无患子皂甙对12～15月龄后备牛生产性能和瘤胃发酵和血液生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨无患子皂甙对12~15月龄中国荷斯坦后备奶牛生产性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵和血液生化指标的影响。本试验选用26头平均12.50月龄、平均体重271.37 kg的健康中国荷斯坦后备奶牛,采用随机区组设计分为2组,每组13头。对照组和试验组分别饲喂含量为0和0.15%的无患子皂甙的精料,试验期100 d,其中预试期10 d,试验期采集粪样、血样和瘤胃液样品。结果表明:饲喂无患子皂甙后,后备牛的日增重极显著提高(P0.01),胸围、饲料转化效率、蛋白质表观消化率显著提高(P0.05);瘤胃内原虫密度、氨态氮浓度、丁酸浓度、乙丙比以及甲烷估测产量均极显著降低(P0.01),丙酸浓度极显著升高(P0.05);血液中葡萄糖浓度和总胆固醇浓度升高(P0.05),β-羟丁酸浓度极显著降低(P0.01)。结果显示,无患子皂甙作为一种瘤胃调控剂,显著提高了12~15月龄后备牛的生产性能,具有较好的应用前景。     

微生物发酵饲料对肉牛免疫机能的影响

试验旨在研究微生物发酵饲料对肉牛免疫机能的影响。选择90头月龄相近、体型结构相似、体重(373.4~425.3) kg的健康西杂牛,采用随机区组试验设计,将90头牛分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复6头牛。对照组饲喂基础精料日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别用25%和40%微生物发酵饲料替代基础精料,各组每头牛每天饲喂相同重量的精料(4 kg)和玉米秸秆颗粒(2.7 kg),酒糟自由采食,拴系饲喂,自由饮水;预试期10 d,正试期48 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,2个试验组中血清总蛋白、白蛋白、免疫球蛋白A、G、M浓度显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)提高,谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶活性及丙二醛浓度均显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)下降;且总抗氧化能力和总超氧化物歧化酶的活性极显著增强(P＜0.01)。提示,利用微生物发酵饲料能提高肉牛免疫力。     

饲喂含益生菌精料对犊牛生长发育及腹泻的影响

犊牛腹泻的发生影响犊牛生长发育和牧场经济效益,本试验通过配制使用含益生菌(枯草芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌和酵母菌)的犊牛精料饲喂犊牛,并与常规饲料饲喂犊牛进行比较,每组6头牛,饲喂期30d,旨在为降低犊牛腹泻发生概率,提高犊牛生长发育性能提供科学依据。结果表明:给犊牛饲喂含益生菌精料可提高犊牛生长发育性能,其中饲喂含酵母菌精料的犊牛在体尺体重增加上显著高于对照组(P0.05);并可显著降低犊牛腹泻发生的概率。     

饲喂大叶枸草粉对舍饲羔羊生产性能、养分消化率和血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同比例大叶枸草粉替代部分精料对舍饲羔羊生产性能、养分表观消化率和血液生化指标的影响,探讨适宜替代比例。选取健康无病、体重相近(13.18±1.5)kg的3月龄本地波杂山羊36头,依据随机区组试验设计分为3组,分别为对照组、试验1组及2组,每组设3个重复,每个重复4头。对照组不喂大叶枸草粉,试验1组饲喂10%大叶枸草粉,试验2组饲喂20%大叶枸草粉。结果表明:10%和20%大叶枸草粉替代部分精料饲喂舍饲羔羊,对养分表观消化率无显著影响(P﹥0.05);除血清碱性磷酸酶浓度存在显著差异外,其他血液生化指标各组间差异均不显著(P﹥0.05);与对照组相比,试验1组和2组均能明显提高其日增重、饲料增重比(P﹤0.01);每千克增重饲料成本可降低2.69～3.85元,经济效益明显。结果提示,以20%以内的大叶枸草粉替代部分精料可以饲喂舍饲羔羊,而以10%替代比例为最佳。     

不同类型青贮对肉牛生长性能及经济效益的影响北大核心

试验旨在研究不同类型青贮对肉牛生长性能及经济效益的影响。选择体重相近、体况良好的西门塔尔牛60头,随机分为4组,每组15个重复,每个重复1头牛。试验Ⅰ组西门塔尔牛饲喂全株玉米青贮,试验Ⅱ组西门塔尔牛饲喂稻草青贮,试验Ⅲ组西门塔尔牛饲喂花生秧青贮,试验Ⅳ组牛饲喂构树青贮,各组精料相同。试验期100 d。结果显示:与试验Ⅱ组相比,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组肉牛末重均显著提高(P<0.05),平均日增重均极显著提高(P<0.01),料重比均极显著降低(P<0.01)。饲料投入排序为试验Ⅲ组>试验Ⅳ组>试验Ⅰ组>试验Ⅱ组;各组试验牛增重收入分别为38.50、28.50、36.00和37.25元/(头·d);试验Ⅰ组的经济效益最高,为10.74元/(头·d)。研究表明,使用全株玉米青贮饲喂肉牛的生长性能较好,经济效益最高,可在肉牛育肥中推广应用。     

酒糟生物饲料对天柱骡鸭饲养效果的研究

为开发天柱骡鸭酒糟生物饲料,试验将120只1日龄天柱骡鸭随机分为2组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂含20%酒糟生物的试验日粮,进行91 d的饲养试验,测定鸭生产性能及经济效益。结果表明:试验组鸭全期平均日增重与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),全期平均料重比与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),每克增重的代谢能消耗显著低于对照组(P0.05),蛋白质效率(增重/摄入粗蛋白质)极显著高于对照组(P0.01),成活率显著高于对照组(P0.05),经济效益比对照组高64.93%。说明在天柱骡鸭日粮中添加20%酒糟生物饲料可以提高能量和蛋白质转化效率,提高鸭成活率,降低成本,提高经济效益。     

复合抗菌肽对山羊瘤胃发酵和酶活性的影响

本试验旨在探讨复合抗菌肽对饲喂不同精料饲粮山羊瘤胃发酵和酶活性的影响。选取18只4月龄雄性山羊,随机分3组,每组6只。对照组(Ⅰ组)、高精料组(Ⅱ组)、高精料抗菌肽组(Ⅲ组)分别饲喂300、600和600 g/(只·d)精料,同时Ⅲ组在精料中添加3.0 g/(只·d)复合抗菌肽。试验期为60 d。结果表明:1)与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组瘤胃液乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸(T-VFA)、甲烷(CH4)、氨态氮(NH3-N)、尿素氮、微生物蛋白(MCP)浓度与(乙酸+丁酸)/丙酸及木聚糖酶、脂肪酶活性极显著或显著增加(P0.01或P0.05),羧甲基纤维素酶(CMCase)、β-葡萄糖苷酶和淀粉酶活性极显著或显著降低(P0.01或P0.05),丙酸、丁酸浓度及果胶酶、中性蛋白酶活性无显著变化(P0.05)。2)与Ⅱ组相比,Ⅲ组瘤胃液丙酸、丁酸、NH3-N浓度及CMCase、果胶酶、中性蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性无显著变化(P0.05),乙酸、T-VFA、CH4、尿素氮浓度与(乙酸+丁酸)/丙酸及木聚糖酶活性极显著或显著降低(P0.01或P0.05),MCP浓度及β-葡萄糖苷酶、淀粉酶活性极显著或显著增加(P0.01或P0.05)。由此说明,复合抗菌肽可调节山羊瘤胃发酵模式,提高饲料利用率,是理想的饲料添加剂。     

蚕沙替代精料对乐至黑山羊生长性能的影响

本试验研究利用蚕沙替代精料对乐至黑山羊生长性能和经济效益的影响。选择35只体重(20±1.3)kg的3月龄乐至黑山羊阉公羊,采用单因子完全随机试验设计,分为5组,单栏单饲,对照组饲喂基础精料,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别喂给以100%、75%、50%、25%蚕沙替代基础精料的含蚕沙精料,正式试验期为90d。试验结果表明:不同比例蚕沙替代精料对山羊日增重有极显著影响(P0.01),其中25%蚕沙替代精料组日增重最高,较对照组提高19.49%。经济效益分析发现,蚕沙替代精料饲喂生长山羊可提高养羊经济效益,以25%蚕沙替代精料的效益最高,达124.65%。     

青贮皇竹草饲喂肥育牛的增重效果试验

青贮皇竹草营养丰富,适口性好,饲喂肉牛可明显提高养牛的经济效益。近年来,瑞安市推广种植皇竹草并制成青贮饲料饲喂肥育牛。试验选用18月龄、体重220 kg左右的架子牛20头,试验组饲喂青干草＋青贮皇竹草＋精料;对照组饲喂青干草＋精料。经60 d试验,试验组头均日增重0.86 kg,比对照组（0.65 kg）提高32.3%,差异极显著（P〈0.01）。每增重1 kg,试验组比对照组节省精料0.74 kg,粗料4.57kg,饲养效益提高154%。     

膨化棉籽替代豆粕对荷斯坦牛的饲喂效果

将30头荷斯坦牛随机分成两组进行为期30天的饲养试验,对照组饲喂含30%豆粕的精料,试验组饲喂含15%膨化棉籽(EC) 15%豆粕的精料。结果表明,膨化棉籽组与豆粕组相比,前者具有较低的精料成本以及较高的泌乳量/精料消耗(P<0.05)。两组牛的泌乳量及乳脂率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。经济效益分析表明,饲喂膨化棉籽精料的生产成本比对照组头均减少2.59元/d,仅此一项全场(以900头泌乳牛计)每年可节约精料费用71.10万元(2.59×305×900)。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.