Origin of abomasum gas in the cows with displaced abomasum

The gas composition of the rumen and the abomasum were investigated in 71 cows including 25 cows with displaced abomasum. The ratio of methane (CH4) to CO2 in the abomasum gas was higher than that in the rumen. In the incubated mixtures of fresh rumen fluid, CH4 was detected at a high concentration, while a small amount of CO2 and CH4 was found in incubated mixtures of fresh abomasum fluids. Hence, it was suggested that the gas in the abomasum originated not from the abomasum itself but from the rumen. In cows fed with mixed roughages and concentrates, the rumen CO2:CH4 ratio was higher compared with cows fed with roughages alone. Marked changes in rumen gas composition were presumed to be associated with changes in abomasum gas composition. Consequently, it is possible that feeding a large quantity of concentrates may increase the flow rate of the ingesta through the forestomach, so that the return rate of gas separated from the ingesta in the abomasum to the forestomach may also increase. Therefore, the frequent accumulation of a large amount of gas with concomitant changes in the total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in the abomasum caused abomasal atony and subsequently displaced abomasum.     

Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy in 18 cattle with displaced abomasum

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and outcome of a technique for laparoscopic abomasopexy in cattle with displaced abomasum (DA). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: Dairy cattle (n=18). METHODS: Retrieved data included signalment, clinical findings, treatments, and outcome. Laparoscopic abomasopexy was performed with the sedated cow in dorsal recumbency. The pexy site was determined after identification of the antrum and the greater curvature of the abomasum. Three or 4 absorbable sutures were passed through the body wall and abomasal wall for abomasal fixation. Wound complications, DA recurrence, food consumption, owner satisfaction, and long-term survival were assessed. RESULTS: Left DA was diagnosed in 17 cows and right DA in 1 cow. Abomasal decompression was performed in 12 cows and abomasopexy was achieved in all cows. Surgical wounds healed without complication, except in 4 cows that had mild periportal swelling. Postoperative return to normal appetite occurred quickly except for 2 cows with concurrent diseases. Owner satisfaction varied from good to excellent. DA did not recur. CONCLUSION: Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy was successfully performed in 18 cows with DA. Abomasal decompression was necessary for adequate abomasal manipulation and identification of landmarks for pexy. An adequate return to food consumption and no recurrence of DA occurred (mean follow-up, 15.5 months). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy is technically feasible and an effective method for surgical treatment of DA.     

Complications of blind-stitch abomasopexy: 20 cases (1980-1985)

Over a 5-year period, 20 adult Holstein cows were admitted to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine because of complications following blind-stitch percutaneous abomasopexy for correction of left-displaced abomasum. Of the 20 cows, 16 were treated surgically, 2 were treated medically, and 2 were admitted to the pathology service for necropsy. Complications associated with the blind-stitch technique included peritonitis, cellulitis, abomasal displacement or evisceration, complete forestomach obstruction, and thrombophlebitis of the subcutaneous abdominal vein. Because of the various complications associated with blind-stitch percutaneous abomasopexy, we concluded that it is not an appropriate procedure for correction of left displaced abomasum in valuable cattle, but may be used as an alternative for salvage in less valuable cows.     

ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIO-PATHOLOGY OF PARASITIC GASTRITIS IN THE SHEEP

Sheep and calves prepared with separated, innervated pouches made from the acid secreting region of the abomasum were given single or multiple infections of Ostertagia spp and comparisons were made of the secretory changes of parasitised and non-parasitised mucosa by means of cannulas placed in the abomasum and pouch. Contrary reactions of the parasite-free pouches and infected main part of the abomasum are described and explained in terms of a two-part hypothesis. The inhibitory effect on acid secretion of the abomasum (resulting in its contents being pH 5 to 7) was postulated to be due to the direct suppressive effects of substances released locally by parasites or injured host tissues, whereas increased secretion of the hormone, gastrin, was thought to account for the stimulatory effects of infection on acid secretion from the pouches. In sheep treated with anthelmintic and then reinfected the inhibitory effects on abomasal pH were not obtained. The hypersecretion from the pouches still persisted.     

Effect of suckling an isotonic solution of sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium chloride on abomasal emptying rate and luminal pH in calves

OBJECTIVES: To compare abomasal emptying rates in calves after suckling milk replacer or 3 common orally administered electrolyte solution components. ANIMALS: 5 male calves < 35 days of age. PROCEDURES: Calves with a cannula fitted in the abomasal body were fed 2 L of milk replacer with or without parenteral administration of atropine (0.01 mg/kg, i.v., then 0.02 mg/ kg, s.c., q 30 min) or isotonic (150 mM) solutions of sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), or NaCl in a randomized crossover design. Abomasal emptying rates were determined via scintigraphy, acetaminophen absorption, ultrasonography, and change in abomasal luminal pH. RESULTS: Scintigraphic half-emptying time, time of maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration, ultrasonographic half-emptying time, and pH return time indicated similar abomasal emptying rates following suckling of isotonic sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), and NaCl solutions, whereas the emptying rate of milk replacer was significantly slower. Mean maximal abomasal luminal pH was highest following suckling of NaHCO(3) (pH(max)=7.85) and lowest following suckling of NaCl (pH(max)=4.52); sodium acetate (pH(max)=6.59) and milk replacer (pH(max)=5.84) yielded intermediate pH values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Isotonic solutions of sodium acetate, NaHCO(3), and NaCl were rapidly emptied from the abomasum but varied markedly in their ability to alkalinize the abomasum. Sodium bicarbonate-containing orally administered electrolyte solution might increase the frequency of infection or severity of clinical disease in diarrheic calves treated for dehydration by causing prolonged abomasal alkalinization.     

Gastrointestinal distribution of albendazole metabolites following netobimin administration to cattle: relationship with plasma disposition kinetics

The gastrointestinal (GI) distribution and plasma disposition kinetics of alberidazole (ABZ) metabolites after oral administration of netobirnin (NTB) to cattle were studied. Eight Holstein steers (150–180 kg) were surgically fitted with permanent cannulae in the rumen, abomasum and ileum. After post-surgical recovery, the ariinials were treated orally with a suspension of neto1)imin zwitterion (400 mg/ml) at 20 nig/kg. Jugular blood and ruminal, abomasal arid ileal fluid samples were taken serially over a 96 h period and analysed by HPLC for NTB and its metabolites, including ABZ, ABZ sulphoxide (ABZSO), AH% sulphone (ABZSO?) and amino-albendazole sulphone (NHp4BZSOy). N T B parent drug was only fonnd in the G I tract and for only 12–18 h post-treatment. ABZSO and ABZSOp were the main metabolites found in plasma, being present for 30–36 h. These metabolites were exchanged between plasma and different GI fluids and were greatly concentrated in the abomasum. This phenornenori may account for the presence of ABZ, ABZSO and ABZSO? in the GI tract f'or 72 h post-treatment despite the fact that ABZ was riot detected in plasma and ABZSO and ABZSO.;, were detected for only 30–36 h in plasma. The presence o f ABZ and ABZSO in the abomasum and intestine for this extended period of time is probably relevant for anthelmintic efficacy against GI parasites. The NH₂ ABZSO₂ metabolite was detected in plasma, abomasum and ileum and its disposition kinetics were characterized for the first time.     

Effect of different drinking frequencies and milk treatments on the digestive flow in the duodenum of the calf

The digesta dry matter and N-passage rates at the duodenum were measured at 3-to-8-week-old calves with duodenal re-entrant cannulae within 24 hours. The animals received the amount of milk in 1,2 and 4 meals. The milk enriched with 2% fat was given fresh, treated with hydrochloric acid or with formaldehyde. The calves received their feed in buckets. The feeding frequency influenced the chyme- and N-passage rates. After the feeding of 7 l milk in 4, 2 and 1 portions resp. up to 1,200; 1,600 and 2,200 ml chyme resp. passed the duodenum in the first hour after the feeding. More frequent feeding thus guarantees a more continuous flow of the chyme. On average the amount of chyme reached 180 . . . 186% of the amount of milk taken in independent of the feeding frequency whereas the N-amount corresponded to that contained in the feed. Formaldehyde treatment increased the amount of chyme to more than 200% of the milk intake and disturbed the coagulation process in the abomasum. The souring of the milk supported the effective protein hydrolysis in the abomasum due to a quick decrease of the pH-value and, after the feeding in 1 portion, prevented an "overflow" of the abomasum.     

Adenovirus infection in two calves.

Two 2-week-old calves with pyrexia, diarrhea, and subsequent dehydration were treated symptomatically for 1 week, but without favorable response. At necropsy, foci of necrosis were found in the abomasum and rumen of each calf. The small and large intestineswere dilated by grayish, turbid fluid. Numerous large amphophilic, intranuclear inclusions in endothelial cells of blood vessels in the abomasum and rumen, in endothelial cellsof the adrenal cortical sinusoids and renal glomeruli, and in intestinal epithelial cells were identified as adenovirus particles.     

奶牛真胃变位研究进展

奶牛真胃变位是危害集约化养牛尤其是高产奶牛的多发腹腔疾病之一。据变位部位不同又可分为左方变位和右方变位。本病的病因及发病机制目前尚无一致性结论：右方变位的临床症状比左方变位严重且病程较急;具有典型的示病症状,不难做出诊断;有保守治疗和手术治疗两种治疗方法,而对于右方变位手术治疗几乎是唯一的治疗方法;加强饲养管理、合理预防和及时治疗原发病可有效降低其发病率。     

Localization of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the abomasum of sheep following infection with Haemonchus contortus.

Abomasal cannulation followed by serial collection of biopsies was used to study the kinetics of appearance of IgA-, IgG1-, IgG2- and IgM-containing cells in the abomasum of sheep following infection with Haemonchus contortus. Very few immunoglobulin-containing cells (ICC) were found in the abomasum of sheep before infection. Following H. contortus infection, there were increased numbers of ICC in the submucosa of the abomasum. Seven days after infection, the numbers of IgA-, IgG1- and IgM-containing cells were six times greater than for uninfected control animals. The numbers of ICC continued to rise as the infection progressed, and the peak response was observed between 21 and 28 days after infection. IgA-containing cells (68-84%) were the most frequent cell types at all the observation times, followed by IgG1 and IgM. IgG2-containing cells were minimal throughout the experiment. As there were no significant changes in the numbers of ICC in the abomasum of uninfected controls it is concluded that H. contortus stimulated a local immune response in the abomasum of parasitized sheep.     

Abomasal Involvement in Bovine Diaphragmatic Hernia and Surgical Management

Two rare cases of internal herenia in bovines (Bubalus bubalis), in which reticulum and abomasum had herniated into the thoracic cavity, were successfully treated. Involvement of abomasum did not exhibit any additional symptoms other than those commonly observed in cases where only reticulum is herniated. The term diaphragmatic hernia has been considered appropriate for this condition by the present authors.     

单、双食糜标记物技术测定真胃食糜干物质流量对比试验

5头带瘤胃和真胃瘘管的绵羊饲喂7种不同的日粮,日粮中加入食糜标记物——三氧化二铬(Cr_2O_3)和聚乙二醇(PEG)以测定真胃食糜干物质日流量。使用单标记物Cr_2O_3、PEG和双标记物(Cr_2O_3和PEG)的技术测定日干物质流量时,结果没有显著的差异,但单标记物PEG的测定结果变异较大。     

Chemotherapy of paramphistomosis in cattle

Controlled tests were used to assess the efficacy of anthelmintics against immature paramphistomes, predominantly Calicophoron calicophorum, in 127 calves which were exposed to contaminated pasture for 7 weeks, treated and slaughtered. When a combination product of oxyclozanide and levamisole was used, oxyclozanide at 18.7 mg/kg reduced parasite numbers in the small intestine, abomasum and rumen-reticulum by 61 to 96.1%, 50.0 to 92.6% and 56.5 to 98.1%, respectively. When 2 doses were given 3 days apart, oxyclozanide was 99.9%, 100% and 100% effective, respectively, in the above organs, and produced improvement in clinically affected calves. This treatment elicited transient diarrhoea. Hexachlorophene at 20 mg/kg as a single dose was 99.5%, 100% and 100% effective against the fluke in the small intestine, abomasum and rumen respectively but severe neurological signs were seen in some calves. Niclosamide at 160 mg/kg given as single or 2 doses 3 days apart was 91.1% and 92.6% effective, respectively, against the parasites in the small intestine. No toxicity was noted. Closantel, at 7.5 mg/kg was not effective. Oxyclozanide and niclosamide when given as a single treatment had varying activity. Two doses of oxyclozanide and a single dose of hexachlorophene gave consistent results. Further tests based on reduction of faecal egg counts, 10 to 14 days after treatment were conducted with oxyclozanide and hexachlorophene against mature paramphistomes in 207 cattle. Oxyclozanide as a single dose or 2 doses 3 days apart at 12.8 to 18.7 mg/kg was 93.6 to 97.5% effective in reducing egg counts. Hexachlorophene at 20 mg/kg was 83.0% effective.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Primary Repair of Abomasal Fistulae Resulting From Right Paramedian Abomasopexy in Eight Adult Dairy Cattle

Abomasal fistulae resulting from right paramedian abomasopexy in eight adult dairy cattle were treated by primary closure of the abdominal wall after surgical resection of the fistulae. The median elapsed time from the abomasopexy to recognition of fistula formation was 16 days (range, 10 to 90 days). All cows had normal electrolyte values, and five cows had mildly increased base excess values (range = 4.0 to 7.8 mEq/L). Surgery was performed with the cows in dorsal recumbency using general anesthesia. The fistulated tissue was resected and the abomasum and body wall were closed primarily. One or two layers of appositional sutures using #2 or #3 polyglactin 910 were used to close the body wall. Mean surgical time was 2.2 hours (range, 1.8 to 2.9 hours). Two cows were lost to follow-up. Five of the remaining six cows returned to production (range, 5 to 30 months). Primary closure of the abdominal wall should be considered in the surgical repair of abomasal fistulae in cows that do not have diffuse peritonitis.     

Prognostic indicators in cattle with right-sided displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus]

The records of 106 cases of right-sided displacement of the abomasum (RDA) and abomasal volvulus (AV) were reviewed. Pre- and postoperative heart rate (> or = 90 BPM), serum BUN (> or = 10 mmol/L), potassium (< or = 3.3 mmol/L) and chloride (< or = 85 mmol/L) were the best indicators for a non-productive outcome. High gamma-GT activity can be used as a preoperative indicator to differentiate AV from RDA. The overall rate of return to a productive life was 74% (81.2% of RDA cases and 67.3% of AV cases).     

Determination of the effect of single abomasal or jejunal inoculation of Clostridium perfringens type A in dairy cows

A randomized study was conducted to determine if inoculation of the abomasum or jejunum with Clostridium perfringens Type A would induce jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in healthy cows. Twelve adult nonlactating dairy cows were inoculated with 10 mL of pure culture broth of C. perfringens type A (beta2 toxin positive) into the abomasum (n = 6) or jejunum (n = 6). On day 6, the cows were euthanized and samples for culture were taken from the abomasum, jejunum, and feces. No cows developed clinical signs of jejunal hemorrhage syndrome during the course of the study. Five of 6 abomasal samples and 1 of 6 jejunal samples were positive for C. perfringens Type A (beta2 negative) prior to inoculation. Eight of 12 abomasal samples, 11 of 12 fecal samples, and 10 of 12 jejunal samples were positive for C. perfringens Type A (beta2 negative) after inoculation. Intraluminal inoculation of C. perfringens Type A alone at this dose and under these conditions did not induce clinical signs of jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in adult dairy cows. The multifactorial nature of the disease likely contributed to our inability to reproduce the disease in this study.     

A new method for detecting the abomasal position and characteristics of movement at the onset of the left displacement of the abomasum in cows

A new method has been developed by us to observe the movements of the abomasum by using a magnet and digital magnetometer. Four cows with left displacement of the abomasum underwent conventional correction by rolling without tacking. A doughnut-type magnet was sutured to the pyloric region in a routine operation. The same was done in three control cows. The position of the pyloric region was observed with a digital magnetometer from outside the cow's body. The magnets in the pyloric region of the control cows were located at the right side of the abdominal cavity at 10-30 cm anterior to the udder base, and moved slightly in various directions within the span of a day. On the other hand, the magnets in the pyloric region of cows with abomasal displacement moved widely in the abdominal cavity from the normal right side to the abnormal left front side. A large movement of the magnet from the normal right side to the abnormal left side of the abdominal cavity was observed within 12 h of the onset of abomasal displacement.     

The effect of experimental inhibition of gastric acid secretion on curd formation in abomasum and weight gain of calves

Eight Holstein bull calves were divided into two groups; a non-treated control group and a famotidine treated group. Fresh milk was fed twice a day. The experiment was conducted between 7 and 14 days of age. During the experimental period the control group was injected with physiological saline, and the famotidine group was injected with famotidine, a histamine-H2-receptor blocker, into the jugular vein 30 minutes prior to each feeding. The control group showed maximum curd formation 2 h after feeding at both 7 and 14 days of age. Curd scores of 7-day-old and 14-day-old calves were significantly lower in the famotidine than in the control group at 2 and 4 h after feeding. Most fecal samples from the famotidine group exhibited an acidic smell. The famotidine group showed significantly lower values for both average weight gain and the rate of weight gain from 7 to 14 days of age. The inhibition of gastric acid secretion decreased curd formation in the abomasum as well as daily weight gain compared to non-treated control calves. This suggested that curd formation in the abomasum is important for the weight gain of newborn calves.     

Comparison in dairy cattle of mucosal toxicity of calcium formate and calcium chloride in oil

AIM: Oral aqueous preparations of calcium chloride have been well established as causes of gastro-intestinal irritation in cattle. Recently another calcium salt, calcium formate, has been marketed as a treatment and prevention for hypocalcaemia, with the claim that it is non-irritant. The aim of this trial was to establish the safety of calcium formate in the target animal. METHODS: Nine Friesian milking cows were selected and separated at random into three groups. Three were treated with calcium formate, three with calcium chloride in soya bean oil as a positive control and three were negative controls. Cows were slaughtered 6 hours after the last administration and the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum examined by an operator who was unaware of the experimental status of the animals. RESULTS: There was diffuse reddening and swelling of the abomasal mucosa in two of the three cows treated with calcium formate but no lesions in those treated with calcium chloride in soya bean oil or in the negative controls. Histology of the affected portions of abomasum showed areas of necrosis of the mucosa and some acute inflammation. The submucosa was also haemorrhagic with moderate numbers of polymorphonuclear neutrophils present. Histology on other animals was unremarkable. CONCLUSION: Calcium formate may not be a safe oral treatment for cattle. Further testing is required. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Calcium formate, in the high concentrations required for therapy of hypocalcaemia may not be a safe treatment.