热应激对鸡小肠肥大细胞和组胺的影响

为探讨热应激时鸡小肠损伤与肥大细胞及组胺的关系,采用组织学技术和荧光分光光度法,观察了试验性热应激肉鸡小肠肥大细胞数量和组胺含量变化.结果表明热应激时,肉仔鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠的黏膜损伤、水肿,与对照组相比,试验组的小肠肥大细胞数量和组胺含量明显升高(P<0.05),这提示小肠肥大细胞数量和组胺含量变化与热应激所致的...     

天蚕素和合生素对AA肉鸡小肠黏膜形态和小肠免疫细胞的影响

为研究日粮中添加天蚕素、合生素对AA肉鸡小肠黏膜形态及免疫细胞的影响,试验选用480只1日龄健康AA肉鸡,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复30只鸡。对照组（Ⅰ组）饲喂基础日粮,试验组（Ⅱ~Ⅳ组）分别在基础日粮中添加0.5%天蚕素、0.3%合生素、0.5%天蚕素+0.3%合生素。试验期42 d。结果显示,与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅳ组十二指肠、回肠绒毛高度极显著升高（P<0.01）;Ⅱ组空肠和回肠、Ⅲ组小肠各段隐窝深度显著或极显著降低（P<0.05;P<0.01）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组小肠各段和Ⅳ组十二指肠、回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著或极显著升高（P<0.05;P<0.01）;Ⅱ组空肠绒毛宽度显著降低（P<0.05）,Ⅲ组十二指肠和空肠、Ⅳ组空肠和回肠绒毛宽度均极显著降低（P<0.01）;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组空肠黏膜厚度显著升高（P<0.05）,Ⅳ组小肠各段黏膜厚度均极显著升高（P<0.01）。Ⅱ组回肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量显著升高（P<0.05）,Ⅲ组十二指肠、Ⅳ组小肠各段上皮内淋巴细胞数量极显著升高（P<0.01）;Ⅲ组十二指肠、Ⅳ组十二指肠和回肠杯状细胞数量极显著升高（P<0.01）;Ⅳ组空肠肥大细胞数量显著升高（P<0.05）。综上所述,天蚕素、合生素单独或联合添加均能改善AA肉鸡小肠黏膜结构,促进小肠黏膜免疫细胞增殖,联合添加效果最佳。     

成年牦牛小肠结构及黏膜免疫相关细胞数量变化研究

为了揭示成年牦牛小肠结构和黏膜免疫相关细胞的分布与数量变化的规律,本研究采用组织化学法、图像分析法及透射电镜技术,对成年牦牛小肠形态结构及上皮内淋巴细胞、杯状细胞、浆细胞和肥大细胞数量的变化进行了研究.结果表明:牦牛小肠壁由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜构成.小肠中十二指肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度的比值最高、肌层最厚;空肠绒毛最高、隐窝最深;3段小肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度的比值和肌层厚度之间差异极显著(P＜0.01).牦牛小肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量由十二指肠向空肠、回肠逐渐减少,且差异极显著(P＜0.01),杯状细胞和肥大细胞数量也逐渐减少,而浆细胞数量则由十二指肠到回肠逐渐递增,且差异极显著(P＜0.01).电镜观察表明,牦牛小肠绒毛上皮细胞连接为紧密连接、缝隙连接和半桥连接,细胞游离面微绒毛丰富;上皮内淋巴细胞核大、胞质较少;杯状细胞呈典型高脚杯状,细胞顶端含有大量的分泌颗粒而膨大;浆细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,染色质沿核膜排列,胞质中有丰富的内质网;肥大细胞呈椭圆形,胞质内充满电子密度极强的大小不等的膜包颗粒.成年牦牛小肠结构特点能大大地提高了对高寒草地牧草的消化和吸收效率;而小肠各段有规律的分布了丰富的黏膜免疫相关细胞,显示牦牛小肠黏膜具有很强的黏膜免疫屏障功能.     

不同纤维源对吉林白鹅肠道形态学发育的影响

为研究不同纤维源对吉林白鹅肠道形态学发育的影响,本试验分别以羊草和玉米秸秆作为日粮纤维源,选择56只吉林白鹅作为试验动物,应用组织切片技术分别对11、18、25、32、39、46、53日龄吉林白鹅小肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度、肌层厚度进行测定。结果表明:2个处理组均为空肠绒毛最长。2组肠道各段绒毛高度及肌层厚度在11~25日龄期间绝对生长值最高。羊草组鹅十二指肠及空肠绒毛高度、隐窝深度极显著高于玉米秸秆组(P<0.01)。玉米秸秆组鹅肠道各段肌层厚度高于羊草组。玉米秸秆组及羊草组鹅肠道各段绒毛高度/隐窝深度的比值总体上随日龄呈增长趋势,羊草组鹅十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度的比值高于玉米秸秆组(P>0.05)。结果提示,本试验条件下,不同纤维源显著影响11~53日龄吉林白鹅肠道形态学发育,羊草组鹅十二指肠及空肠形态学发育优于玉米秸秆组。     

模拟运输应激对小鼠小肠黏膜结构及免疫相关细胞数量的影响

为了研究两种不同运输应激对小鼠小肠黏膜结构及免疫状态的影响,试验将健康小鼠12只随机分为3组,即对照组(不处理)、1组(摇床60 r/min处理2 h,作用3 d)和2组(摇床160 r/min处理2 h,作用1 d),采用苏木精-伊红、甲苯胺蓝-乙醇、过碘酸-雪夫氏等染色方法及图像分析法研究不同组小鼠小肠黏膜结构及免疫相关细胞数量的变化。结果表明:除了1组和对照组小鼠空肠绒毛高度与绒毛高度/隐窝深度的比值(绒腺比)差异不显著(P0. 05),且1组小鼠空肠绒毛高度高于对照组外,1组、2组小鼠十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度与绒腺比均显著低于对照组(P0. 05);与对照组相比,1组小鼠十二指肠和空肠上皮内淋巴细胞数、2组回肠上皮内淋巴细胞数、2组空肠淋巴细胞数均显著增加(P0. 05); 1组、2组小鼠小肠各肠段杯状细胞和肥大细胞数均显著高于对照组(P0. 05)。说明低强度、长时间运输应激和高强度、短时间运输应激对小鼠小肠黏膜结构及免疫状态均有明显影响。     

藏山羊和藏绵羊小肠黏膜免疫相关细胞的比较研究

为了探讨藏山羊和藏绵羊在低氧环境中小肠黏膜免疫屏障结构的适应特征,本试验采用组织化学方法和图像分析法对4只成年藏山羊和4只成年藏绵羊小肠不同肠段的上皮内淋巴细胞、杯状细胞和肥大细胞的数量进行比较研究。结果显示:藏山羊小肠各段杯状细胞和肥大细胞的数量均高于藏绵羊(P<0.05),其中藏山羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠的上皮内杯状细胞数量分别比藏绵羊多37.87%(P<0.05)、21.43%(P>0.05)和31.68%(P<0.05),藏山羊十二指肠、空肠和回肠的肥大细胞数量分别比藏绵羊多85.20%(P<0.05)、50.73%(P<0.05)和22.52%(P>0.05);而藏山羊小肠各段上皮内淋巴细胞的数量(36.35±0.98)低于藏绵羊(48.84±2.12)(P<0.05)。结果提示,成年藏山羊的小肠黏膜免疫屏障功能强于藏绵羊;藏绵羊小肠中上皮内淋巴细胞起重要的黏膜防御功能,而在藏山羊小肠中杯状细胞和肥大细胞起重要的黏膜防御功能。     

互叶白千层油(茶树油)对肉鸡小肠黏膜组织结构及肠道免疫细胞的影响

选用1日龄的雌性岭南黄肉鸡99只,随机分为3组,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组,每组33只。对照组常规饲养,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组分别在饮水中添加0.012 mL/L和0.020 mL/L的茶树油,试验至45日龄结束。解剖取十二指肠、空肠、回肠进行HE染色和PAS染色,观察小肠黏膜形态、上皮内淋巴细胞及杯状细胞数目。结果显示,2个试验组与对照组相比,各段小肠的绒毛长度增加,肠壁变薄,隐窝深度变浅,肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度比值增加;2个试验组的上皮内杯状细胞和淋巴细胞的数目高于对照组。结果表明,茶树油能够改善肉鸡小肠黏膜结构,增加小肠上皮内免疫细胞数量,提示茶树油对肉鸡的肠道吸收和肠道免疫功能具有增强作用。     

三种饲料添加剂对肉鸡小肠肥大细胞数量分布的影响

将20只1日龄健康AA肉鸡随机分为4个处理组:对照组(基础日粮),硫酸抗敌素组(基础日粮 硫酸抗敌素100 mg/kg),幼康宝组(基础日粮 幼康宝500 mg/kg)和丁酸钠组(基础日粮 丁酸钠500 mg/kg)。试验7周后,采用组织学技术,研究了肉鸡小肠肥大细胞的形态及数量分布。结果显示,①比较各试验组和对照组,小肠肥大细胞的形态没有明显的变化,多存在于肠腺周围和肠绒毛固有层。②各试验组的小肠肥大细胞数量均高于对照组(0.1%~30%),而且在各试验组中又以丁酸钠组的肥大细胞数最多,硫酸抗敌素组次之,幼康宝组最少。③各试验组和对照组小肠肥大细胞数均从前向后逐渐减少,十二指肠的肥大细胞最多,空肠的次之,回肠的较少。3种添加剂均可不同程度地促进肉鸡小肠肥大细胞的增殖,提高小肠黏膜免疫水平,并且丁酸钠的效果明显优于硫酸抗敌素和幼康宝。     

不同月龄山羊小肠黏膜免疫相关细胞的数量变化

为揭示不同发育阶段山羊小肠黏膜免疫特点的内在规律，本试验采用组织学和组织化学方法，对0．5、2和12月龄山羊小肠不同肠段的上皮内淋巴细胞、杯状细胞和肥大细胞的分布和数量变化进行了比较研究。结果显示：随着年龄增长，小肠各段上皮内淋巴细胞和肥大细胞的数量逐步增多（P〈0．05），而杯状细胞却逐渐减少（P〈0．05）。上皮内淋巴细胞数从十二指肠至回肠逐渐减少，0．5月龄的回肠上皮内淋巴细胞数仅是十二指肠和空肠的84．45％和98．14％（P〈0．05），肥大细胞的分布规律与上皮内淋巴细胞相似；相反，杯状细胞数从十二指肠至回肠逐渐增多。以上结果提示，在山羊小肠的早期发育中，杯状细胞起着重要的黏膜屏障功能，随着肠道黏膜免疫系统的发育，上皮内淋巴细胞和肥大细胞的黏膜防御作用进一步增强。     

吉林白鹅小肠形态学发育规律

应用组织切片技术对11～53日龄吉林白鹅小肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度、隐窝深度和肌层厚度进行测定。结果显示,小肠各段绒毛高度及宽度随日龄增加整体上呈增长趋势,空肠绒毛最长,回肠绒毛高度、宽度在39日龄达到峰值,早于空肠和十二指肠。回肠隐窝深度11～53日龄随日龄增加而增加,十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度在39日龄达到峰值,39～53日龄变浅。小肠各段肌层厚度与日龄呈正相关,回肠的肌层厚度在46日龄达到高峰,十二指肠和空肠的肌层厚度在53日龄达到高峰。小肠各段绒毛高度/隐窝深度的比值随日龄增加而增加,53日龄时空肠的绒毛高度/隐窝深度的比值最高。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.