氮磷钾肥料对天鹰椒养分吸收量及干物质产量的影响

天鹰椒施用氮肥，增加了干物质中N，Mg的百分含量，但减少了P和K的百分含量；施N情况下，N，P，Ca,Mg的吸收总量增加。施用磷肥，增加了干物质中P的百分含量，减少了Ca，Mg的百分含量；N，P，K，Ca的吸收总量增加，Mg的吸收总量减少。施用钾肥，增加了干物质中K的百分含量，减少了Ca,Mg的百分含量，K，P的吸收总量增加，N，Ca,Mg的吸收总量减少。     

镁、钾相互作用对水稻生长、养分吸收及有关生理特性的影响

在温室条件下,采用液体培养方法研究了Mg、K相互作用对水稻生长、养分吸收以及有关生理特性的影响。结果表明,在低Mg浓度条件下,水稻植株干物质积累随K浓度增加而减少;在高Mg条件下水稻植株干物质积累随K浓度增加而相应增加。在低Mg条件下,高浓度K显著抑制植株对Mg、K、N和P的吸收;在高Mg浓度下,植株对Mg、K、N和P的吸收有促进作用。植株叶片叶绿素含量在低Mg条件下随K浓度增加而减少,在高Mg条件下K浓度增加对叶绿素含量无显著影响。叶片硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量随Mg浓度增加而增加,而K浓度增加对叶片硝酸还原酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量无明显影响。高Mg条件下的叶片可溶性糖和淀粉含量明显高于低Mg处理,并随K浓度增加而提高。Mg、K营养拈抗作用主要表现在低Mg高K浓度条件下抑制Mg的吸收。     

CO2浓度升高与增施钾肥对黄瓜生长的影响

采用土培和开顶箱法,研究了大气CO_2浓度升高与K肥共同作用对黄瓜生长的影响.结果表明,CO_2浓度升高和K肥浓度增大均能增加黄瓜干物质的积累,且在高CO_2浓度下.200mg/kg和300 mg/kg K肥处理时黄瓜的干物重达到最大值.大气CO_2浓度升高使得黄瓜体内的N、P、K、Na、Ca、Mg含量均降低,K肥处理对黄瓜植株内N、P、Ca、Mg含量的影响不大,但K的含量随K肥的增加而增加.在高浓度CO_2下,200mg/kg和300mg/kg K肥处理时黄瓜对N、P、K、Ca、Mg的吸收量达到最大值.可见,在未来CO_2浓度升高的环境中,更多的K肥供应能促进作物对N、P、K、Ca、Mg的吸收,使其快速高效的生长.     

镁、钾营养及其交互作用对水稻产量、产量构成因素和养分吸收的影响

在温室条件下,采用土壤盆栽方法研究了Mg,K营养及其交互作用对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)产量、产量构成因素和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,不同Mg,K施用量均显著地影响水稻籽粒产量及其构成因素,而且Mg,K营养之间存在显著的互作效应。适量施用Mg,K肥就能显著地增加水稻产量,中Mg高K施用量的产量最高,比不施肥增产28.4%。当土壤在低K施用量时,有利于水稻植株对Mg,N和P的吸收;但在高K施用量下,则抑制Mg,N和P的吸收。在低K和中K施用量时,低量Mg能促进N,P.K的吸收,而高Mg施用量则抑制P和K的吸收。水稻秸秆Mg含量随Mg施用量的增加而增加,但随着K施用量的增加而降低。本研究表明,Mg,K营养之间存在较强的拮抗效应,Mg,K肥的平衡施用对提高水稻产量具有重要意义。     

大棚栽培番茄不同施肥条件下土壤养分和盐分组成与含量的变化

试验选择具有3年棚龄的大棚和砂壤质地的旱耕人为土,进行不同施肥条件下,土壤养分与盐分变化的冬春两茬西红柿栽培小区试验,对施肥引起的土壤养分与水溶性盐分含量及盐基离子组成的变化进行了系统的定量分析。试验结果表明,在整个生育期采用地膜覆盖的条件下,施用尿素可以快速增加土壤速效N素的含量和水溶性铵盐的含量水平。羊圈厩肥的P、K、Ca和Mg等元素含量较高,其施用会很快增加土壤速效态P、K的含量和土壤水溶性K 、Ca2 、Mg2 等盐基离子的含量。回归分析显示,施用1kg尿素N或1t羊圈厩肥引起土壤电导率增加量分别为6.45×10-4mS/cm和5.45×10-3mS/cm。土壤盐基离子含量的增加,主要由于水溶性NH4 、K 、Ca2 、Mg2 含量的增加而引起。施用尿素不但增加土壤水溶性NH4 的含量,而且通过NH4 的交换作用增加了土壤K 、Ca2 和Mg2 的含量水平。     

设施栽培下仙客来的养分吸收规律研究

以设施栽培的仙客来‘NP3’为材料,探讨了仙客来的干物质积累和矿质养分吸收积累规律。结果表明,设施栽培条件下,成品时干物重为32.49g的仙客来单株矿质养分的需求总量为2.51g。越夏后10月份是仙客来干物质和养分积累的重要时期,N的吸收量最大,每日每株吸收11.36mg;K次之,9.56 mg;P为2.44 mg;Ca为3.83mg;Mg为2.36mg。不同生育期对矿质养分的吸收比例不同,但N/K基本平衡在1:1。     

黄土高原退耕还草土壤水分对植物地上部化学计量特征的影响

揭示土壤水分含量变化对植物养分吸收的影响,对阐明草本植被对环境变化的响应和适应性具有重要意义,可为黄土高原区生态治理提供理论依据。研究以安塞纸坊沟流域不同退耕还草年限(6 a,15 a,25 a和45 a)的草本植物和0—50 cm深度土壤样品为研究对象,测定了植物地上部C,N,P,K,Ca和Mg含量及土壤含水率,并分析了植物养分含量及其生态化学计量与土壤含水率的关系。结果表明:土壤含水率随退耕还草过程呈先增加后降低趋势。植物体中C,N,K,Ca和Mg含量整体上随着退耕年限延长先降低后升高,植物P含量在退耕还草初期下降,中后期保持稳定。植物C/N,C/P和N/P比值随退耕年限呈先升高后降低的趋势,并且在退耕还草过程中植物生长主要受到N限制。植物Ca和Mg含量与土壤含水率呈显著负相关。另外,退耕45 a含水率最低,植物C/Ca,C/Mg,N/Ca,N/Mg,P/K,P/Ca,P/Mg比值也是最低的,表明植物可以增加吸收K,Ca和Mg以应对水分胁迫。研究表明土壤含水率随退耕还草过程降低,土壤水分降低促进干旱半干旱地区植被对环境的适应。研究结果为改善干旱半干旱区植被生态稳定性提供科学依据。     

不同施肥方式烤烟叶片矿质元素含量变化及其与干物质积累的关系

为了研究不同施肥方式下烤烟叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、B、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn 10种矿质元素的含量变化及其与干物质积累间的相关性,于2015~2016年连续2年以南阳市烤烟品种云烟87为试材,设置3种不同的施肥方式(T1:沟灌常规施肥,T2:水肥一体化,T3:水肥一体化+黄腐酸钾)在田间进行对比试验。结果显示,烟叶中10种矿质元素含量高低表现为NCaKPMgMnFeZnBCu;水肥一体化处理矿质元素含量显著高于常规处理。不同施肥方式下叶片内矿质元素含量的变化趋势表现为N、Ca、Mn、Zn,呈先上升后下降的趋势,60~80 d达到峰值;K、Cu、Fe含量在生育期内呈逐渐下降趋势,Mg元素含量表现为先下降后上升;B、P含量在生育期内变化差异不明显;叶片内N、P、K含量之间均呈极显著正相关,表明这3种元素彼此间存在增效作用;Fe与N、Ca、Mg、Mn 4种元素含量变化呈极显著负相关,表明Fe与这4种元素间均存在拮抗作用。元素含量与干物质积累间的相关性分析表明,N、P、K在40~70 d内均与干物质积累呈显著正相关。因此与常规处理相比,水肥一体化能提高烟株对矿质元素的吸收和积累,促进后期落黄成熟,提高干物质积累量。     

菊科花卉常见缺素症及植株养分含量变化探讨

通过溶液培养的方法,研究了3种主要菊科花卉（金盏菊、孔雀草、万寿菊）在缺N、P、K、Ca 、Mg、S条件下的缺素症状及其生物量与营养元素变化情况。结果表明,金盏菊、万寿菊缺N,孔雀草缺K时症状最为明显;缺N对金盏菊、孔雀草、万寿菊的植株生物量影响最大;与全素（CK）相比,金盏菊和万寿菊缺K处理植株N浓度增加,3种花卉缺N、缺K处理均增加植株的P含量,但缺P处理降低植株K浓度,缺K处理增加含Ca量,缺Ca处理增加含K量和含Mg量,金盏菊缺Mg处理的含K量增加,3种花卉缺S处理植株S含量降幅不大,孔雀草和万寿菊缺N、P、K、Ca处理均可导致植株S含量增加。     

芭蕉芋干物质及矿质营养元素累积与分配特征研究

以3 个芭蕉芋栽培品种为试材,研究了芭蕉芋发棵结芋期和子芋完熟期生物量的构成特点及各器官矿质元素含量、 积累和分配规律,以期为芭蕉芋科学管理和合理施肥提供依据。结果表明,发棵结芋期,芭蕉芋干物质量为54.99~62.21g/plant,叶片是干物质主要的分配器官; 子芋完熟期,芭蕉芋的干物质量是发棵结芋期的 4 倍多,根茎为干物质的主要分配器官。发棵结芋期,3 个芭蕉芋品种平均每株累积吸收N 497.4mg~598.8mg、 P 128.7mg~223.1mg、 K 2021.2.mg~2450.3mg、 Ca 496.0 mg~577.3 mg、 Mg 526.7 mg~804.5 mg,氮以叶片中含量最高,磷、 钾和镁以茎中含量最高,根系内钙含量最高; 子芋完熟期,芭蕉芋平均每株累积N 1116.2~1210.8mg、 P 852.6~907.5mg、 K 4528.9~5055.2 mg、 Ca 919.2~991.7mg、 Mg 888.2~1369.0 mg,氮以叶片含量最高,钾含量以根系最高,磷含量以茎、 叶中最高,根茎内镁含量高。生育期内构建相同生物量,Xingyu-1需要的 K、 Ca 和 Mg 比其他 2个品种多,N和P与其他2个品种相当,但Xingyu-1 的根茎干物质分配率高,生产相同质量的干根茎,Xingyu-1 需要的N、 P、 K 低于其他 2 个品种。     

Mineral‐nutrient synergism and dilution responses to nitrogen fertilizer in field‐grown maize

Nitrogen (N)‐fertilizer applications to field‐grown maize may result in a dilution response whereby essential mineral‐element concentrations in shoots would decrease as shoot‐dry‐matter accumulation increased. To investigate this, the effect of N‐fertilizer treatments (no N or fertilizer rate based upon 5.3 or 8.5 t ha^–1 yield goal) on maize (Zea mays L.) shoot dry weight and shoot mineral concentrations (N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, and Mn) at the sixth leaf (V6), twelfth leaf (V12), and tassel (VT) development stages were investigated in a 2‐year study conducted at Brookings, South Dakota (USA). With increasing N‐fertilizer application rates, shoot dry weight was greater and shoot P and K concentrations decreased. A possible explanation of this dilution response is that planting‐time P and K fertilizers, which were applied in a band near the seed furrow, may have enhanced the uptake of P and K in a manner that was independent of N‐fertilizer treatments. Increased shoot‐dry‐weight production due to the application of N fertilizers, if P and K uptake were similar across N‐fertilizer treatments, would lead to decreased shoot P and K concentrations in N‐sufficient compared with N‐deficient plants. Conversely, N‐fertilizer‐induced increases in shoot dry weight were accompanied by increased shoot concentrations of N, Ca, and Mn. This synergistic response between dry‐weight accumulation and shoot N concentration was present at all leaf developmental stages studied, while that for Ca was present only at VT. Thus, N fertilizer applications that increase shoot dry weight can affect the dilution and synergistic responses of specific mineral nutrients in maize shoots. Crop developmental stage as well as the location of these specific mineral nutrients in the soil profile might play important roles in mediating these responses.     

氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了氮肥运筹、配施有机肥和坐水种对春玉米产量与养分吸收转运的影响。结果表明,适宜氮肥运筹方式、配施有机肥和坐水种均能显著增加春玉米产量,氮肥两次追肥处理的产量较一次追肥处理的产量增加10.6%～17.0%,配施有机肥增产10.3%～18.0%,坐水种增产9.1%,配施有机肥并坐水种增产20.4%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥及配施有机肥并坐水种均能显著提高春玉米干物质最大积累速率和积累总量,分别提高干物质最大积累速率11.1%～29.5%、28.0%～28.8%和32.1%,依次提高干物质积累总量11.9%～15.5%、21.2%～24.4%和26.9%。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均可提高N、P、K养分最大吸收速率和吸收总量,养分最大吸收速率以K最高,N居中,P最低;养分吸收总量以N最高,K居中,P最低;养分最大吸收速率出现的时间以K最早（57.2～60.4 d）,N居中（65.3～68.5 d）,P最晚（71.4～74.8 d）,三者均早于干物质积累最大速率出现的时间（82.5～89.3 d）。氮肥两次追施、配施有机肥和坐水种均有利于N、P、K养分由营养体向籽粒的转运量、转运效率、籽粒中养分含量以及氮肥利用率的提高,养分转运效率以P最高（59.3%～66.1%）,其次是N（41.5%～55.1%）,K最低（35.9%～38.0%）。在本实验条件下,施氮量为225 kg/hm2,基肥:拔节肥比1:3,配施有机肥结合坐水种,为最佳施肥处理。     

Influence of phosphorus on the growth and nutrient contents of the rice plant

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of phosphorus application on the growth of rice and the concentration of P, N, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, B and Al in leaves, stems and roots. The results showed that application of phosphorus substantially increased the dry matter of leaves, stems and roots upto 30 ppm of P level. Application of phosphorus caused a decrease in the concentration of Fe, Cu and Al in leaves and stems and increased concentration in roots. Phosphorus concentration increased in all plant fractions, while N and Mn increased in leaves but decreased in stems and roots. Similarly Ca, Mg and B concentration decreased in leaves, stems and roots.     

含钙镁辣椒配方肥对辣椒生产及品质的影响

当前西南黄壤地区辣椒生产中,大量元素肥料配比不合理,钙、镁肥料投入不足是限制辣椒提质增效的重要因素.基于辣椒的养分需求规律设计了辣椒配方肥,并在此基础上添加钙镁形成含钙镁辣椒配方肥.同时在重庆石柱和贵州锦屏分别进行田间试验,研究含钙镁辣椒配方肥对辣椒产量、植株干物质累积量、钾钙镁养分平衡、氮磷肥偏生产力、品质及经济效益...     

The effect of Ca and K levels on the herbage yield and nutrient composition of barley plants grown in high Mg soils

Abstract

The effects of Ca and K levels on barley (cv. Johnston) yield were studied in soil media containing high levels of Mg. The dry matter yield of barley decreased with increasing concentrations of Mg in soils, but the decrease was small. Dry matter yield was positively related to concentration of K in the soil. However, additions of fertilizer Ca or K did not increase dry matter yield, indicating that depressed yield associated with high Mg levels was not due to reduced availability of Ca or K. In commercial agriculture, applications of either Ca or K to such soils are unlikely to prove beneficial in increasing crop yields.

Concentrations of Mg in soil solutions of unfertilized soils were lower than levels which were previously shown to reduce crop yield. Additions of N fertilizer increased Mg concentrations to levels which could reduce barley yield     

不同水、氮供应条件下夏玉米养分累积动态研究

在遮雨棚内进行了微区试验,采用不同水、氮素供应研究了玉米N、P、K吸收累积动态。结果表明,植株生物量和N、P、K吸收量,随生育期延长而持续增加;而植株的N、P、K含量,则呈下降趋势。植株生物量和N、P、K吸收量随时间的变化,可用S曲线方程描述。玉米生长期间干物质与养分吸收并非同一速率,前期上升快,至最高峰后缓慢下降。在N、P、K三要素中,N、K吸收速率高,上升快,下降也快;P吸收速率低,上升慢,下降亦慢。养分最大吸收速率出现的时间以K最早,N次之,P最晚。但三者均早于干物质最大累积速率出现的时间。水分和氮素供应增加养分最大吸收速率及养分吸收量,也可增加生育前期的养分含量,但不改变养分累积变化趋势和养分吸收速率的变化趋势。水分和氮素供应促进了营养体养分向子粒的运转,提高了养分在子粒中的分配比例,从而提高了子粒产量。     

Dry‐matter production,mineral nutrient concentrations,and nutrient distribution and redistribution in irrigated spring wheat

A field study was made of the seasonal changes in dry‐matter production, and the uptake, distribution, and redistribution of 12 mineral nutrients in the semi‐dwarf spring wheat, Egret, grown under typical irrigation farming conditions. Most of the dry‐matter production and nutrient uptake had occurred by anthesis, with 75–100% of the final content of magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), chloride (Cl), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) being taken up in the pre‐anthesis period. The above‐ground dry‐matter harvest index was 37%, and grain made up 76% of the head dry matter. Redistributed dry matter from stems and leaves could have provided 29% of the grain dry matter. Concentrations of phloemmobile nutrients, such as N and P, decreased in the leaves and stems throughout the season, whereas concentrations of phloem‐immobile nutrients, such as calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe), generally increased. The decline in the N concentration in stems and leaves was not prevented by N fertilizer applied just before anthesis. Leaves had the major proportion of most nutrients in young plants, but stems had the major proportion of these nutrients at anthesis. Grain had over 70% of the N and P, and 31–64% of the Mg, manganese (Mn), S, and zinc (Zn), but less than 20% of the K, Ca, sodium (Na), Cl, and Fe in the plant. Over 70% of the N and P, and from 15 to 51% of the Mg, K, Cu, S, and Zn was apparently redistributed from stems and leaves to developing grain. There was negligible redistribution of Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, and Mn from vegetative organs. Redistribution from stems and leaves could have provided 100% of the K, 68–72% of the N and P, and 33–48% of the Zn, Cu, Mg, and S accumulated by grain. It was concluded that the distribution patterns of some key nutrients such as N, P, and K have not changed much in the transition from tall to semi‐dwarf wheats, and that the capacity of wheat to redistribute dry matter and nutrients to grain is a valuable trait when nutrient uptake is severely restricted in the post‐anthesis period.     

黄土高原旱地长期施肥对小麦养分吸收和土壤肥力的影响

通过定位试验研究了长期施肥对小麦子粒、秸杆养分吸收和土壤肥力变化的影响。结果表明,合理施用化肥不但增产幅度大,还在一定程度上增加了小麦N、P、K养分浓度。单施氮、单施磷肥能增加小麦子粒和秸杆的N、P、K吸收量,氮磷肥配施增加效果显著,其子粒吸收N、P、K增加了153.2%、157.1%和162.4%。施有机肥能补充土壤中的N、P、K含量,增加小麦子粒中的养分含量,使品质有大幅度的提高。单施磷肥的土壤有机质、全P、速效P含量增加,土壤全N、速效N含量减少,N素亏缺。氮磷肥配施加剧了土壤K的亏缺。有机肥培肥作用显著,有机肥和氮、磷肥配施的土壤有机质、全N、全P、速效N、速效P和速效K分别增加了69.0%5、7.5%、54.8%、73.1%、830.5%和119.1%。     

不同氮钾施用水平对番茄营养吸收和土壤养分变化的影响

以“辽园多丽”番茄为试材,在日光温室内桶栽条件下,研究不同氮钾水平对番茄养分吸收和土壤养分变化的影响。结果表明:在一定范围内,随着土壤中施氮量和施钾量的增多,番茄叶片和果实中含氮量、含钾量越高。说明氮、钾两种元素可互相促进彼此的吸收,但是,超过一定范围,会降低果实中氮素和钾素的比例。不同氮钾处理对植株磷素的吸收影响不大。土壤中增施钾肥在一定程度上抑制了番茄植株对钙素和镁素的吸收,土壤中氮素含量的高低对叶片中钙的吸收影响不大,土壤中适当氮水平可促进番茄叶片和果实中镁素的吸收和积累,施氮量过高则降低了果实中钙素、镁素的积累。随着土壤中氮肥和钾肥施入量的增多,土壤中碱解氮和速效钾的含量呈升高趋势,不同施钾水平条件下,中等钾素处理土壤中碱解氮含量较高。     

施氮水平对烤烟根冠平衡及氮素积累与分配的影响

在盆栽条件下,设不施氮（CK）,每株施N 5.45g（N1）和8.18g（N2）3个施氮水平,运用15N示踪技术,研究了不同施氮量条件下烤烟根冠平衡及氮素在不同器官间的积累与分配。结果表明,移栽至打顶期烤烟地上部干物质累积量随施氮量增加而增加,根系干物质积累量以N1处理最高;打顶至成熟期地上部干物质累积量N1处理最高,根系干物质积累量随施氮量增加而增加。打顶期根冠比随施氮量增加而降低,成熟期根冠比随施氮量增加而提高。打顶至成熟期烟株氮素积累量以N1处理最高;期间N1处理各器官均有一定氮素积累,而 N2处理和CK下部叶及中部叶有一定量的氮素输出。打顶期氮素在根系中的分配比例随施氮量增加而降低。随施氮量增加,烤烟积累的氮素中来自肥料氮的比例增加;积累的肥料氮中来自基肥氮的量增加。在本试验条件下,施氮（N）5.45 g/plant可促进根冠平衡,使烟株稳健生长。