马媾疫锥虫SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种特异、快速的媾疫锥虫检测方法,本研究通过PCR方法从马媾疫锥虫动基体基因组中扩增得到395 bp的特异的保守序列,将其克隆到pMD-18T载体中构建重组质粒标准品,以10倍倍比稀释的质粒标准品为模板,进行SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR扩增并制作标准曲线,建立马媾疫锥虫荧光定量PCR的检测方法。结果表明:该方法的检测灵敏度可达到1拷贝/μL,并且与马属动物其他传染病无交叉反应。其组间及组内变异系数分别小于3.183%和3.842%。该方法的建立为快速及特异性检测马媾疫锥虫提供了有效的方法。     

F亚群禽白血病病毒SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立检测F亚群禽白血病病毒(ALV-F)的SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR方法,本研究以ALV-F分离株FGD1803基因组为模板,PCR扩增其env基因,构建重组质粒pMD18-T-F作为标准品.利用该重组质粒建立了 SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR方法(qPCR)的标准曲线,并经反应条件优化建立了检测...     

鹦鹉禽多瘤病毒陕西株VP1基因的克隆及荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为了解鹦鹉禽多瘤病毒(APV)陕西分离株(SX-2018株)VP1基因的分子特征,并建立可用于临床的快速灵敏的APV检测方法,本研究通过PCR扩增了SX-2018株VP1基因序列,并与22株国内外参考株进行了核苷酸同源性比较和遗传进化分析。结果显示:扩增的SX-2018株VP1基因全长为1 032 bp,与其他APV分离株核苷酸相似度为99.1%～100.0%;遗传进化分析显示SX-2018株属于CladeⅡ分支。设计针对VP1基因的特异性引物(209 bp)并构建其相应的质粒标准品,以不同浓度的该质粒标准品为模板扩增并绘制了标准曲线,通过条件优化建立了APV SYBR Green荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果显示:建立的荧光定量PCR方法仅特异性扩增APV,与鹦鹉其它常见病毒无交叉反应,特异性强;对质粒标准品检测的最低浓度达5.4×101拷贝/μL,为常规PCR的100倍;组内组间变异系数分别小于0.5%、1.5%,重复性好。利用该方法与常规PCR方法对疑似APV感染的30份样品进行检测并比较,结果显示:建立的APV SYBR Green荧光定量PCR检测方法与常规PCR的符合率为86.67%,且阳性检出率高于常规PCR。本研究为我国鹦鹉APV的分子流行病学调查提供了参考数据,为在鹦鹉群中开展该病的筛查提供了有效的技术手段。     

猫等孢球虫荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及初步应用

为建立一种快速、准确检测猫等孢球虫的方法，本研究采用GenBank登录的猫等孢球虫18s r RNA基因序列(L76471.1)保守区设计并合成1对特异引物，从经显微镜检测为猫等孢球虫阳性的粪便样品中选取一份提取猫等孢球虫DNA，以其为模板经PCR扩增猫等孢球虫18s r RNA基因片段，构建重组质粒标准品p UCm-T-IF1并经PCR及测序鉴定正确后作为质粒标准品。通过优化反应条件，建立了猫等孢球虫的荧光定量PCR检测方法。特异性试验结果显示，该方法可以特异性的检测猫等孢球虫DNA，对猫贾第虫、猫滴虫、猫细小病毒、猫冠状病毒DNA/cDNA的检测结果均为阴性；对重组质粒标准品的检测限可达6.26×102拷贝/μL。批内和批间重复性试验的变异系数分别是0.61%～2.06%和0.32%～0.50%。表明本研究建立的方法特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好。利用该方法对23份临床疑似猫等孢球虫感染的样品进行检测，荧光定量PCR的检出率为78.26%(18/23)，明显高于漂浮法检测的阳性率43.48%(10/23)，并且经漂浮法检测为阳性的样品采用该方法检测均为阳性。结果表明，本研究建立的荧光...     

致对虾急性肝胰腺坏死病弧菌SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR方法的建立及应用

为了建立一种敏感、特异的致对虾急性肝胰腺坏死病(AHPND)的一类弧菌(Vp_AHPND)的荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测方法,本研究根据Gen Bank中该类弧菌(本研究所用的Vp_AHPND为副溶血弧菌变异株,下同) PirB毒素基因(KU145397),设计q PCR扩增引物,并采用该引物经PCR扩增PirB基因片段,构建重组质粒p MD18-T-PirB并经PCR和测序鉴定正确后作为质粒标准品。以10倍倍比稀释的重组质粒标准品进行q PCR扩增,建立标准曲线,并经反应条件优化初步建立了检测该类Vp_AHPND的SYBR Green I q PCR方法。以白斑综合征病毒、传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒、虾虹彩病毒、虾肝肠胞虫及该Vp_AHPND的基因组DNA为模板,采用本研究建立的SYBR Green I q PCR方法检测,评估该方法的特异性;以8.3×10¹拷贝/μL～8.3×10⁸拷贝/μL的质粒标准品作为模板,利用本研究建立的SYBR Green I ...     

荧光定量RT-PCR检测猪日本脑炎病毒

通过RT-PCR方法克隆了日本脑炎病毒(JEV)N基因片段序列,构建重组质粒作为标准阳性模板,同时根据GenBank中的靶序列设计了荧光定量R-PCR的1对引物和1条TaqMan探针.通过条件优化,以定量的10倍系列稀释的质粒为标准品进行荧光定量PCR扩增并制作标准曲线,建立了JEV检测的荧光定量PCR方法.结果表明,该方法检测灵敏度可达1.0×100拷贝/μL,线性范围为109～100,达10个数量级;对起始浓度为1.0×109、1.0×108和1.0×107拷贝/μL的标准品的最终实际测得值(Ct)分别为17.33、20.52和23.90,变异系数分别为0.54%、0.74%和0.53%,均小于5%.对阳性组织病料的检测表明该方法的灵敏度高出常规PCR,与套式PCR(nested-PCR,nPCR)具有相近的灵敏度.     

鸡Caspase-1基因SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为了建立快速定量检测鸡Caspase-1基因的方法,本研究根据鸡Caspase-1基因序列设计特异性检测引物,PCR扩增Caspase-1基因片段,构建pMD-Caspase-1重组质粒。以该重组质粒为标准品进行荧光定量PCR扩增,建立标准曲线,并通过反应条件优化、特异性、敏感性及重复性等试验,建立了鸡Caspase-1基因SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果显示,本研究建立的该荧光定量PCR方法在重组质粒标准品为1.0×10~3拷贝/μL～1.0×10~8拷贝/μL范围内具有良好的线性关系;该荧光定量PCR方法对Caspase-1基因的扩增具有较强的特异性;对重组质粒标准品的检测下限为1.0×10~2拷贝/μL,比常规PCR敏感100倍;批内和批间变异系数分别在0.51%～4.41%和0.37%～0.88%,重复性好。利用所建立的方法可以定量检测致病性禽腺病毒血清4型感染鸡不同组织中Caspase-1的转录水平。本研究方法的建立将为研究鸡Caspase-1在免疫反应和疫病发展过程中的作用提供技术支持。     

非典型猪瘟病毒SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

参照GenBank上登录的非典型猪瘟病毒(atypical porcine pestivirus virus,APPV)全基因组序列设计特异性引物成功从感染APPV阳性样品中扩增出270 bp的APPV基因片段,并将其克隆到pEASY-Bluent Zero Cloning Kit载体,以纯化的重组质粒为模板优化反应条件,建立了检测APPV的特异性荧光定量PCR方法。结果显示,建立的荧光定量PCR方法C_t值与标准品在1.49×10~1～1.49×10¹⁰ copies/μL呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数为R^20.999,斜率为-3.442,扩增效率为95.207%。该方法与PCV2、PRV、PRRSV、PPV及CSFV基因组均无交叉反应,敏感性比常规PCR高出1 000倍,组内和组间重复试验变异系数均小于2%。对临床采集的20份疑似感染APPV的样品进行检测,结果显示应用所建立的荧光定量PCR成功检测到3份APPV阳性样品,而常规PCR仅检测到1份,表明所建立的荧光定量PCR比常规PCR灵敏度更高。本试验所建立的APPV SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,可实现对APPV早期诊断及感染进行定量分析检测。     

瘤胃总甲烷菌实时荧光定量PCR方法的构建

试验构建了瘤胃总甲烷菌实时荧光绝对定量PCR的标准品及标准曲线用于总甲烷菌的定量测定,并提取瘤胃微生物总DNA, 以甲烷菌特异性引物进行PCR扩增, 回收纯化PCR产物,与pBS-T载体连接并转化到大肠杆菌,再用氨苄西林培养基筛选阳性重组质粒, 提取含目的片段质粒DNA, 通过PCR及测序鉴定重组质粒.根据OD值确定浓度, 将梯度稀释的质粒作为模板, 进行荧光定量PCR反应并作出标准曲线.结果表明: 所构建的标准曲线具有很高的相关性(R2=0.992), 并获得了高扩增效率产物.     

瘤胃总甲烷菌实时荧光定量PCR方法的构建

试验构建了瘤胃总甲烷菌实时荧光绝对定量PCR的标准品及标准曲线用于总甲烷菌的定量测定,并提取瘤胃微生物总DNA,以甲烷菌特异性引物进行PCR扩增,回收纯化PCR产物,与pBS-T载体连接并转化到大肠杆菌,再用氨苄西林培养基筛选阳性重组质粒,提取含目的片段质粒DNA,通过PCR及测序鉴定重组质粒.根据OD值确定浓度,将梯度稀释的质粒作为模板,进行荧光定量PCR反应并作出标准曲线.结果表明:所构建的标准曲线具有很高的相关性(R2=0.992),并获得了高扩增效率产物.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.