去卵巢及雌激素替代治疗后家兔海马nNOS阳性神经元的形态结构及分布变化

用SABC免疫组织化学技术,观察家兔海马各区nNOS阳性神经元在去卵巢及雌激素替代治疗后的形态结构及分布变化,为雌激素类药物防治绝经后老年性痴呆症提供理论依据。结果表明,家兔海马各区都有nNOS阳性神经元分布;去卵巢后海马nNOS阳性神经元的形态结构及分布变化有区域差异性:与假手术对照组相比,在海马CA1区、CA3区、齿状回(DG)阳性神经元数量明显减少(P0.05),而在CA2区数量明显增多(P0.05)。CA1、CA3区和DG的阳性神经元胞体截面积明显变小,最长突起长度明显变短,第一级突起数变少,与假手术组有显著差异(P0.05)。CA2区阳性神经元胞体截面积明显变小(P0.05),最长突起长度、第一级突起数增多,但差异不显著(P0.05);nNOS阳性神经元的4种指标在雌激素替代治疗组与假手术组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。结果提示:雌激素可能通过影响海马nNOS的表达来影响脑的学习和记忆功能。     

鸡Slit2和Robo1基因mRNA组织表达特性分析

SLIT/ROBO信号通路在鸡的卵泡发育过程中发挥着重要作用,Slit2和Robo1基因是影响鸡产蛋性能的关键候选基因.本试验以大骨鸡和海兰白蛋鸡为供试素材,利用半定量RT-PCR方法对Slit2和Robo1基因在鸡不同组织中mRNA表达水平进行测定分析.结果显示,Slit2和Robo1基因mRNA在卵巢和输卵管等8种组织中均呈较广泛的分布(除在海兰白胸肌、腿肌中未检测到扩增条带外);Robo1基因mRNA相对表达量除在脾脏和肺脏组织中的表达水平相对较低(P＜0.01)外,在肝脏、卵巢和输卵管3种组织中的mRNA表达量均维持于较高水平(P＜0.01).虽然在被检各组织中的Slit2基因mRNA相对表达量存在一定的差异(P＜0.05),但在卵巢等其它7种组织中的表达水平均较高(除在海兰白肝脏组织中的表达较低外).在被检8种组织中Robo1和Slit2基因mRNA相对表达量在每一品种各分别呈现出基本一致的变化趋势.     

17-β雌二醇对去卵巢大鼠垂体中Bcl-2和Bax表达的影响

为了探讨雌激素对垂体细胞发育和凋亡的影响,利用免疫组化SP法检测摘除卵巢及补充外源性17-β雌二醇后的不同时间大鼠垂体中Bcl-2和Bax表达的变化。结果显示：假去卵巢组（SHAM）Bcl-2和Bax的表达在不同给药时间无显著变化（P〉0.05）;同时间去卵巢（OVX）组与SHAM、去卵巢并注射17-β雌二醇组（OVX＋E2）相比,差异均显著（P〈0.05）;去卵巢给药后6周,OVX组垂体内Bcl-2的表达与之前相比有所增加,而Bax则减少,给药后8周,各组与6周后相比无显著差异（P〉0.05）;同组Bcl-2的表达随时间逐渐减少,4周后最少,Bax的表达则逐渐增加,4周后达到该组的峰值。结果表明,雌激素在垂体的结构维持和功能发挥中起一定的调节作用。     

白肉灵芝水提物对脑缺血大鼠海马神经元的保护作用

试验旨在探讨白肉灵芝水提物（Ganoderma leucocontextum aqueous extracts,GLAE）对脑缺血后海马神经元的保护作用及机制。将50只健康大鼠分为对照组、模型组、GLAE低（0.05 mg/（g·BW））、中（0.1 mg/（g·BW））、高（0.2 mg/（g·BW））剂量组。利用双侧颈总动脉夹闭法建立大鼠脑缺血模型,GLAE组灌胃不同剂量的GLAE干预,对照组和模型组灌胃同体积的生理盐水,连续2周。用跳台试验方法检测记忆获得、记忆巩固和记忆再现障碍大鼠的学习记忆能力,HE染色观察大鼠海马组织的病理形态的变化,比色法检测海马组织一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase,NOS）活性和一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）含量,Western blotting和实时荧光定量PCR法分别检测海马组织生长相关蛋白-43（growth associated protein-43,GAP-43）和脑源性神经生长因子（brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF）的水平。结果显示,与对照组相比,模型组大鼠跳台试验的逃避潜伏期显著缩短、电击次数显著增加（P<0.05）;海马神经元细胞出现明显核固缩、排列松散紊乱等退行性改变,细胞数量显著减少（P<0.05）;海马组织NOS活性和NO含量均显著降低（P<0.05）;大鼠海马组织GAP-43蛋白表达量显著升高（P<0.05）;海马组织BDNF mRNA表达量显著下调（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,GLAE干预后,大鼠逃避潜伏期均显著延长、电击次数均显著减少（P<0.05）;GLAE高剂量组大鼠CA1区和齿状回锥体神经元细胞形态明显改善,神经元数量显著增加（P<0.05）;GLAE低剂量组对NOS活性影响不明显（P>0.05）,显著增加NO含量（P<0.05）,GLAE中、高剂量组NOS活性和NO含量均显著升高（P<0.05）;GLAE低、中、高剂量组海马组织GAP-43蛋白表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）;GLAE低、中、高剂量组海马组织BDNF mRNA表达量均显著增加（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,GLAE可通过提高NOS活性和NO水平、促进海马神经发生和功能恢复对脑缺血后海马神经元损伤有一定的保护作用,从而改善大鼠认知功能,0.2 mg/g GLAE效果最好。     

玉米赤霉烯酮对后备母猪子宫和卵巢抗氧化和炎症指标及相关基因表达的影响

试验旨在研究玉米赤霉烯酮(zearalenone, ZEA)对后备母猪子宫和卵巢抗氧化和炎症指标及相关基因表达的影响。选择胎次和体重((23.20±0.68) kg)相近的长×大二元后备母猪48头,随机分为4组,每组设12个重复,每个重复1头母猪。对照组(CON组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组(T1、T2、T3组)饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加200、800、1600μg·kg~(-1)ZEA的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期40 d。结果如下:1)与CON组相比,T3组血清T-AOC和SOD活性显著降低(P0.05),MDA水平显著升高(P0.05)。2)与CON组相比,子宫组织中,T2和T3组T-AOC活性显著降低(P0.05),T3组SOD活性极显著降低(P0.01),卵巢组织中,T3组T-AOC活性、T2组GSH-Px和SOD活性显著降低(P0.05),T3组MDA水平显著升高(P0.05)。3)与CON组相比,T2组血清TNF-α和IL-4水平显著升高(P0.05),T1～T3组血清IL-10水平显著降低(P0.05)。4)与CON组相比,子宫组织中,T2组IL-1β水平显著升高(P0.05),T1和T3组IL-10水平显著降低(P0.05)。卵巢组织中,T2组TNF-α水平显著升高(P0.05),T1～T3组IL-4水平显著升高(P0.05)。5)子宫组织中,T3组Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA的相对表达显著低于CON组(P0.05),T2组IL-1βmRNA的相对表达显著高于CON组(P0.05)。6)卵巢组织中,T3组GSH-Px mRNA的相对表达显著低于CON组(P0.05),T2组IL-1βmRNA的相对表达显著高于CON组(P0.05)。综上所述,ZEA能通过抑制SOD和GSH-Px的表达与合成,降低后备母猪子宫和卵巢的抗氧化性能,并引起氧化应激。ZEA能通过促进TNF-α和IL-1β表达与合成引起子宫和卵巢的炎症反应,抑制IL-10的表达与合成从而抑制两组织的抗炎反应。     

H9N2禽流感病毒PB2蛋白627位点突变对小鼠肺脏RIP3、Slit2和Robo4表达和分布的影响

PB2蛋白627位点被证实是决定甲型流感病毒宿主范围和致病性的关键因子，为深入探究H9N2禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus,AIV)及其PB2蛋白627位点突变株对BALB/C小鼠肺脏RIP3、Slit2和Robo4基因表达和组织分布的影响，该研究使用H9N2 AIV(V_K627E)和该毒株PB2蛋白627位点突变株(rV_K627E)感染BALB/C小鼠，分别在攻毒后第1、3、5、6 d采集肺组织，通过qRT-PCR和免疫组织化学技术对RIP3、Slit2和Robo4基因在小鼠肺组织中的特异性表达和分布进行研究。结果显示，攻毒组小鼠肺脏RIP3的表达量与对照组相比显著上升，同时V_K627E组RIP3的表达量显著高于rV_K627E组；Slit2和Robo4的表达量在攻毒后第1 d明显低于对照组，之后r VK627E组的表达量与对照组和V_K627E组相比显著上升。免疫组织化学检测结果显示，RIP3蛋白主要分布在小鼠肺泡壁上皮细胞以及肺动脉血管内皮细胞，呈弱阳性...     

戊酸雌二醇对雌性巴马香猪脂质代谢的影响及其作用机制

本试验旨在研究戊酸雌二醇对雌性巴马香猪脂质代谢的影响及其作用机制。采用单因子试验设计,选取20头健康的35日龄雌性巴马香猪随机分为2组,即对照组与试验组,每组10个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0.66 mg/kg戊酸雌二醇(相当于0.5 mg/kg雌二醇)的试验饲粮,试验周期为120 d。结果表明:1)饲粮添加戊酸雌二醇显著降低了雌性巴马香猪末体重、体增重及体脂肪率(P0.05)。2)饲粮添加戊酸雌二醇显著降低了雌性巴马香猪血液葡萄糖、甘油三酯及低密度脂蛋白含量(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,试验组雌性香猪背部皮下脂肪中脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、乙酰辅酶-A羧化酶(ACC)及脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)的mRNA相对表达水平显著降低(P0.05),激素敏感脂肪酶(HSL)、脂肪甘油三酯脂酶(ATGL)及雌激素受体-β(ER-β)的mRNA相对表达水平显著升高(P0.05),过氧化物酶体增殖因子受体-γ(PPAR-γ)、过氧化物酶体增殖因子受体-α(PPAR-α)及雌激素受体-α(ER-α)的mRNA相对表达水平无显著差异(P0.05);腹部皮下脂肪中的FAS、ACC及LPL的mRNA相对表达水平显著降低(P0.05),PPA R-α、HSL、A TG L、ER-α及ER-β的mRNA相对表达水平显著升高(P0.05),PPAR-γ的mRNA相对表达水平无显著差异(P0.05);肾周脂肪中的PPAR-γ、FAS、ER-α及ER-β的mRNA相对表达水平显著降低(P0.05),HSL、ATG L及LPL的mRNA相对表达水平显著升高(P0.05),A CC及PPA R-α的mRNA相对表达水平无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,戊酸雌二醇可以有效地控制雌性巴马香猪的体增重及脂肪沉积,并且能有效地改善血糖及血脂水平。戊酸雌二醇可能通过2个途径来调节雌性香猪白色脂肪组织中的脂质代谢:其一,通过对脂肪合成及脂肪分解相关基因表达的调节来影响脂质代谢;其二,通过对雌激素受体基因表达的调节来调控LPL的表达,进而影响脂肪的合成代谢。     

高温环境对大鼠学习记忆的影响及其机制研究

为了观察高温环境对大鼠学习记忆的影响并探讨其机制,选择清洁级Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为2组,分别为正常对照组和模型组。将正常对照组大鼠和模型组大鼠,分别暴露于24℃室温和43℃热仓中,持续15 min,连续14 d,Y迷宫试验观察学习记忆能力改变,酶联免疫法检测海马组织白介素1β(Interleukin 1 beta,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor necrosis fatctor-alpha,TNF-α)水平、Western Blot检测环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(cAMP-response elementbinding protein,CREB)的表达。结果显示与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠自主交替率显著下降(P<0.01);穿梭次数显著下降(P<0.01);主动回避错误次数增加(P<0.05)、辨别错误次数减少(P<0.05)、训练时间延长(P<0.05),以及记忆正确次数则减少(P<0.01);海马组织炎症因子水平升高(P<0.05)、CREB蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.05)。表明高温环境引起大鼠学习记忆能力降低,这种改变与高温环境导致海马组织炎症反应,记忆相关蛋白表达降低有关。     

动情期和动情间期雌性小鼠GR和TH的免疫活性及血清CORT水平的比较

受到卵巢雌激素和孕激素波动的影响,动情周期会影响雌性动物的行为和情绪。然而,关于引起这些行为改变的神经内分泌机制还需要进一步研究。通过阴道脱落细胞染色法确定小鼠动情周期的各个阶段。用酶联免疫吸附法检测动情期和动情间期血清雌二醇(E2)和皮质酮(CORT)水平,用免疫组织化学方法检测脑区糖皮质激素受体(GR)和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经元的表达。结果发现,与动情间期雌鼠相比,动情期雌鼠血清E2浓度升高(P0.05),但CORT水平没有变化;海马CA1区和齿状回(DG)GR-IR神经元表达增加(P0.05),下丘脑室旁核(PVN)和中脑腹侧被盖区(VTA)的TH-IR神经元表达增加(P0.05)。结果说明,雌性小鼠在动情期和动情间期GR和儿茶酚胺能神经元活动不同,这些差异可能是动情周期引起行为变化的一个重要因素。     

海兰褐蛋鸡卵巢与输卵管ESR基因定量研究

为了研究海兰褐蛋鸡卵巢、输卵管漏斗部(以下简称漏斗部)与输卵管子宫部(以下简称子宫部)雌激素受体基因表达水平,试验采用荧光定量PCR技术检测蛋鸡的卵巢、漏斗部与子宫部的雌激素受体表达情况。结果表明:漏斗部组织ESR1 mRNA表达水平与其他两组相比差异极显著(P0.01);子宫部、卵巢组织ESR1 mRNA表达水平差异不显著(P0.05)。说明雌激素受体与漏斗部功能可能存在着密切的关系。     

Evaluation of lysozyme and lactoferrin in lacrimal and other ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate lactoferrin and lysozyme content in various ocular glands of bison and cattle and in tears of bison. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues of ocular glands obtained from 15 bison and 15 cattle and tears collected from 38 bison. PROCEDURE: Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect lysozyme and lactoferrin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of the ocular glands. Protein gel electrophoresis was used to analyze ocular glands and pooled bison tears by use of a tris-glycine gel and SDS-PAGE. Western blotting was used to detect lactoferrin and lysozyme. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for lactoferrin was evident in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison and the deep gland of the third eyelid (Harder's gland) in cattle. Equivocal staining for lactoferrin was seen for the Harder's gland in bison. An 80-kd band (lactoferrin) was detected via electrophoresis and western blots in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid in cattle and bison, Harder's glands of cattle, and bison tears. An inconsistent band was seen in Harder's glands of bison. Lysozyme was not detected in the lacrimal gland of cattle or bison with the use of immunohistochemical analysis or western blots. Western blots of bison tears did not reveal lysozyme. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Distribution of lactoferrin and a lack of lysozyme are similar in the lacrimal gland of cattle and bison. Differences in other tear components may be responsible for variability in the susceptibility to infectious corneal diseases that exists between bison and cattle.     

桑树的遗传变异特点及在品种选育中的应用

我国具有悠久的桑树栽培历史,拥有3 000余份桑树种质资源,分属15个桑种和4个变种,并逐渐形成适应不同生长环境的8个生态类型。依据已有的研究结果,综述桑树遗传变异的特点包括:广泛分布、自然有性杂交和异花授粉以及缺乏稳定性选择等,促进了桑树的突变发生,形成遗传变异的多样性;无性繁殖方式产生了丰富的无性系变异;性状遗传值中非加性效应占有较大比例;无性系品种间杂种一代存在复杂的多样性分离和经济性状的普遍退化;存在丰富的多倍体系列和普遍的混倍现象等。对桑树品种选育研究提出建议:基于桑树的高度杂合习性,不仅要重视研究不同品种中加性效应在遗传值中所占比率,更要研究非加性效应所占比率及充分利用的方法;基于桑树遗传变异的多样性和丰富的无性系变异,加强无性系和田间选优育种;利用桑树混倍现象,将培育多倍体特别是三倍体品种作为一条有效的多倍体育种途径。     

Ecology and epidemiology of anthrax in cattle and humans in Zambia

Anthrax is endemic in Western and North-western Provinces of Zambia. The disease occurs throughout the year and impacts negatively on the economy of the livestock industry and public health in Zambia. During 1989-1995, there were 1626 suspected cases of anthrax in cattle in Western province and of these 51 were confirmed. There were 220 cases of human anthrax cases in 1990 alone and 248 cases during 1991-1998 with 19.1% and 7.7% case fatality rates, respectively. Interplay of the ecology of affected areas and anthropogenic factors seem to trigger anthrax epidemics. Anthrax has drawn considerable attention in recent years due to its potential use as a biological weapon. In this paper, the history, current status and approaches towards the control of the disease in Zambia are discussed. Quarantine measures restrict trade of livestock and exchange of animals for draught power resulting in poor food security at household levels. Challenges of anthrax control are complex and comprise of socio-political, economical, environmental and cultural factors. Inadequate funding, lack of innovative disease control strategies and lack of cooperation from stakeholders are the major constraints to the control of the disease. It is hoped that the information provided here will stimulate continued awareness for the veterinary and medical authorities to maintain their surveillance and capabilities against the disease. This may lead to a culminating positive impact on livestock and human health in the southern African region.     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Variation in quantity and quality of native forages and grazing behavior of cattle and goats in Tanzania

The study was conducted to assess the effects of seasonal variation in the quality and quantity of pasture and management of livestock exclosures (ngitili) on the grazing behavior of cattle and goats. The study was 2×2×2 factorial design with three independent variables: season (Dry or Rainy), ngitili management (Private or Communal) and animal species (Cattle or Goats). Focal and scan observation methods were used to record different behavioral activities. Vegetation attributes from the study areas were measured in two consecutive seasons. Most key forage species had significant higher crude protein (CP) content and in vitro organic matter digestibility (INVOMD) in rainy than in dry season (P<0.05), but Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) did not vary significantly with season (P>0.05). ADF and NDF were significantly higher in species from communal ngitili than those from private ngitili (P<0.05). Above-ground herbaceous biomass and bulk density (BD) were significantly higher in the rainy season and in the private ngitili than in the dry season and in the communal ngitili respectively. Cattle and goats spent considerably more time grazing and browsing respectively in the rainy season than in the dry season (P<0.05). Cattle foraging activities did not vary significantly (P>0.05) with ngitili management, but goats found to spend considerably more time browsing in the communal ngitili and more time grazing in the private ngitili (P<0.05). Despite the merits of stocking cattle and goats together in the heterogeneous pasture, seasonal variation in forage resources requires investigation of other strategies such as use of multipurpose trees and treatment of crop residues to improve livestock production.     

精氨酸在畜禽营养生理中的应用进展

精氨酸在动物体内参不仅参与多种营养物质的合成分解代谢,同时通过精氨酸酶、一氧化氮两条代谢途径,参与机体内的免疫调节。由于断奶仔猪与哺乳母猪自身不能合成足量的精氨酸以满足代谢需要,因此需要从外源摄取以满足需求;另外,家禽体内也缺乏可以合成精氨酸的氨甲酰磷酸酶,其整个生长阶段更是需要补充外源性精氨酸。     

兰州地区苜蓿和红豆草根际溶磷菌筛选及菌株部分特性研究

利用溶磷圈法对苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷细菌进行了分离,共获得分离物386个,其中137个具有溶磷能力.苜蓿和红豆草根际不同部位溶磷菌数量分布有差异.其数量为RS>RP>NRS>HP.对筛选获得的12株溶磷圈较大的菌株进行菌落形态特征观察发现,大多数菌落呈灰白色或乳白色、不规则、半透明、边缘不整齐、突起、无光泽、无色素.进一步利用钼蓝比色法对菌株分解磷矿粉能力测定显示,各菌株分解磷矿粉能力差异较大,溶磷量最大为338.4mg/ml,最小为25.9mg/ml,这与其自身溶磷机制有关.溶磷量与菌株培养液pH值之间存在显著相关性.12株菌株大部分具有分泌IAA的能力,其中LM6和LH9分泌IAA能力较强.