高铜日粮对肉鸡肝脏TrxR2基因mRNA表达和还原活性的影响

本文旨在了解高铜日粮对肉鸡肝脏TrxR2基因mRNA表达和还原活性的影响。200羽1日龄Cobb商品代肉鸡随机分为4组,各组日粮中铜含量分别为:对照组(Ⅰ组)11mg.kg-1、试验Ⅱ组110mg.kg-1、试验Ⅲ组330mg.kg-1和试验Ⅳ组550mg.kg-1。饲养至10、30、50d时每组各取5只鸡用于采集肝脏样品,提取肝脏线粒体用DTNB法测定肝脏TrxR2的还原活性,提取肝脏总RNA用RT-PCR法测定TrxR2mRNA在肝脏中的表达量。结果显示,饲喂铜含量为550mg.kg-1日粮50d时还原活性降低(P<0.05)、TrxR2基因mRNA的表达量降低(P<0.05),饲喂铜含量为330mg.kg-1日粮30d时TrxR2的还原活性升高(P<0.05)、50d时降低(P>0.05),表明饲喂高铜日粮(330～550mg.kg-1)可导致TrxR2mRNA在肝脏中的表达量降低,还原活性先升高后降低。     

高铜日粮对肉鸡肝脏Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响

将200羽1日龄Cobb商品代肉鸡随机分为4组,各组日粮中铜含量分别为：对照组（Ⅰ组）11mg/kg、试验Ⅱ组110mg/kg、试验Ⅲ组330mg/kg、试验Ⅳ组550mg/kg。饲养至10,30,50日龄时每组各取5只鸡用于采集肝脏样品,用蛋白质印迹法检测Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达量。结果显示,随着铜浓度的增加及饲喂时间的延长,Bax蛋白表达量升高,而Bcl-2蛋白表达量下降,表明高铜可诱导肝细胞不同程度的凋亡。     

高铜日粮对肉鸡肝脏抗氧化功能的影响

选用1日龄健康商品代AA肉鸡200只随机分成4组,使用硫酸铜作为铜源,饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,对照组饲料铜含量为11 mg/kg,3个试验高铜组饲料铜含量分别为110、330和550 mg/kg,试验至50日龄结束,探讨高铜日粮对肉鸡肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响.结果显示:110、330和550mg/kg组T-AOC、SOD和GSH-Px活性先呈代偿性升高,后表现降低,而CAT和MDA分别表现为代偿性下降和升高.表明日粮铜含量为330mg/kg及其以上可引起肝脏抗氧化功能受损,最终导致肝脏功能紊乱.     

铜对肉鸡肝线粒体Ca~(2+)、8-OHdG含量及膜电势的影响

将200羽1日龄Cobb商品代肉鸡随机分为4组,各组日粮中铜含量分别为:对照组(Ⅰ组)11mg/kg、试验Ⅱ组110mg/kg、试验Ⅲ组330mg/kg、试验Ⅳ组550mg/kg。饲养至10、20、30、40及50d时每组各取5只鸡用于采集肝脏样品,提取肝脏线粒体测定其膜电势及Ca2+、8-OHdG含量。试验结果显示:随着铜质量浓度的增加及饲喂时间的延长,线粒体膜电势降低,Ca2+和8-OHdG含量升高,表明饲喂高铜日粮可导致肝细胞凋亡。     

不同剂量的蛋氨酸铜对肉鸡肝脏病理组织结构和粪便铜含量的影响

选择1日龄健康AA肉仔鸡120只,随机分成4组。使用蛋氨酸铜作为铜源,饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,对照组饲料铜含量为11mg/kg,3个高铜试验组分别为:110mg/kg、220mg/kg和330mg/kg,试验至60日龄结束。于第12,36,60日龄在各组内随机采血,测定血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性;测量60日龄各组肝脏和粪便的铜含量并观察肝脏组织病理变化。结果显示:①血清ALT和AST活性均在正常范围内,没有异常升高;②110mg/kg和220mg/kg组的肝脏组织中铜含量比对照组有所升高,但是差异不显著(P>0.05),而330mg/kg组则极显著高于其他3个试验组(P<0.01);110mg/kg,220mg/kg和330mg/kg组的粪便中铜含量均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01);③330mg/kg组的肝脏组织大部分细胞中度变性,其他各组病理变化不明显。试验结果表明,日粮中蛋氨酸铜浓度达到330mg/kg时,肝脏内的铜蓄积量会迅速增多且对肝脏造成较大的损伤,粪便中的铜含量随着日粮中铜含量的增加而迅速增多,可能对环境造成不利影响。     

高铜日粮对肉鸡肝抗氧化功能和肝细胞凋亡的影响

选用200只1日龄健康商品代AA肉鸡,随机分成4组,使用硫酸铜作为铜源,饲喂玉米―豆粕型基础日粮,对照组饲料铜含量为11 mg/kg,3个高铜试验组饲料铜含量分别为110、330和550 mg/kg,试验至50日龄结束,探讨高铜日粮对肉鸡肝抗氧化功能和肝细胞凋亡的影响。结果显示,3个高铜试验组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性先呈代偿性升高,后表现降低,丙二醛(MDA)表现为代偿性升高。随着饲养周期的延长和日粮铜含量的增加,高铜组肉鸡肝细胞凋亡率升高并逐渐出现比较明显的DNA断裂条带。结果表明,日粮铜含量为330 mg/kg及其以上可引起肝脏抗氧化功能受损,肝细胞凋亡率升高。     

饲料铜水平对雏鸡组织器官中铜、铁、锌含量的影响

将80只1日龄艾维菌肉仔鸡随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复5只鸡,对照组喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加硫酸铜10、50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg,试验期21 d.试验结果表明:随日粮铜添加水平的增加,肝脏、胫骨中铜含量有所增加,尤其是铜添加量为100 mg/kg时,肝脏、胫骨中铜含量都显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).肝脏、胫骨中铁含量随铜添加水平的升高而逐渐下降.肝脏、胫骨中锌含量也随铜添加水平的变化而变化.     

高铜日粮对肉鸡肝细胞线粒体呼吸功能的影响

采用玉米-豆粕型日粮研究铜(源于硫酸铜)对肉鸡肝细胞线粒体呼吸功能的影响.在对照组(Cu 11 mg/kg)基础上设3个高铜组(110 mg/kg、220 mg/kg和330 mg/kg,分别对应为:试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),试验60 d,在不同时间点(12、24、36、48、60日龄)采集肝脏提取线粒体.随着饲养时间的延长,对照组和试验I组肝脏线粒体呼吸功能有增强的趋势.在48日龄之前,试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肝脏线粒体呼吸功能也有增强的趋势,但幅度较小,48日龄以后,肝脏线粒体呼吸功能呈现下降趋势,特别是60日龄的试验Ⅲ组.高铜日粮能影响肉鸡肝细胞线粒体的呼吸功能,日粮铜浓度为110mg/kg时,能增强线粒体的呼吸功能,但较高的铜浓度日粮则损害线粒体的呼吸功能. 、220 mg/kg和330 mg/kg,分别对应为:试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),试验60 d,在不同时间点(12、24、36、48、60日龄)采集肝脏提取线粒体.随着饲养时间的延长,对照组和试验I组肝脏线粒体呼吸功能有增强的趋势.在48日龄之前,试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肝脏线粒体呼吸功能也有增强的趋势,但幅度较小,48日龄以后,肝脏线粒体呼吸功能呈现下降趋势,特别是60日龄的试验Ⅲ .高铜日粮能影响肉鸡肝细胞线粒体的呼吸功能,日粮铜浓度为110mg/kg时,能增强线粒体的呼吸功能     

高铜日粮对肉鸡血清抗氧化功能的影响

为了了解高铜日粮对肉鸡血清抗氧化功能的影响,试验将200羽1日龄商品代科宝肉仔鸡随机分为4组,各组日粮中铜含量分别为Ⅰ组(对照组)11mg/kg、Ⅱ组110 mg/kg、Ⅲ组330 mg/kg和Ⅳ组550 mg/kg,在饲养10,20,30,40,50天时每组各取5只鸡分离血清,检测血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),超...     

日粮铜来源及水平对肉鸡肝损伤的影响

本研究旨在探讨日粮铜来源及水平对肉鸡肝铜沉积及其组织病理学变化的影响.288只1日龄肉鸡随机分为8组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸡.选用硫酸铜、蛋氨酸铜作为试验铜源,每种铜源均设4个水平,分为对照口粮(Cu 11 mg/kg)和高铜日粮(Cu 110 mg/kg;Cu 220 mg/kg;Cu 330 mg/kg).试验期60 d,并于12、36和60日龄采血,测定血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)的活性,60日龄取肝脏,测定肝铜沉积最并观察肝损伤情况.结果表明:2种来源口粮铜组随着铜水平的增加,肝铜沉积量存在普遍升高的趋势,当日粮铜水平达到330 mg/kg时,除12日龄蛋氨酸铜组外,其他各组肝铜沉积量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),并具有时间依赖性;铜源之间比较,除11 mg/kg铜水平(对照组)外,在肉鸡36和60日龄时,硫酸铜各组肉鸡肝铜沉积量要低于相应的蛋氨酸铜组(P<0.05).随着日粮铜水平和日龄的增加,血清ALT和AST活性大部分呈现升高趋势,与对照组比较,220和330 mg/kg日粮铜均可显著提高肉鸡36和60日龄血清ALT、AST活性(P<0.05).铜源之间比较,在肉鸡36和60日龄时,330 mg/kg蛋氨酸铜组的肉鸡血清ALT和AST活性显著高于330 mg/kg硫酸铜组(P<0.05).60日龄时,高水平日粮铜可造成肝细胞肿胀、胞浆内颗粒变性、肝细胞索和肝窦结构模糊等组织病理变化,在电子显微镜下则可见到胞浆内吞饮空泡增多、线粒体膜模糊和形态不规则,胞浆和核内出现电子密度沉积体等病理学损伤.结果提示:高铜日粮可增加肉鸡肝铜沉积,肝功能受到抑制,并导致肝脏出现不同程度的病理学损伤,相同添加水平的蛋氨酸铜比硫酸铜可导致更多的肝铜沉积,也相应地出现肝功能下降及组织病理学损伤.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.