不同佐剂对奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌多价毒力因子疫苗免疫效果的影响

为评价佐剂对金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)CP8-FnBPB-ClfA免疫效果的影响,用纯化的S.aureus血清8型荚膜多糖与FnBPB-ClfA蛋白偶联的偶联物配合不同佐剂对健康成年新西兰大耳白母兔进行免疫接种,第1、2、3、4组的佐剂分别为弗氏佐剂、铝盐佐剂、脂质体佐剂及大肠杆菌不耐热肠毒素B(LTB),第5组为对照组用PBS免疫。用间接ELISA法和Western blot对各组兔血清中的抗体进行监测,评价体液免疫效果;通过检测Th1/Th2类细胞因子含量变化评价机体免疫被激活的程度;T淋巴细胞增殖试验评价细胞免疫,并对三免后2周的白兔进行攻毒保护试验。结果显示,以脂质体为佐剂的组7d时开始产生抗体,为产生抗体最早组,14d后抗体水平就开始下降;以LTB为佐剂的组抗体水平最高,持续时间最长。细胞免疫水平检测结果显示,经ConA刺激后,各组T淋巴细胞普遍增殖,无显著差异,刺激指数都在1.0左右;用抗原刺激的组中,以LTB为佐剂的组T淋巴细胞增殖能力最强,刺激指数为2.23,对白兔的攻毒保护率为80%。     

奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌乳房炎菌苗佐剂研究现状

金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的重要致病菌。近年来 ,科学工作者对于预防奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌乳房炎的疫苗进行了大量研究 ,但由于金黄色葡萄球菌存在着荚膜的原因 ,疫苗效果不理想 ,需要佐剂提高疫苗的免疫原性。目前研究的佐剂主要有弗氏佐剂、氢氧化铝、细胞因子、微球、人参提取物及其皂甙Rb1等。其中弗氏佐剂、氢氧化铝容易引起局部副作用使其应用受到限制 ,而细胞因子、微球和人参皂甙等佐剂因其效果确实 ,安全性好值得应用推广。     

奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌新型疫苗研究进展

病原微生物感染是导致奶牛乳腺炎发生的最主要原因,其中金黄色葡萄球菌的带菌率最高。疫苗被认为是当前预防疫病传播并最终根除传染病的最有发展前景和最经济有效的方法和措施。随着基因工程、分子生物学、遗传学及免疫学等学科知识的迅猛发展,多种新型疫苗因为具有安全可靠、容易进行质量控制等优点正引起更多研究者的广泛关注,金黄色葡萄球菌新型疫苗的研究取得了长足进步,本文针对金黄色葡萄球菌新型疫苗加以综述。     

奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗研究进展

奶牛乳腺炎是由多种因素引起的严重影响奶牛业发展的重要疾病,金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳腺炎的主要病原,至今还没有有效的方法预防金黄色葡萄球菌所致的乳腺炎.虽然已经研制了许多金黄色葡萄球茵疫苗,但是试验表明,这些疫苗的免疫效果并不理想,因此仍将继续搜索有效疫苗.目前,亚单位疫苗和DNA疫苗成为研究热点,研究集中在金黄色葡萄球茵的表面抗原上.利用金黄色葡萄球茵分泌的免疫原性蛋白而制成的疫苗可能具有高免疫效力,这些抗原将成为高效疫苗的候选者.同时,应用低毒的金黄色葡萄球菌突变株,也可能成为预防乳房炎的一种新工具.     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是影响乳品工业经济效益的重要疾病之一,引起奶牛乳房炎的致病菌约有150多种,但金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的主要病原。由它引起的乳房炎很难治愈,而且对抗生素产生耐药性的菌株已经相当普遍,因此使用预防或治疗性疫苗防治乳房炎就成为首选。然而金黄色葡萄球菌的致病力由许多不同的因子(如黏附素、荚膜等)决定,这使得制备非常有效的疫苗变得很困难。本文就这些致病因子在疫苗研制方面的进展做一简要介绍。     

奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗研究进展

奶牛乳腺炎是由多种因素引起的严重影响奶牛业发展的重要疾病,至今尚未有彻底解决的办法。金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳腺炎的重要病原菌,从安全、经济,高效角度出发,探索防治乳腺炎新方法,是今后奶牛乳腺炎防治研究的新趋势。同时,金黄色葡萄球菌减毒苗在动物模型上很大程度上防御了同源及异源菌株的攻击。文章从目前研究现状和最新进展趋势等方面对奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗的研究进行综述。     

奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌黏附素疫苗的研究进展

奶牛乳房炎不仅是影响乳品工业经济效益的主要疾病之一,而且还危害到公共卫生和人类健康。金黄色葡萄球菌是引起奶牛乳房炎的主要病原,由于金黄色葡萄球菌具有细胞内定植和对抗生素极易产生耐药性的特点,使得用抗生素治疗的效果越来越差,因此使用疫苗进行防制就成为首选。大量研究证实,金黄色葡萄球菌的黏附素识别并特异性的结合到组织、细胞的特定分子上是感染的关键,因此,阻断细菌的黏附和在黏膜表面的定植,可能是预防感染最有效的策略,为奶牛金黄色葡萄球菌性乳房炎疫苗的研制提供了新的途径。     

奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌ClfA核酸疫苗的构建及免疫原性试验

扩增了奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌ClfA基因,并将其克隆至真核表达载体pVAX1启动子下游,构建成真核表达质粒,通过体外细胞转染试验,运用IFA方法进行抗原性初步确认,所构建的重组DNA疫苗质粒能在真核细胞中表达并被金黄色葡萄球菌抗体特异性识别。为进一步评价侯选疫苗的免疫原性,进行了BALB/c小鼠免疫试验,分别检测免疫后的ELISA抗体水平、Th1/Th2类细胞因子水平以及T淋巴细胞增殖试验。结果表明,构建的核酸疫苗pVAX1-ClfA免疫小鼠后,ELISA抗体水平提高,Th1/Th2类细胞因子含量提升,T细胞增殖能力增强。     

如何进行奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗的合理评估

奶牛乳房炎是造成全球奶业经济损失的主要原因,而金黄色葡萄球菌是最主要的病原菌。本文系统、直观地对研究奶牛乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌疫苗的科研结论进行量化总结和评估,目的是为奶牛乳房炎疫苗的研发提供新思路,为设计合理的奶牛乳房炎疫苗给动物评估试验方案提供科学依据。本文在Pubmed、Science数据库和CNKI数据库对＂奶牛乳房炎疫苗＂类的文章进行了合理的电子检索,然后对细菌疫苗、细菌类毒素疫苗、DNA-重组蛋白疫苗、单一的重组蛋白疫苗等方面的科研论文从试验设计、方法、疫苗类型和研究结果 4个方面进行了全面的分析。结果表明,采用DNA、重组蛋白新技术的疫苗和传统的细菌疫苗已取得良好效果,疫苗可以成为预防和控制金黄色葡萄球菌性奶牛乳房炎的最好或最有前景的一种途径。但是研究方法差异和双盲试验的缺乏阻碍对疫苗效果的合理评估。     

金黄色葡萄球菌FnbA配体结合区基因核酸疫苗的构建与免疫试验

扩增了奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌纤粘连结合蛋白A(Fnb A)配体结合区基因,并将其克隆至真核表达载体p VAX1启动子下游,构建成真核表达质粒,通过体外细胞转染试验,运用IFA方法进行抗原性初步确认,所构建的重组DNA疫苗质粒能在真核细胞中表达外源基因并被金黄色葡萄球菌抗体特异性识别。为进一步评价侯选疫苗的免疫原性,进行了BALB/c小鼠免疫试验,分别检测免疫后的ELISA抗体水平、Th1/Th2类细胞因子水平以及T淋巴细胞增殖试验。结果表明,构建的核酸疫苗p VAX1-p Fnb A免疫小鼠后,ELISA抗体水平提高,Th1/Th2类细胞因子含量提升,T细胞增殖能力增强。     

Prevalence of capsular polysaccharide (CP) types of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk and protection of S. aureus infection in mice with CP vaccine

To determine the prevalence of capsular polysaccharide (CP) types of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk in Korea, the protective effect of the conjugates, composed of microencapsulated S. aureus clinical isolate type 8 CP bound to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) was evaluated in mice. Of 107 S. aureus isolates, serotype 5 and 8 accounted for only 26 or 24.2%. When serotype 336 antiserum was employed, fifty of the remaining 81 isolates were typed as 336, 26 reacted with two serotypes, and 5 were nontypeable. Mice challenged with the same strain used for immunization had fewer S. aureus cells in their kidneys than mice challenged with the heterologous strain. But the magnitudes of difference on bacterial clearance were similar in both groups, indicating that the significance of this result remains to be determined. Mice immunized with the conjugate elicited an antibody response 3 days post injection, which persisted for 13 days of the observation period after second injection in some mice. The mice immunized with the CP8-ETA conjugates developed antibodies significantly higher than those immunized with CP-Freund's adjuvant or PBS. In in vivo bacterial challenge experiment, the survival rate of mice immunized with CPS-ETA conjugate was significantly higher than that of mice immunized with PBS. It was suggested that CP8-ETA vaccine had a potential to protect mice against experimental S. aureus bacteremia.     

Efficacy of an inactivated,recombinant bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) vaccine

Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) is the causative agent of bovine herpetic encephalitis. In countries where BoHV-5 is prevalent, attempts to vaccinate cattle to prevent clinical signs from BoHV-5-induced disease have relied essentially on vaccination with BoHV-1 vaccines. However, such practice has been shown not to confer full protection to BoHV-5 challenge. In the present study, an inactivated, oil adjuvanted vaccine prepared with a recombinant BoHV-5 from which the genes coding for glycoprotein I (gI), glycoprotein E (gE) and membrane protein US9 were deleted (BoHV-5 gI/gE/US9⁻), was evaluated in cattle in a vaccination/challenge experiment. The vaccine was prepared from a virus suspension containing a pre-inactivation antigenic mass equivalent to 10^7.69 TCID₅₀/dose. Three mL of the inactivated vaccine were administered subcutaneously to eight calves serologically negative for BoHV-5 (vaccinated group). Four other calves were mock-vaccinated with an equivalent preparation without viral antigens (control group). Both groups were boostered 28 days later. Neither clinical signs of disease nor adverse effects were observed during or after vaccination. A specific serological response, revealed by the development of neutralizing antibodies, was detected in all vaccinated animals after the first dose of vaccine, whereas control animals remained seronegative. Calves were subsequently challenged on day 77 post-vaccination (pv) with 10^9.25 TCID₅₀ of the wild-type BoHV-5 (parental strain EVI 88/95). After challenge, vaccinated cattle displayed mild signs of respiratory disease, whereas the control group developed respiratory disease and severe encephalitis, which led to culling of 2/4 calves. Searches for viral DNA in the central nervous system (CNS) of vaccinated calves indicated that wild-type BoHV-5 did not replicate, whereas in CNS tissues of calves on the control group, viral DNA was widely distributed. BoHV-5 shedding in nasal secretions was significantly lower in vaccinated calves than in the control group on days 2, 3, 4 and 6 post-challenge (pc). In addition, the duration of virus shedding was significantly shorter in the vaccinated (7 days) than in controls (12 days). Attempts to reactivate latent infection by administration of dexamethasone at 147 days pv led to recrudescence of mild signs of respiratory disease in both vaccinated and control groups. Infectious virus shedding in nasal secretions was detected at reactivation and was significantly lower in vaccinated cattle than in controls on days 11–13 post-reactivation (pr). It is concluded that the inactivated vaccine prepared with the BoHV-5 gI/gE/US9⁻ recombinant was capable of conferring protection to encephalitis when vaccinated cattle were challenged with a large infectious dose of the parental wild type BoHV-5. However, it did not avoid the establishment of latency nor impeded dexamethasone-induced reactivation of the virus, despite a significant reduction in virus shedding after challenge and at reactivation on vaccinated calves.     

重组SEA增强H5亚型禽流感灭活疫苗对肉鸡的免疫效果研究

为评价重组葡萄球菌肠毒素A(rSEA)对H5亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)灭活疫苗免疫效果的影响,本研究以原核表达的rSEA为免疫增强剂,制备成含有rSEA高(167 μg/0.5 mL)、低(16.7 μg/0.5 mL)两种剂量的AIV油乳剂灭活苗,分别免疫7d龄肉鸡,通过检测免疫鸡AIV HI抗体滴度及外周血CD4+/CD8+值评价其免疫效果.HI 抗体检测结果显示,免疫后2周高剂量组HI抗体平均滴度为5.6 log2,低剂量组为4.2 log2,而无rSEA疫苗对照组为2.9 log2(p＜0.01);同时在免疫后前4周,rSEA免疫组的HI抗体平均滴度及峰值与对照组相比均差异显著(p＜0.05).T淋巴细胞亚群检测结果显示,肉鸡免疫高剂量rSEA的灭活苗后,其外周血CD4+百分含量及CD4+/CD8+值均显著高于对照组(p＜0.05).上述结果表明,rSEA作为AIV灭活苗免疫增强剂,能够快速诱导较高的HI抗体滴度,同时也可增强细胞免疫反应,有效缩短免疫空白期,使肉鸡短时间内产生较强的免疫应答反应.     

Efficacy of a herd-specific vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus to prevent post-partum mastitis in dairy heifers

A placebo-controlled field study was performed to evaluate the effect of a herd-specific vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus on intramammary infection (IMI), somatic cell count (SCC) and clinical mastitis. Three hundred and twenty-one heifers were assigned to two groups. Heifers in the vaccination group (n = 164) were vaccinated twice, i.e. 5 and 2 weeks before their expected calving date. Animals of the control group (n = 157) received the same treatment with a placebo containing no bacterial antigen. Quarter milk samples were collected immediately after parturition prior to the first machine milking, 3-4 weeks after calving and before the onset of treatment in animals with signs of clinical mastitis during the first 3 months after calving. For comparison of SCC the data from the monthly milk test records were evaluated. The prevalence of S. aureus in quarter milk samples taken at calving and 3-4 weeks post-partum did not differ significantly between the vaccine and control group. Incidence of clinical mastitis during the first 3 months after calving and the prevalence of S. aureus in quarter milk samples taken before the onset of treatment did not differ significantly between the groups. The SCC was lower in vaccinated than in control heifers. However, the difference was only significant on the third milk test day. Regarding prevalence of IMI with S. aureus and incidence of clinical mastitis the use of a herd-specific vaccine against S. aureus did not prove to be efficient on this farm.     

金黄色葡萄球菌CP8-ClfA-FnBPB偶联物的制备及其免疫学特性

以己二酰肼为间桥,碳二亚胺为偶联剂,将纯化的血清8型荚膜多糖和纯化的ClfA-FnBPB融合蛋白偶联制备偶联物,并在偶联的过程中确定其最佳质量比和偶联比.用制备的偶联物免疫小鼠,同时用间接ELISA法检测抗体水平,并对三免后2周的小鼠进行攻毒保护试验.结果显示,用化学方法制备的多糖-蛋白偶联物在其质量比为1:2时可成功偶联,计算得到偶联比为1:1.89.采用间接ELISA法检测抗体水平,二免后7d,偶联物免疫组可产生抗体,且抗体效价最高可达1∶6 400.阴性对照组和单独多糖组均没有抗体产生,而单独融合蛋白组在二免后产生了抗体反应,但抗体效价较低,最高时仅为1∶100.对小鼠进行攻毒保护的结果表明,偶联物组的攻毒保护率最高,可达80％,而阴性对照组、单独多糖组以及单独融合蛋白组的保护率分别为20％、30％和60％.     

Efficacy of a 5-day extended therapy program during lactation with cephapirin sodium in dairy cows chronically infected with Staphylococcus aureus

This study determined the efficacy of a 5-day extended therapy with cephapirin sodium in dairy cows chronically infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Chronically infected cows selected from 14 dairy herds in the St-Hyacinthe region, Québec were randomly allocated to a group of 31 cows treated for 5 consecutive days with 200 mg of cephapirin per quarter BID or a group of 30 untreated control cows. Bacteriological cure was determined by 3 negative bacterial cultures at 10, 24, and 31 days after treatment. The cow cure rates were 25.8% (8/31) in the treated cows and 3.3% (1/30) in the control group (P = 0.013). The quarter cure rates at first sampling post-treatment were 77.6% (38/49) and 18% (9/50) in the treated and the control groups, respectively (P < 0.0001). A 5-day extended therapy with cephapirin is effective in treating cows chronically infected with S. aureus.     

Efficacy of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) to bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus

The objective of this study was to estimate the efficacy of specific egg yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) to bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Eighteen lactating cows with clinical mastitis and 18 lactating cows with experimental mastitis (1 quarter per cow) were randomly assigned to three treatments: IgY (20mg/ml) infusion, penicillin (100mg/ml) infusion and no infusion. Treatments for clinical mastitis and experimental mastitis were performed by a 6-day course of intramammary infusion with a dosage of 10ml at an interval of 12h. Milk samples were collected at morning milking time for testing color, clot, somatic cell counts (SCC) and bacterial count. For most of the cows treated with IgY and penicillin, the milk color and clot recovered to normal form during the therapy course. The milk SCCs and bacterial counts of treated cows decreased compared to those of untreated cows (p<0.05). The cure rates by IgY for experimental and clinical mastitis were 83.3% and 50%, respectively, and those by penicillin were 66.7% and 33.3%, respectively. These results showed the potential of specific IgY to be an alternative therapy for mastitis caused by S. aureus.     

Efficacy of Staphylococcus aureus vaccines for bovine mastitis: a systematic review

Bovine mastitis is the main cause of economic loss in milk production worldwide and Staphylococcus aureus is the agent most frequently associated with the disease. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the efficacy of vaccines for bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus and suggest the immunotherapeutic protocols that have achieved the best and/or most promising results. An electronic search was made of the PubMed and Web of Science databases in November 2009. Only studies that tested vaccines in vivo in cows were included. The experimental design, methodological quality, type of vaccine and results of the studies were analyzed. Twenty-four papers were selected for this review. In general, bacterin-toxoid vaccines, vaccines of DNA-recombinant protein and recombinant protein alone were investigated in the studies selected. This systematic review suggests that vaccines that employ new technologies (DNA and/or recombinant protein vaccines) and some long-standing bacterins have achieved good results, which supports their use in the prevention and control of bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus. However, methodological differences and in some cases, a lack of more severe scientific criteria (such as double blind protocols) hinder the assessment of the effectiveness of these vaccines.     

Composition and evaluation of the efficacy of Staphylococcus aureus vaccine.

An alum-precipitated Staphylococcus aureus vaccine, composed of a formalin-inactivated whole culture of a strain which produces Smith surface antigen and combined with the whole culture of a highly toxigenic strain, was found to afford a good immunity to staphylococcal skin infection in rabbits. Three injections of the vaccine provided immunity which lasted for at least 6 months against a primarily pyogenic strain of S. aureus and for at least 3 months against a toxigenic strain. From experiments using vaccines prepared from cells or toxoid only, it was deduced that, although there is a measure of strain specific immunity, a good heterologous immunity can be established with a combined product provided that it contains adequate quantities of toxoid. The use of such a vaccine as a potential aid in the control of bovine staphylococcal mastitis is discussed.