Ultrafast dynamics at semiconductor and metal surfaces

A variety of important dynamical phenomena at metal and semiconductor surfaces are now being investigated with the use of new ultrafast measurement techniques involving lasers and nonlinear optics. Understanding of the rates and mechanisms for relaxation of optical excitations of the surface itself as well as those of adsorbates on the surface is providing new insight into surface chemistry, surface phase transitions, and surface recombination of charge carriers in semiconductors.     

Radar evidence for liquid surfaces on Titan

Arecibo radar observations of Titan at 13-centimeter wavelength indicate that most of the echo power is in a diffusely scattered component but that a small specular component is present for about 75% of the subearth locations observed. These specular echoes have properties consistent with those expected for areas of liquid hydrocarbons. Knowledge of the areal extent and depth of any deposits of liquid hydrocarbons could strongly constrain the history of Titan's atmosphere and surface.     

New mechanisms for chemistry at surfaces

It is becoming increasingly apparent that chemistry at surfaces, whether it be heterogeneous catalysis, semiconductors etching, or chemical vapor deposition, is controlled by much more than the nature and structure of the surface. Recent experiments that principally make use of molecular beam techniques have revealed that the energy at which an incident molecule collides with a surface can be the key factor in determining its reactivity with or on the surface. In addition, the collision energy of an incident particle has proven essential to the finding of new mechanisms for reaction or desorption of molecules at surfaces, collision-induced activation and collision-induced desorption. These phenomena are often responsible for the different surface chemistry observed under conditions of high reactant pressure, such as those present during a heterogeneous catalytic reaction, and of low pressure of reactants (< 10(-4) torr), such as those present in an ultrahigh vacuum surface science experiment. This knowledge of the microscopic origins of the effect of pressure on the chemistry at surfaces has allowed the development of a scheme to bypass the high-pressure requirement. Reactions that are normally observed only at high reactant pressures, and which are the ones most often of practical importance, can now be carried out in low-pressure, ultrahigh vacuum environments.     

Dimples on nanocrystalline fracture surfaces as evidence for shear plane formation

Tensile experiments of fully dense nanocrystalline structures with a mean grain size of less than 100 nanometers demonstrate a considerable increase in hardness but a remarkable drop in elongation-to-failure, indicating brittle behavior. However, dimple structures are often observed at the fracture surface, indicating some type of ductile fracture mechanism. Guided by large-scale atomistic simulations, we propose that these dimple structures result from local shear planes formed around clustered grains that, because of their particular misorientation, cannot participate in the grain boundary accommodation processes necessary to sustain plastic deformation. This raises the expectation that general high-angle grain boundaries are necessary for good ductility.     

Atom counting at surfaces

Multiphoton resonance ionization has been combined with energetic ion bombardment to examine dopant concentrations ofindium on the surface of silicon. The results yield a linear relation between the indium concentration and the known bulk values and a detection limit of 9 parts per trillion, at a mass resolution exceeding 160. This measurement, which surpasses the limits of any previous surface analysis by a factor of 100, has been made possible with an experimental configuration that optimizes sampling and detection efficiency while reducing background noise to virtually zero. During the analysis, submonolayer quantities of the surface are removed, so that as few as 180 surface atoms may be counted.     

微量元素-氨基酸螯合物在动物生产中的研究与应用功效

微量元素氨基酸螯合物作为第3代微量元素添加剂已被人们所重视.综述了该螯合物在动物生产中的应用功效,具有生物学效价高、化学和生化稳定性较强、环境保护及良好的生产效应等功效.     

Atomic arrangements at metal surfaces

The termination of a solid induces changes in the locations of the outermost atoms of the solid. The changes can be minor or as dramatic as the rearrangement of the atoms into a different crystallographic group. Surface crystallography studies have determined that all surfaces are altered by forces induced at the solid-vacuum interface. At the least, the outermost atomic layers are displaced away from positions that they would have had in the bulk environment. Results from experimental and theoretical investigations for the Al(110) surface are discussed to illustrate present understanding of the surface atomic displacements. Some effects that the truncation- induced forces have on the surfaces of binary metal alloys are also discussed.     

Mineralogic evidence for an impact event at the cretaceous-tertiary boundary

A thin claystone layer found in nonmarine rocks at the palynological Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in eastern Montana contains an anomalously high value of iridium. The nonclay fraction is mostly quartz with minor feldspar, and some of these grains display planar features. These planar features are related to specific crystallographic directions in the quartz lattice. The shocked quartz grains also exhibit asterism and have lowered refractive indices. All these mineralogical features are characteristic of shock metamorphism and are compelling evidence that the shocked grains are the product of a high velocity impact between a large extraterrestrial body and the earth. The shocked minerals represent silicic target material injected into the stratosphere by the impact of the projectile.     

Direct evidence for DNA bending at the lambda replication origin

Replication initiation in bacteriophage lambda appears to require wrapping of origin DNA on an approximately 50 angstrom radius in or around the complex with the initiator protein O. Since short lengths of DNA are not that flexible, it may be that runs of coherently spaced deoxyadenylate residues constitute bend sites in the ori sequence that facilitate the process. Earlier data showed that ori DNA has electrophoretic anomalies characteristic of bend sites and that these are augmented by initiator protein binding. Here origin bending is examined by direct measurement of the ability of polymerized ori sequences to form small circles. The smallest circles observed (84 residues) are compatible with the required radius of curvature. Bend sites within the O protein binding sites, bend sites in the spacers between them, plus the inherent flexibility of non-bent DNA in the origin may all contribute to origin bending. The data also show that a bend site is required for O protein binding to DNA.     

What Happened at Hawthorne?: New evidence suggests the Hawthorne effect resulted from operant reinforcement contingencies

The Hawthorne effect in experimental research is the unwanted effect of the experimental operations themselves. Following the Hawthorne studies, various explanations have been proposed to account for rising rates of production. Although in the Relay Assembly Test Room experiment the experimental operations may have produced other extraneous variables, a reexamination based on new and neglected evidence has yielded a new interpretation. The new variable, made more plausible because research in other contexts has shown it to have similar effects, is a combination of information feedback and financial reward. It is an example of the control of behavior by its consequences. Although several approaches may be taken to explain the effects of response-consequence contingencies, I have favored operant conditioning because it seems to account for progressive increases in response rate-the Hawthorne phenomenon. Generalizing from the particular situation at Hawthorne, I would define the Hawthorne effect as the confounding that occurs if experimenters fail to realize how the consequences of subjects' performance affect what subjects do. But the Hawthorne effect need not be viewed solely as a problem in conducting experiments. The phenomenon that created it should be studied in its own right, as Sommer (67) suggested with a different phenomenon in mind. The study of response-consequence contingencies might well be extended to the examination of motivation in industrial workers.     

Dynamics of molecular motion at single-crystal surfaces

Dramatic advances in our understanding of the motion of individual atoms and molecules at single-crystal surfaces have been made within the past 5 years. Recent experimental and theoretical studies of the interaction of nitric oxide with metal surfaces illustrate the depth of understanding now obtainable. General principles, applicable to a broader range of molecule-surface encounters, have begun to emerge out of the systematic and in-depth analyses of these and related studies.     

Alloying at surfaces by the migration of reactive two-dimensional islands

We have studied the formation kinetics of the copper-tin alloy bronze when tin is deposited on the (111) surface of copper at room temperature. Low-energy electron microscopy and atomic-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy reveal that bronze forms on the surface by a complicated, unanticipated cooperative mechanism: Ordered two-dimensional tin islands containing several hundred thousand atoms spontaneously sweep across the surface, leaving bronze alloys in their tracks. We propose that this process, driven by surface free energy, is a version of the "camphor dance" observed on liquid surfaces, and should be a general mechanism of surface alloying when surface diffusion is faster than exchange into the substrate.     

包埋肉桂精油的牦牛骨蛋白肽-钙螯合物的制备及抑菌效果

  目的  为充分利用牦牛Bos grunniens骨资源,改善其利用率低下,浪费严重的现状;研究包埋肉桂精油的牦牛骨蛋白肽-钙螯合物的形成机制及抑菌效果。  方法  牦牛骨经高温蒸煮,分离出蛋白质和骨渣。酶解蛋白质得到牦牛骨胶原蛋白肽,酸溶骨渣得到可溶性牦牛骨钙。通过肉桂精油与牦牛骨胶原蛋白肽混合均质形成肉桂精油-牦牛骨蛋白肽乳液,乳液与牦牛骨钙通过高速剪切法获得包埋肉桂精油的牦牛骨蛋白肽-钙螯合物。测定螯合钙浊度、粒径、多分散指数和抑菌率,并进行感官评价。  结果  牦牛骨蛋白肽多为小分子肽(＜1.0 kDa),适合钙螯合物的制备。pH＜7时多数牦牛骨蛋白肽带负电荷,受疏水作用影响,形成牦牛骨蛋白肽-钙螯合物。牦牛骨蛋白肽由大量的脯氨酸(P)和甘氨酸(G)组成,容易构成多肽二级结构β-转角,利于物质释放。包埋肉桂精油的牦牛骨蛋白肽-钙螯合物稳定性良好,平均粒径为780.2 nm;分散性良好,多分散指数小于0.2。牦牛骨蛋白肽、肉桂精油和螯合物对维氏气单胞菌Aeromonas veronii的12 h抑菌率分别为?13.70%、70.24%和77.33%,螯合物抑菌效果良好;6 h后螯合物抑菌率超过肉桂精油。感官评价结果发现:螯合物和肉桂精油的香气评分分别为7.15和4.35分,螯合物肉桂味浓郁程度显著高于肉桂精油(P＜0.05),螯合物有一定缓释效果。  结论  牦牛骨蛋白肽和牦牛骨钙适用于研发复合氨基酸矿物质螯合钙产品,包埋肉桂精油的牦牛骨蛋白肽-钙螯合物可用于新型抑菌剂的开发。图4表4参33     

Biomolecular interactions at phospholipid-decorated surfaces of liquid crystals

The spontaneous assembly of phospholipids at planar interfaces between thermotropic liquid crystals and aqueous phases gives rise to patterned orientations of the liquid crystals that reflect the spatial and temporal organization of the phospholipids. Strong and weak specific-binding events involving proteins at these interfaces drive the reorganization of the phospholipids and trigger orientational transitions in the liquid crystals. Because these interfaces are fluid, processes involving the lateral organization of proteins (such as the formation of protein- and phospholipid-rich domains) are also readily imaged by the orientational response of the liquid crystal, as are stereospecific enzymatic events. These results provide principles for label-free monitoring of aqueous streams for molecular and biomolecular species without the need for complex instrumentation.     

Self-assembled organic monolayers: model systems for studying adsorption of proteins at surfaces

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of omega-functionalized long-chain alkanethiolates on gold films are excellent model systems with which to study the interactions of proteins with organic surfaces. Monolayers containing mixtures of hydrophobic (methyl-terminated) and hydrophilic [hydroxyl-, maltose-, and hexa(ethylene glycol)-terminated] alkanethiols can be tailored to select specific degrees of adsorption: the amount of protein adsorbed varies monotonically with the composition of the monolayer. The hexa(ethylene glycol)-terminated SAMs are the most effective in resisting protein adsorption. The ability to create interfaces with similar structures and well-defined compositions should make it possible to test hypotheses concerning protein adsorption.