北冬虫夏草多糖对四氯化碳致小鼠急性肝损伤的影响

为探讨北冬虫夏草多糖对四氯化碳(CCl4)所致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用。通过不同剂量北冬虫夏草多糖对CCl4致小鼠急性肝损伤的结构和功能的研究,测定了试验小鼠血清丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性和总胆红素(T-BiL)水平,以及肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,并对肝脏进行了病理形态学的显微观察。结果显示:各剂量北冬虫夏草多糖能不同程度降低CCl4所致小鼠血清中AST、ALT、ALP活性和T-BiL水平,升高肝脏组织中SOD、GSH的水平,降低肝脏组织中MDA的含量;减轻和改善化学性肝损伤肝组织的病理变化程度和促进其结构和功能的修复。北冬虫夏草多糖对CCl4所致小鼠肝损伤有较好的保护作用。     

蒲公英水提物对小鼠高脂性脂肪肝的治疗作用

通过给小鼠灌胃高脂饮食,观察蒲公英水提物对小鼠高脂性脂肪肝的治疗作用。设立空白组,模型组,阳性组及蒲公英水提物高、中、低剂量组(10、5、2.5g/kg),给小鼠腹腔注射地塞米松的同时,灌胃高脂饮食建立小鼠急性脂肪肝模型,观察小鼠肝脏指数,肝脏病理组织学变化,测定血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST),肝组织中甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)含量。结果与模型组相比,蒲公英水提物高、中剂量组可以显著或极显著降低脂肪肝小鼠的肝脏指数(P0.05或P0.01),降低血清中ALT和AST活性(P0.05或P0.01),降低肝组织中TG和TC含量(P0.05或P0.01);病理组织学观察蒲公英水提物高、中剂量组肝组织脂肪变性明显减轻。结果表明,蒲公英水提物对高脂饮食引起的小鼠高脂性脂肪肝有一定的治疗作用。     

长柱金丝桃提取物对四氯化碳和酒精诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用研究

为了研究长柱金丝桃提取物对四氯化碳(CCl4)和酒精诱导小鼠肝损伤的保护作用,试验采用白酒灌胃的方式建立小鼠急性酒精性肝损伤模型,腹腔注射CCl4建立小鼠急性肝损伤模型,检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)活性、肝脏指数。结果表明:长柱金丝桃乙酸乙酯部位组能极显著抑制CCl4肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST活性的升高(P0.01),长柱金丝桃正丁醇部位组能显著抑制CCl4肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST活性的升高(P0.05),且两组均能显著降低肝脏指数(P0.05);长柱金丝桃乙酸乙酯部位组能抑制酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT、AST活性的升高(P0.05),且能降低肝脏指数(P0.05)。说明长柱金丝桃提取物对CCl4和酒精引起的小鼠急性肝损伤具有保护作用。     

红茂草异紫堇碱对小鼠实验性肝脏损伤的保护作用

研究红茂草异紫堇碱对小鼠实验性肝损伤的保护作用。给予小鼠不同剂量的红茂草异紫堇碱灌胃10 h,后腹腔注射四氯化碳(CCl4)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤病理模型,16 h后测定小鼠肝指数、小鼠血清中谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、肝脏中丙二醛(MDA)的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)的变化。采用环磷酰胺诱导小鼠免疫性肝损伤病理模型,用不同浓度的异紫堇碱灌服10 h,测定小鼠肝指数、血清中IL-1β、IL-2、INF-γ和TNF-α含量变化,同时进行肝脏组织结构和病理变化观察。结果发现,与模型组相比,不同剂量的异紫堇碱给药组血清中AST、ALT活性显著降低(P0.01),肝组织匀浆MDA含量显著减少(P0.01);抗氧化酶T-SOD活性显著升高(P0.01);血清中IL-2和INF-γ含量显著升高(P0.01),病理切片显示红茂草异紫堇碱作用后肝组织损伤有不同程度地减轻,高剂量的异紫堇碱(330.96 mg/kg)对肝组织的保护程度最为明显。说明红茂草异紫堇碱对实验性肝损伤具有很好的保护作用,其机制与DLF调节细胞因子水平,抑制抗氧化酶活性,清除自由基,抑制脂质过氧化相关。     

大蒜多糖对伴刀豆蛋白A致肝损伤小鼠肝组织抗氧化能力的影响

为了探讨大蒜多糖(GAP)对肝脏氧化还原性的调节作用,试验就GAP对伴刀豆蛋白A(ConA)致肝损伤小鼠肝组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)影响进行了研究.50只小鼠随机平均分成5组;空白对照组,模型组,多糖不同剂量组(低、中、高);多糖组分别以100 mg/kg,200 mg/kg,400 mg/kg体重的大蒜多糖对小鼠进行灌胃,然后采用刀豆蛋白A(ConA)静脉注射致小鼠免疫性肝损伤,摘取肝脏,进行肝组织匀浆中SOD活力、MDA、GSH含量测定,结果显示,与ConA模型组比较,多糖低剂量组SOD活力提高不显著(P＞0.05),MDA含量降低显著(P＜0.05),GSH含量升高不显著(P＞0.05);多糖中剂量组SOD活力提高显著(P＜0.05),MDA含量降低极显著(P＜0.01),GSH含量升高显著(P＜0.05);多糖高剂量组SOD活力升高极显著(P＜0.01),MDA含量降低极显著(P＜0.01),GSH含量升高极显著(P＜0.01).试验表明,大蒜多糖能够有效提高机体抗氧化机能,对ConA所致的免疫性肝损伤有一定保护作用,并且在一定范围内存在着量效相关性.     

三种清热解毒中药抗炎活性的研究

为了评价几种具有清热解毒功效中药的抗炎效果,试验采用小鼠炎症模型对牛大力、溪黄草、凤尾草的抗炎效果进行了比较研究。结果表明:三种中药对二甲苯所致小白鼠耳廓肿胀均有一定抑制作用,肿胀抑制率分别为牛大力56.32%、溪黄草27.97%、凤尾草33.72%,其中牛大力的抑制效果与阳性对照药氢化可的松相当;三种中药对醋酸所致小白鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性增加有明显抑制作用,抑制率分别为牛大力74.96%、溪黄草37.98%、凤尾草53.17%,其中牛大力对血管通透性增高的抑制效果最为显著。说明牛大力在抗炎作用上具有较好的开发前景。     

丹参多糖对雏鸡肝损伤的保护作用

150只雏鸡被随机分为空白对照组、模型组及丹参多糖高、中、低剂量组,采用灌服CCL4建立急性肝损伤实验动物模型,分别给雏鸡饮水不同浓度丹参多糖进行预防及治疗给药。对比雏鸡肝脏系数,检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(Alb)的含量以及肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果显示与空白对照组比较,模型组雏鸡TP、Alb含量明显降低(P0.05),肝指数、ALT、AST、MDA均显著增高(P0.05)。而丹参多糖各剂量组血清TP、Alb含量,AST、ALT活性和肝组织中的MDA含量与模型组相比差异显著(P0.05),与正常组相比无明显差异。说明丹参多糖对四氯化碳所致雏鸡肝损伤有明显的保护作用。     

牛磺酸对脂多糖诱导的小鼠肝脏损伤的缓解作用

本试验旨在研究牛磺酸对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠肝脏损伤的缓解作用。选用30只体重(22±3)g的ICR雄性小鼠,随机分为3组(每组10只小鼠,n=10):对照组和LPS组饲喂基础饲粮,牛磺酸组在基础饲粮中添加2.5%的牛磺酸。饲喂1周后LPS组和牛磺酸组小鼠腹腔注射10 mg/kg的LPS(LPS溶解于生理盐水,注射剂量为0.2 mL/只),对照组小鼠腹腔注射等体积的生理盐水。LPS注射24 h后,各组小鼠眼眶采血并处死,采集肝脏。血液用于血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性的测定,肝脏称重后检测氧化应激参数,抗氧化基因及转录因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)、Kelch样ECH相关蛋白(Keap1)的相对表达量。结果表明:1)LPS处理显著升高了小鼠的肝脏指数(P0.05),而添加牛磺酸显著抑制了由LPS引起的肝脏指数升高(P0.05)。2)LPS处理显著增加了血清ALT和AST活性(P0.05),添加牛磺酸后抑制了血清ALT和AST活性的增加,且其AST活性达到对照组水平(P0.05)。3)LPS组小鼠肝脏出现明显的损伤,而牛磺酸组小鼠肝脏组织损伤较轻。4)与对照组相比,LPS组小鼠肝脏丙二醛(MDA)含量显著上升(P0.05),谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性显著降低(P0.05),而牛磺酸组上述指标未发生显著变化(P0.05)。5)牛磺酸显著缓解了LPS对肝脏GPx1和Nrf2表达的抑制作用(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加2.5%的牛磺酸对LPS诱导的小鼠肝脏损伤起到了一定的缓解作用。     

姬松茸水溶性粗多糖对小鼠镉中毒治疗作用研究

目的:探讨姬松茸水溶性粗多糖对镉中毒小鼠治疗作用。方法:将40只SPF级雄性健康小白鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、多糖治疗组。造模5周后,多糖治疗组用300 mg/kg.d多糖治疗20d。结果:与对照组比较,模型组小鼠肝脏指数、肾脏指数、ALT、AST、MDA含量显著升高(P0.05),TP、GSH、GSH-Px含量显著降低(P0.05)。与模型组比较,多糖治疗组小鼠的肝脏指数、肾脏指数、ALT、AST和MDA含量显著降低(P0.05),TP、GSH、GSH-Px含量显著升高(P0.05)。表明灌胃姬松茸水溶性粗多糖溶液对小鼠镉中毒有一定的治疗作用。     

灵芝活性组分在小鼠体内的降糖功效研究

为了探究灵芝活性组分灵芝多肽、多糖的降血糖机理,采用四氧嘧啶建立糖尿病小鼠模型,经不同组分灵芝提取物灌胃连续4周后测定空腹血糖值、胰岛素浓度、肝糖原、肌糖原含量、肝脏SOD活性MDA含量。结果表明,灵芝多糖能有效增加小鼠血清胰岛素浓度(P0.05);灵芝多肽和多糖可显著降低糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖含量,降糖率分别为19.1%和29.8%;显著增强小鼠肝脏SOD活性(P0.05),升高率分别为13.4%和19.7%;降低肝脏MDA含量(P0.05),且分别降低了27.8%和35.1%。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

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