Local response of bacterial densities and enzyme activities to elevated atmospheric CO2 and different N supply in the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Altered flux of labile C from plant roots into soil is thought to influence growth and maintenance of microbial communities under elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. We studied the abundance and function of the soil microbial community at two levels of spatial resolution to assess the response of microorganisms in the rhizosphere of the whole root system and of apical root zones of Phaseolus vulgaris L. to elevated CO₂ and high or low N supply.

At the coarser resolution, microbial biomass C, basal respiration and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) patterns in the rhizosphere remained unaffected by elevated CO₂, because the C flux from the whole root system into soil did not change [as shown by Haase, S., Neumann, G., Kania, A., Kuzyakov, Y., Römheld, V., Kandeler, E., 2007. Elevation of atmospheric CO₂ and N-nutritional status modify nodulation, nodule carbon supply, and root exudation of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 39, 2208–2221]. At a higher spatial resolution, more low-molecular-weight compounds were released from apical root zones under elevated CO₂. Thus, at an early stage of plant growth (12 days after sowing), elevated CO₂ induced an increase of enzyme activities (xylosidase, cellobiosidase and leucine-aminopeptidase) in the rhizosphere soil of apical root zones. At later stages of plant growth (21 days after sowing), however, enzyme activities (those above as well as N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and phosphatase) decreased under elevated CO₂. The abundance of total and denitrifying bacteria in the rhizosphere soil of apical root zones was unaffected by CO₂ elevation or N supply. Plant age seemed to be the main factor influencing the density of the bacterial community. In conclusion, the soil microbial community in the apical root zone responded to elevated CO₂ by altered enzyme regulation (production and/or activity) and not by greater bacterial abundance.     

Differences in the Rhizosphere Microbial Activity and Community Composition of Commelina communis along a Copper Contamination Gradient

We studied the effects of copper (Cu) phytoremediation on microbial community composition under laboratory conditions. A Cu accumulator, Commelina communis, was grown on a soil containing different gradients of Cu. Results showed that the biomass of C. communis grown with Cu differed from that of the control. Concentrations of Cu in the shoots of C. communis were 73.6, 160.9, and 319.1 mg kg^?1 under 200, 500, and 1000 mg kg^?1 Cu treatments, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) fingerprint analysis revealed that additions of Cu decreased the number of bands in the soil with C. communis or without plants. The principal component analysis explained 52.7% of the variance for the different rhizospheres of soil and Cu treatments in the soil samples. These results indicated significant effects on soil bacteria activity and community composition in the rhizosphere of C. communis and provided a basis for further studies of metal-accumulator plant effects on soil microorganisms.     

连作西瓜的根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性

以山东大鹏西瓜基地0,3,9,15 a的西瓜根和根际土壤为研究对象,采用野外调查和实验室分析方法分析连作对西瓜根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明:随着连作年限的增加,土壤有机质和氮磷钾含量递减,连作第15年有机质及有效氮磷钾含量最低。在同一生长时期内,连作年限越长,西瓜根系活跃吸收面积和总吸收面积最低,根际土壤酶活性呈现先递增后下降的趋势,并且根际土壤酶活力幼苗期 < 抽蔓期 < 结果期。在连作前期土壤中可培养微生物代谢活力递增,连作后期微生物代谢活力递减,且连作越久土壤中微生物群落多样性降低,均匀度先增加后降低。相关性分析表明,土壤中过氧化氢酶（p < 0.05）、磷酸酶（p < 0.05）、蔗糖酶（p < 0.01）、速效磷（p < 0.05）、速效钾（p < 0.05）与真菌具有正相关性;脲酶与细菌正相关（p < 0.01）,与碱解氮负相关（p < 0.01）;过氧化氢酶（p < 0.05）、碱解氮（p < 0.01）与放线菌具有显著正相关。综上所述,连作0～9 a,土壤微生物代谢活力和酶活性增强,养分流失较小;连作9 a后,土壤养分流失严重,土壤酶活性和微生物代谢活力显著降低,产生连作障碍,说明减少连作年限可使西瓜优质丰产并且可持续发展,反之影响西瓜正常生长生产,损害经济效益。     

不同栽培年限人参根际土壤细菌群落与土壤理化性质和酶活性的相关性

[目的]微生物和土壤酶是土壤微环境构建的重要部分,土壤质量与微生物功能多样性及酶活性等生物学指标密切相关,人参根际土壤的理化性质、微生物群落及酶活性对人参的产量和品质均有很大影响,研究不同栽培年限人参根际土壤细菌群落与土壤理化指标及酶活性的相关性,为人参的栽培管理提供科学依据.[方法]于人参红果期分别采集种植3、4和5...     

Rhizosphere microbial community and Zn uptake by willow (Salix purpurea L.) depend on soil sulfur concentrations in metalliferous peat soils

On numerous occasions, rhizosphere microbial activities have been identified as a key factor in metal phytoavailability to various plant species and in phytoremediation of metal-contaminated sites. For soil bioremediation efforts in heavy metal contaminated areas, microbes adapted to higher concentrations of heavy metals are required. This study was a field survey undertaken to examine rhizosphere microbial communities and biogeochemistry of soils associated with Zn accumulation by indigenous willows (Salix purpurea L.) in the naturally metalliferous peat soils located near Elba, NY. Soil and willow leaf samples were collected from seven points, at intervals 18 m apart along a willow hedgerow, on four different dates during the growing season. Soil bacterial community composition was characterized by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and a 16S clone library was created from the rhizosphere of willows and soils containing the highest concentrations of Zn. Bacterial community composition was correlated with soil sulfate, but not with soil pH. The clone library revealed comparable phylogenetic associations to those found in other heavy metal-contaminated soils, and was dominated by affiliations within the phyla Acidobacteria (32%), and Proteobacteria (37%), and the remaining clones were associated with a wide array of phyla including Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteriodetes, and Cyanobacteria. Diverse microbial populations were present in both rhizosphere and bulk soils of these naturally metalliferous peat soils with community composition highly correlated to the soil sulfate cycle throughout the growing season indicative of a sulfur-oxidizing rhizosphere microbial community. Results confirm the importance of soil characterization for informing bioremediation efforts in heavy metal contaminated areas and the reciprocity that microbial communities uniquely adapted to specific conditions and heavy metals may have on an ecosystem.     

Changes in δC composition of soil carbonates driven by organic matter decomposition in a Mediterranean climate: A field incubation experiment

The current view on the relationship between the δ¹³C of pedogenic carbonates and soil organic matter is based on static studies, in which soil profiles are analysed at a given moment of their development. A dynamic approach to this question should also be possible by studying under field conditions how the δ¹³C of carbonates changes as organic matter decomposes. No such study has been undertaken owing to the slowness of the changes in the δ¹³C of carbonates, since it has been calculated that a detectable change will occur only after millenia. Nevertheless, this may not be true where soil CO₂ efflux is intense, as expected in soil zones with high microbial activity. In this paper we test the latter assumption by incubating mixtures of plant material and carbonate-rich red earth in the field at depths of 5, 20 and 40 cm. Four types of plant material were tested: Medicago sativa, Eucalyptus globulus, Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis. Because the isotopic composition of these plant materials is known, we can determine the isotopic composition of the respired C and study how it relates to the (expected) changes in the δ¹³C. After two years of field incubation, the changes in δ¹³C of carbonates were high enough to be reliably detected and quantified, thus showing that the isotopic composition of soil carbonates can change quite rapidly in biologically active soil horizons. The observed changes are possible only if we assume that the increase in δ¹³C in the overall path respired C → pedogenic carbonate is much higher than the usually applied standard factors (about 15‰). These enrichments can be explained by assuming, as does the currently accepted paradigm, that the precipitation of new carbonates occurs in an open system in which the penetration of free-air CO₂ plays a major role. On the other hand, these enrichments can also be explained by an alternative interpretation, which assumes that the dissolution–precipitation carbonate cycles occur in systems that can be at least temporarily closed. Thus, we suggest that both possibilities (carbonate dissolution and precipitation in either an open or closed system) can coexist in a given soil, even though one or the other will dominate in any given time period.     

Shifts in rhizosphere microbial communities and enzyme activity of Poa alpina across an alpine chronosequence

This study quantifies the influence of Poa alpina on the soil microbial community in primary succession of alpine ecosystems, and whether these effects are controlled by the successional stage. Four successional sites representative of four stages of grassland development (initial, 4 years (non-vegetated); pioneer, 20 years; transition, 75 years; mature, 9500 years old) on the Rotmoos glacier foreland, Austria, were sampled. The size, composition and activity of the microbial community in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were characterized using the chloroform-fumigation extraction procedure, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and measurements of the enzymes β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase and sulfatase. The interplay between the host plant and the successional stage was quantified using principal component (PCA) and multidimensional scaling analyses. Correlation analyses were applied to evaluate the relationship between soil factors (C_org, N_t, C/N ratio, pH, ammonium, phosphorus, potassium) and microbial properties in the bulk soil. In the pioneer stage microbial colonization of the rhizosphere of P. alpina was dependent on the reservoir of microbial species in the bulk soil. As a consequence, the rhizosphere and bulk soil were similar in microbial biomass (ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NHR-N)), community composition (PLFA), and enzyme activity. In the transition and mature grassland stage, more benign soil conditions stimulated microbial growth (NHR-N, total amount of PLFA, bacterial PLFA, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria), and microbial diversity (Shannon index H) in the rhizosphere either directly or indirectly through enhanced carbon allocation. In the same period, the rhizosphere microflora shifted from a G⁻ to a more G⁺, and from a fungal to a more bacteria-dominated community. Rhizosphere β-xylosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, and sulfatase activity peaked in the mature grassland soil, whereas rhizosphere leucine aminopeptidase, β-glucosidase, and phosphatase activity were highest in the transition stage, probably because of enhanced carbon and nutrient allocation into the rhizosphere due to better growth conditions. Soil organic matter appeared to be the most important driver of microbial colonization in the bulk soil. The decrease in soil pH and soil C/N ratio mediated the shifts in the soil microbial community composition (bacPLFA, bacPLFA/fungPLFA, G⁻, G⁺/G⁻). The activities of β-glucosidase, β-xylosidase and phosphatase were related to soil ammonium and phosphorus, indicating that higher decomposition rates enhanced the nutrient availability in the bulk soil. We conclude that the major determinants of the microflora vary along the successional gradient: in the pioneer stage the rhizosphere microflora was primarily determined by the harsh soil environment; under more favourable environmental conditions, however, the host plant selected for a specific microbial community that was related to the dynamic interplay between soil properties and carbon supply.     

棉秆生物质炭添加对棉田土壤理化性质及根际微生物群落结构的影响

以新疆滴灌棉田为研究对象,研究生物质炭施用对棉田土壤理化性质和棉花根际土壤微生物群落特征的影响。试验采集了不施生物质炭(CK)、施生物质炭3 t/hm²(BC1)、施生物质炭6 t/hm²(BC2)和施生物质炭9 t/hm²(BC3)4种处理棉花根际土壤,分析土壤理化性质和根际土壤微生物群落结构和组成的变化。结果表明,生物质炭施用后土壤pH和电导率分别下降了5.58% ~ 9.18%和5.38% ~ 18.04%;与CK相比,生物质炭施用使土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷含量均显著增加,且BC3增加效果最好,但生物质炭施用导致土壤钾含量显著降低。生物质炭施用显著降低了浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)相对丰度,但增加了子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、斯克尔曼氏菌属(Skermanella)、苔藓杆菌属(Bryobacter)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)、头束霉菌属(Cephalotrichum)、金孢属(Chrysosporium)和拟棘壳孢属(Pyrenochaetopsis)的相对丰度。另外,生物质炭施用降低了根际土壤微生物多样性和细菌丰富度,但根际土壤真菌的丰富度提高。生物质炭施用显著影响根际土壤微生物特别是真菌的群落结构,电导率、速效钾和pH是根际土壤微生物群落的主要影响因子。研究表明,生物质炭施用可以改善棉田土壤理化性质进而影响根际土壤微生物群落组成和结构,9 t/hm²为本试验的推荐施用量。     

铜胁迫对抗虫转基因水稻根际土壤微生物的影响

根际土壤微生物群落是联系土壤环境与作物生长的重要纽带,也是转基因作物环境安全评价的主要指标,而Cu胁迫对转基因水稻根际土壤微生物的影响目前尚不清楚。本研究基于盆栽试验,采用高通量测序等技术研究Cu胁迫(Cu含量100mg/kg)对抗虫转基因水稻华恢1号(HH)及其亲本非转基因水稻明恢63(MH)农艺性状及成熟期根际土壤微生物的影响,并以不施加Cu胁迫处理为对照。结果显示:Cu胁迫显著降低了水稻株高、生物量及产量;Cu胁迫改变了水稻根际土壤总氮、铵态氮含量及氧化还原电位值,而种植转基因水稻仅降低了根际土壤氧化还原电位值;Cu胁迫没有影响水稻根际土壤细菌丰度,但降低了细菌群落Alpha-多样性,改变了水稻根际土壤细菌群落组成和群落结构;相同Cu含量胁迫下,HH和MH水稻生长指标及根际土壤细菌群落结构及组成差异较小。上述研究表明,Cu胁迫抑制了水稻农艺性状及根际土壤细菌群落,但种植抗虫转基因水稻没有影响水稻植株及根际土壤细菌群落对Cu胁迫的抗性。     

不同作物根际土壤微生物的群落结构特征分析

为探究根际微生物群在支持植物生长、发育和健康方面的重要作用,本研究在2017年7月采集同一农田中大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]、玉米[Zea mays)、花生(Arachis hypogaea L.]、四季豆[Phaseolus vulgaris L.]、豇豆[Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]、番薯[Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]和芋艿[Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schoot]7种不同作物,通过Illumina MiSeq测序技术和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)对这7种不同作物的根际微生物群落结构和组成进行了分析。结果显示,不同作物根际土壤微生物的PLFA种类和组成差异显著,但均以表征革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌和真菌的特征脂肪酸为主。花生根际土中微生物的PLFAs含量最高,花生根际土中的真菌细菌比(F/B)显著高于其他作物,且其革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌比(G⁺/G^-)最低。尽管在门水平,变形菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门和厚壁菌门是7种作物根际微生物的主要优势门,但是在纲水平和目水平不同作物根际微生物组成存在差异。Alpha多样性分析表明,大豆根际的OTU丰富度(Chao1,P<0.001)和细菌群落多样性(Shannon,P<0.001)在7种作物中最高。非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)表明,根际微生物群落结构在OTU和PLFAs水平下均以不同作物形成聚类,不同聚类间的差异显著。根际敏感微生物的筛选和比较进一步说明不同作物对根际微生物的选择具有差异性,群落中某些特定菌群优势度存在区别,不同作物具有不同敏感微生物的选择倾向。本研究为构建健康的植物根际微生物群落以促进植物育种提供了基础。     

影响不同果期米槁主要成分的根际优势微生物群落及其对土壤性质的响应

  【目的】  植物–微生物之间的互作反馈机制是果实类药材发育成熟过程中影响品质形成的重要因素之一。因此,我们研究了著名民族药用植物米槁果实发育成熟过程中3个关键时期根际微生物群落变化对其品质形成的影响。  【方法】  于贵州境内选择罗甸(LD)、坝碰(BP)、祥乐(XL) 3个典型米槁居群,在其幼果期、近成熟期和成熟期取果实和根际土壤样品,分别测定其果实化学成分和土壤中微生物群落、土壤化学性质的变化。采用多元统计方法分析米槁根际微生物群落动态变化与米槁果实成分积累的潜在关系。  【结果】  3个居群中共获得真菌有效优质序列870008条,可分为3026个OTU。获得细菌有效优质序列568739条,可分为4971个OTU;从不同果期微生物丰度较高的类群来看(去除未分类类群),根际真菌中幼果期以Saitozyma、被孢霉属(Mortierella)较高,近成熟期以灵芝属(Ganoderma)、小杯伞属(Clitocybula)较高,成熟期以被孢霉属(Mortierella)、Saitozyma较高。根际细菌中幼果期以鞘脂单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)较高,近成熟期以节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)较高,成熟期以节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、不动杆菌属(Acidibacter)较高;土壤养分中有效磷各个果期差异最为显著,其他养分差异相对较小;从果实化学成分组成情况来看,罗甸的米槁果实糖类和粗脂肪含量最高和挥发油含量中等,总体来说质量最好;RDA分析表明,优势菌属Saitozyma、被孢霉属(Mortierella)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)对米槁果实中α-松油醇、桧烯、可溶性多糖、粗多糖积累具有促进作用。土壤脲酶(S-UE)活性对米槁根际微生物群落组成影响最大,其次为有效磷和过氧化氢酶。  【结论】  不同果期米槁根际均以子囊菌门(Ascomycota,未鉴定属),Saitozyma、被孢霉属(Mortierella)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)等微生物类群对果实化学成分积累具有明显促进作用。但其中品质最佳的罗甸居群受子囊菌门(Ascomycota,未鉴定属)影响最大,坝碰、祥乐则受被孢霉属(Mortierella)影响最大,3个产地米槁根际真菌中伞菌属(Agaricus)、镰孢菌属(Fusarium)和瓶霉属(Phialophora)对果实松油醇、桧烯积累的影响不显著,而在不同果期微生物群落结构变化又主要受到土壤脲酶活性(S-UE)、有效磷含量和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。     

连作对再植枸杞根际细菌群落多样性和群落结构的影响研究

受枸杞道地产区土地资源等因素限制,连作障碍已成为影响枸杞产业发展的重要原因之一,导致严重的经济损失.研究连作条件下枸杞农田土壤生态系统微生物群落的演替规律对枸杞产业的可持续发展具有重要的理论意义.以宁夏银川市南梁农场连作多年的枸杞地为研究对象,利用Illumina MiSeq测序技术分析了连作对再植枸杞根际/非根际细菌群落的影响.结果表明,连作地显著抑制再植枸杞苗地径的增加,且其土壤pH较对照样地显著降低(p<0.05).测序结果证实,与对照样地相比,连作地再植枸杞根际土壤细菌物种数显著降低(p<0.05),细菌群落α多样性下降(p>0.05).主坐标分析表明,连作和对照样地间枸杞非根际细菌群落结构无明显差异,但连作显著改变再植枸杞根际细菌的群落结构.对细菌群落丰度的统计分析发现,连作地枸杞根际浮霉菌门、非根际假单胞菌门的相对丰度较对照样地显著降低(p<0.05).此外,冗余分析结果表明:枸杞园土壤pH和有效磷含量是影响枸杞非根际土壤细菌群落结构变化的主要因素,分别解释了41.8%和35.4%的群落结构变化(p<0.05),其他土壤因子无统计学意义,但土壤理化因子对再植枸杞根际细菌群落结构变化的影响均未达显著水平.这些结果证实连作能够显著抑制再植枸杞生长、影响再植枸杞根际细菌群落结构和多样性,干扰枸杞与土壤细菌群落间的互作关系.这些研究结果将为解析枸杞连作障碍机制提供理论基础.     

秸秆还田方式对根际固氮菌群落及花生产量的影响

  【目的】  固氮微生物是土壤中重要的功能微生物,其多样性和群落组成变化能够影响土壤氮素固定与氮循环过程,探究不同秸秆还田方式对根际土壤固氮菌多样性和群落组成的影响机制具有重要意义。  【方法】  基于中国科学院鹰潭红壤生态实验站花生单作系统不同秸秆还田长期定位试验,设置不施肥对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、NPK肥+秸秆还田(NPKS)、NPK肥+秸秆猪粪配施(NPKSM)和NPK肥+秸秆生物炭(NPKB) 5个处理,利用高通量测序技术,分析不同秸秆还田方式下根际固氮菌多样性和群落组成的变化特征。  【结果】  秸秆还田处理下土壤有机碳(SOC)、速效钾、全磷、有效磷、全氮含量提升,其中以NPK肥+秸秆猪粪配施(NPKSM)处理效果最佳。秸秆还田增加了固氮微生物多样性,并显著改变其群落组成,在纲水平上固氮菌以α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,82.5%)为优势类群;在属水平上以慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium,51.9%)为优势类群。土壤有效磷是影响固氮菌多样性指数的主要因素,而土壤pH、SOC、速效钾、全磷、有效磷、全氮和铵态氮是影响固氮菌群落组成的主要因素。结构等式方程研究结果表明土壤有效磷和全氮通过改变δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria)的相对丰度和固氮菌群落组成间接影响花生产量。  【结论】  秸秆还田显著提升了土壤肥力,土壤有效磷是根际固氮菌多样性和群落组成改变、花生产量提高的重要驱动因素,通过提高Deltaproteobacteria的相对丰度促进了花生增产。本研究为建立合理的秸秆还田措施,增强生物固氮潜力以及提升红壤肥力与健康提供科学依据。     

羟基磷灰石–植物联合修复对Cu/Cd污染植物根际 土壤微生物群落的影响

针对江西贵溪Cu、Cd重金属污染土壤,通过田间试验,比较无机生物材料羟基磷灰石及3种植物(海州香薷、巨菌草、伴矿景天)与羟基磷灰石联合修复对土壤总Cu、Cd的吸收及对活性Cu、Cd的钝化吸收能力差异。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析法,比较不同修复模式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以评估土壤微生态环境对不同修复措施的响应。研究结果表明:羟基磷灰石的施加可显著提高土壤pH,并有效钝化土壤活性Cu、Cd含量,但对土壤总Cu、Cd的含量影响较小。植物与羟基磷灰石的联合修复在显著降低土壤活性Cu、Cd(P0.05)的同时,减少了植物根际土壤总Cu、Cd的含量(P0.05)。不同修复措施对土壤微生物群落组成影响差异明显。单独施加羟基磷灰石与土壤真菌群落呈显著正相关,使土壤真菌生物量提高,从而引起真菌/细菌(F/B)的升高。植物与羟基磷灰石的联合修复可有效缓解土壤真菌化的趋势,其中巨菌草与羟基磷灰石的联合修复可有效提高土壤革兰氏阳性、革兰氏阴性细菌生物量及多样性,降低F/B值,从而降低土壤真菌病害的风险。不同植物根系活性代谢引起有机质的积累促进植物与羟基磷灰石处理中根际有机碳含量显著提高。聚类增强树(Aggregated boosted tree,ABT)分析结果表明:不同修复模式是影响土壤微生物群落的重要因素,其次土壤pH和Cu的含量及活性也是改变重金属污染区域微生物群落的因子。该研究从微生物群落结构角度解释了植物与羟基磷灰石联合修复对土壤微生态体系的作用,为开展Cu、Cd等重金属污染地植物与无机生物材料的联合修复方式的筛选及实施提供可靠的理论依据。     

根系分泌物不同组分对西南亚高山云杉人工林土壤微生物和胞外酶活性的影响

【目的】揭示根系分泌物不同组分对土壤微生物及其胞外酶活性的影响差异。【方法】在受控良好的根际生态模拟装置中,通过模拟根系每天向采自西南亚高山云杉人工林（约70年）的土壤中分别添加葡萄糖、草酸和甘氨酸溶液,并培养25天（共添加了70.65 mg碳）。【结果】葡萄糖添加显著增加了几乎所有微生物类群（除了革兰氏阴性细菌）的活性,草酸添加也显著增加了绝大多数微生物群落的活性（如革兰氏阳性细菌、革兰氏阴性细菌和总微生物群落）,但葡萄糖添加对微生物群落活性的增加效应较草酸明显,而甘氨酸添加则呈现出抑制微生物活性的趋势。同时,葡萄糖添加和草酸添加分别显著增加了β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶和过氧化物酶的活性,并且也有增加酸性磷酸酶和多酚氧化酶酶活性的趋势,而甘氨酸添加对多数胞外酶活性的影响不显著。【结论】根系分泌物不同组分（葡萄糖、草酸和甘氨酸）对土壤微生物活性、群落组成和胞外酶产生了差异化的影响,造成这些差异的原因可能与根系分泌物不同组分所含的化学官能团（甲基和羧基）以及能量属性有关。因此,在未来构建根际生物地球化学循环模型时,应当充分考虑根系分泌物组分之间的差异效应。     

两种草本植物根系对土壤可蚀性的影响

为揭示草本植物根系对土壤抗侵蚀能力的影响,选取白三叶（Trifolium repens L.）、黑麦草（Loliu perenne L.）及两者混播根系为研究对象,通过冲刷试验,研究了3种种植类型的根系特征及对土壤可蚀性影响。结果表明:（1）白三叶、黑麦草及混播草的根长密度（RLD）、根面积比（RAR）及根重密度（RMD）由春季到秋季呈现先升高后降低最后趋于稳定的变化趋势。（2）试验期内,土壤可蚀性大小顺序为白三叶 < 黑麦草 < 混播草 < 裸地。3种种植类型的土壤可蚀性与土壤容重、水稳性团聚体、RLD、RAR及RMD呈指数函数形式下降（R²>0.70）。（3）土壤可蚀性与0～1.0 mm径级根系极显著正相关（p<0.01）,与1.0～2.0 mm,0～2.0 mm显著正相关（p<0.05）。     

Experimental warming effects on the microbial community of a temperate mountain forest soil

Soil microbial communities mediate the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM). The amount of carbon (C) that is respired leaves the soil as CO₂ (soil respiration) and causes one of the greatest fluxes in the global carbon cycle. How soil microbial communities will respond to global warming, however, is not well understood. To elucidate the effect of warming on the microbial community we analyzed soil from the soil warming experiment Achenkirch, Austria. Soil of a mature spruce forest was warmed by 4 °C during snow-free seasons since 2004. Repeated soil sampling from control and warmed plots took place from 2008 until 2010. We monitored microbial biomass C and nitrogen (N). Microbial community composition was assessed by phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) and by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of ribosomal RNA genes. Microbial metabolic activity was estimated by soil respiration to biomass ratios and RNA to DNA ratios. Soil warming did not affect microbial biomass, nor did warming affect the abundances of most microbial groups. Warming significantly enhanced microbial metabolic activity in terms of soil respiration per amount of microbial biomass C. Microbial stress biomarkers were elevated in warmed plots. In summary, the 4 °C increase in soil temperature during the snow-free season had no influence on microbial community composition and biomass but strongly increased microbial metabolic activity and hence reduced carbon use efficiency.     

Influence of enhanced malate dehydrogenase expression by alfalfa on diversity of rhizobacteria and soil nutrient availability

Transgenic alfalfa over-expressing a nodule-enhanced malate dehydrogenase (neMDH) cDNA and untransformed alfalfa plants were grown at the same field site and rhizosphere soils collected after 53 weeks of plant growth. These alfalfa lines differ in the amount and composition of root organic acids produced and exuded into the rhizosphere. Nucleotide sequencing of PCR-based 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clone libraries and Biolog™ GN microtiter plates were employed to assess the activity of naturally occurring rhizobacteria in the two alfalfa rhizospheres. Selected macro- and micro-elements in the two alfalfa rhizosphere soils were also measured. Analysis of 240 16S rDNA clone sequences indicated the existence of about 11 bacterial phyla and their major subdivisions in the two alfalfa rhizosphere samples. There were qualitative changes in the abundance of bacterial phylogenetic groups between rhizosphere soils of transgenic and untransformed alfalfa. Carbon substrate utilization profiles suggested that rhizosphere samples from transgenic alfalfa had significantly greater microbial functional diversity compared with rhizosphere samples from untransformed alfalfa. The concentrations of nitric acid extractable P, K, Mn, Zn and Cu increased significantly in the transgenic alfalfa rhizosphere compared with the untransformed alfalfa rhizosphere. These observations indicate that organic acids produced by plant roots significantly influence rhizosphere microbial diversity and availability of macro- and micro-nutrients and demonstrate the utility of such trangenic plants as tools for studying the potential impact of plant root exudates on soil microbial ecosystems.     

Effects of silver nanoparticles on soil microorganisms and maize biomass are linked in the rhizosphere

Silver nanoparticles hold great promise as effective anti-microbial compounds in a myriad of applications but may also pose a threat to non-target bacteria and fungi in the environment. Because microorganisms are involved in extensive interactions with many other organisms, these partner species are also prone to indirect negative effects from silver nanoparticles.Here, we focus on the effects of nanosilver exposure in the rhizosphere. Specifically, we evaluate the effect of 100 mg kg⁻¹ silver nanoparticles on maize plants, as well as on the bacteria and fungi in the plant's rhizosphere and the surrounding bulk soil. Maize biomass measurements, microbial community fingerprints, an indicator of microbial enzymatic activity, and carbon use diversity profiles are used. Hereby, it is shown that 100 mg kg⁻¹ silver nanoparticles in soil increases maize biomass, and that this effect coincides with significant alterations of the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere. The bacterial community in nanosilver exposed rhizosphere shows less enzymatic activity and significantly altered carbon use and community composition profiles. Fungal communities are less affected by silver nanoparticles, as their composition is only slightly modified by nanosilver exposure. In addition, the microbial changes noted in the rhizosphere were significantly different from those noted in the bulk soil, indicated by different nanosilver-induced alterations of carbon use and community composition profiles in bulk and rhizosphere soil.Overall, microorganisms in the rhizosphere seem to play an important role when evaluating the fate and effects of silver nanoparticle exposure in soil, and not only is the nanosilver response different for bacteria and fungi, but also for bulk and rhizosphere soil. Consequently, assessment of microbial populations should be considered an essential parameter when investigating the impacts of nanoparticle exposure.     

Consistent patterns of N distribution through soil profiles in diverse alpine and tundra ecosystems

We studied the vertical patterns of δ¹⁵nitrogen in total N and exchangeable NH₄⁺-N through soil profiles in diverse alpine and tundra ecosystems. Soil samples were analyzed from 11 sites located in three mountain areas: NW Caucasus (Russia), the Khibiny Mountains (NW Russia) and Abisko region (N Sweden). Despite differences in the profile patterns of organic matter, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen availability, we found consistent patterns of ¹⁵N distribution through all studied soil profiles. The δ¹⁵N values of total N were in general about zero or positive in the surface horizon and increased with soil depth. In contrast with total N, the δ¹⁵N values of exchangeable NH₄⁺-N were in general about zero or negative in the surface horizons and decreased with soil depth. NH₄⁺-N was significantly ¹⁵N-depleted compared with total N in all mineral horizons, while in the surface organic horizons differences between isotopic composition of total N and NH₄⁺-N were mostly not significant. We do not know the exact mechanism responsible for ¹⁵N depletion of NH₄⁺-N with soil depth and further research needs to evaluate the contributions of natural processes (higher nitrification activity and biological immobilization of “lighter” NH₄⁺-N near the soil surface) or artifacts of methodological procedure (contribution of the ¹⁵N-enriched microbial N and dissolved organic N near the soil surface). Nevertheless, our finding gives a new possibility to interpret variability in foliar δ¹⁵N values of plant species with different rooting depth in alpine and tundra ecosystems, because plants with deeper root systems can probably consume “lighter” rather than “heavier” NH₄⁺-N.