the growing season to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation on the daily and seasonal variations of trunk sap flow in the shelterbelt along the Tarim Desert Highway, Xinjiang, China. Three different water regimes (2,380, 1,960 and 1,225 m3 /hm2 ) were applied at different stages of plant growth. From 1 May to 30 October 2007, a heat-balance stem flow gauge was used to monitor the sap flow dynamics of C. arborescens under different water regimes. Atmospheric evaporation demand and soil moisture conditions for differentially irrigated C. arborescens were also monitored. The result showed that sap flow exhibited a clear diurnal pattern regardless of treatments; the diurnal patterns of sap flow and vapour pressure deficit were very similar under different water regimes and growing seasons, while the slope of the linear regression of this correlation confirmed an increasing water regime. The sap flow decreased under reduced water regimes and there was nocturnal sap flow regardless of water regimes, which was mainly contributed to nocturnal transpiration and water recharge. The sap flow peaked before midnight and dropped afterwards with obviously higher values in summer than in other seasons. It is speculated that the water consumption of C. arborescens during the day can be supplemented through the sap flow at night, which increased with increasing irrigation amount. Net radiation was the most significant correlated factor that influenced sap flow velocity and transpiration under different water regimes (R2 >0.719). Compared with the commonly practiced water regime, the growth of C. arborescens was significantly slower in the stress deficit irrigation, but not significantly different from that in the moderate deficit irrigation. The moderate deficit irrigation would not affect the stability of the shelterbelt and was a more efficient use of water resources compared with the current watering amount.     

毛乌素沙地旱柳和小叶杨树干液流密度及其与气象因子的关系

研究毛乌素沙地旱柳(Salix matsudana)和小叶杨(Populus simonii)树干液流密度的变化特征及其与气象因子的关系,是实现该地区水与生态和谐发展的基础。利用Granier热消散探针法测量了旱柳和小叶杨不同方向和不同深度的树干液流密度。监测结果表明:不同方位间的树干液流密度日变化特征相似并具有较强的相关性,但监测结果相差较大;不同深度的监测结果也具有类似的特征。如果忽略这种方位间和深度上的变化,整树耗水计算结果的误差最大可达104%。树干液流密度与气象因子的相关分析表明,旱柳和小叶杨的树干液流密度与大气辐射相关性最好,其次为气温。时滞分析表明,旱柳和小叶杨的树干液流密度与净辐射没有时滞,与水汽压亏缺间存在1 h的滞后。由此可见,以树干径流结果为基础在推算单株耗水量时,必须考虑方位及探头深度并合理校正。     

井式节水灌溉下干旱区灰枣树干液流动态及其对气象因子的响应

在干旱区采用热扩散式液流仪(TDP)、HOBO小气候仪连续监测井式节水灌溉方式下盛果期枣树干液流及气象因子,探讨井式灌溉条件下盛果期枣树干液流变化对气象因子的响应。结果表明:枣树整个生育期树干液流总量为3 935 kg,夏季液流累积量为2 387 kg,约占整个生育期液流总量的61%,蒸腾耗水量夏季最为严重。影响各月枣树干液流的主导气象因子不同,而太阳辐射占各月比例较多。太阳辐射、水汽压亏缺值越大并不代表液流速率越大,液流速率的大小取决于时间、气象及枣树生理状态。