高寒草地土壤理化性质特征及质量评价

以黄河源区4类高寒草地为研究对象,测定了0～20 cm土层土壤理化性质,并运用主成分分析法对土壤质量进行评价,结果表明：1)土壤容重和pH值表现均为高寒草原>人工草地>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;土壤含水量、有机碳、全碳、氨氮、全氮含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤硝氮含量表现为人工草地>沼泽草甸>高寒草原>高寒草甸;土壤速效磷和全磷含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤速效钾和全钾含量均表现为人工草地>高寒草原>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;2)土壤有机碳含量与全碳、氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤全碳含量与氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤碳氮磷元素呈强相关关系,三者之间高度耦合;3)在0～10、10～20以及0～20 cm土层,土壤质量高低排序均为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原,各草地0～10 cm土层土壤质量均高于10～20和0～20 cm土层,0～20 cm土层土壤质量高于10～20 cm土层。     

青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳分布特征

为了评价青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原有机碳的分布特征,本研究以祁连县海拔2 963-3 392m范围内高寒草甸草原为研究对象,采用野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法,分析了祁连县高寒草甸草原0-50cm土层土壤有机碳的分布规律。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而显著减少(P0.01),表现为0-1010-2020-3030-4040-50cm;土壤有机碳密度和土壤有机碳储量同土壤有机碳含量分布有相同的趋势;土壤有机碳与地上生物量和植被盖度呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,表明土壤有机碳含量随着盖度和地上生物量的增加而增加。土壤有机碳含量与土壤容重呈极显著(P0.01)负相关关系;相反,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐减少,土壤有机碳含量与土壤含水量呈极显著(P0.01)正相关。     

生物土壤结皮对东祁连山高寒草甸土壤特性的影响

为阐明生物土壤结皮(Biological soil crusts, BSCs)在东祁连山高寒草甸生态系统中的生态功能,分土层(0～2、2～5、5～10、10～20和20～30 cm)比较了BSCs覆盖区和草本(Herbaceous, Herbs)植物覆盖区的土壤特性(含水率、全氮、全磷、全钾、有机碳、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、微生物量碳氮含量、脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性)。结果表明：与Herbs覆盖区相比,1)BSCs可改善高寒草甸的土壤理化性质,土壤含水率、全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效氮和有机碳含量最高可分别提高9.83%、55.8%、23.36%、39.29%、18.64%和5.43%;2)BSCs使0～2、5～20 cm土层蔗糖酶活性升高,降低0～20 cm土层脲酶活性,且显著增加2～5 cm土层的碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.01);3)BSCs降低了0～20 cm土层土壤微生物生物量氮和0～5 cm土层的微生物生物量碳含量;4)结构方程模型表明,BSCs对土壤特性的影响大于Herbs, Herbs仅对速效钾含量和脲酶活性影响显著,而BSCs对参试指标均为显著的正效影响(P<0.01),尤其是对土壤微生物生物量碳氮的影响。以上结果表明BSCs具有改善高寒草甸土壤环境质量的生态功能,对高寒草甸生境的恢复与改善有促进作用。     

围封对黄土高原草地土壤铵态氮和硝态氮的影响

本研究以黄土高原长期放牧草地和围封7年的草地为对象,分析了土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量的季节变化,并应用RDA冗余分析法分析了土壤水分、植被地上绿色生物量以及土壤微生物生物量碳对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮的影响。结果表明,铵态氮是围封与放牧草地土壤有效氮的主要组分;两样地0-10cm土层土壤铵态氮与硝态氮均主要受植被地上绿色生物量的影响;围封草地10-20cm土层土壤硝态氮主要受土壤水分与植被地上绿色生物量的共同影响,而放牧草地10-20cm土壤铵态氮和硝态氮主要受植被地上绿色生物量的影响;土壤铵态氮与硝态氮之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01);放牧草地围封7年后,较高的生物量使得凋落物及土壤有机质增加;另外,围封后土壤水分在多数季节显著增加(P0.05),这些因素共同促进了土壤氮素的矿化。     

三江源区不同利用方式草地生物量及土壤养分特征

以三江源区玛多县高寒草原、退化高寒草原和垂穗披碱草人工草地为研究对象,研究了不同土地利用方式对地上、地下生物量以及土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷含量的影响。结果表明:总生物量的高低排序为高寒草原人工草地退化高寒草原,人工草地和退化高寒草原的总生物量分别仅为高寒草原的32.9%和22.8%,人工草地对地上植被的恢复效果较好,地上部生物量最高,为高寒草原地上生物量的359.2%,但对地下生物量的恢复并不理想,0~10cm地下生物量仅为高寒草原的11.5%。3种利用方式草地土壤碳氮磷养分含量均处于较低水平;退化和人工种植草地0~10cm土层的有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮、有效磷含量明显较高,而10cm以下土层的各样分含量明显下降;退化对下层土壤的全磷和有效磷含量没有明显的影响,不同利用方式草地的全磷和有效磷含量在不同土层的变异也不明显。     

坡向对长江源区高寒草地植被生长和土壤养分特征的影响

通过长江源区典型阴坡、滩地和阳坡生境下高寒草地植被和土壤理化特征定量分析,研究了坡向对高寒草地植被和土壤特征的影响,为退化高寒草地的恢复提供理论和实践依据。结果表明,草地地上总生物量呈滩地阴坡阳坡趋势,3个土层土壤含水量呈阴坡滩地阳坡趋势,pH呈阴坡滩地阳坡趋势。0-10cm土壤有机碳阳坡显著高于阴坡(P0.05),0-10和20-40cm土壤全氮阴坡显著高于阳坡,0-10cm土壤全磷阳坡显著高于阴坡。土壤速效钾为滩地阴坡阳坡,速效磷为滩地阳坡阴坡。0-10cm土壤C∶N阳坡显著高于阴坡和滩地,阴坡、滩地间差异不显著(P0.05);0-10cm土壤N∶P阴坡显著高于阳坡。由此可知,高寒草地植被(地上生物量)和土壤特性(含水量、pH、总氮、速效钾和速效磷)在阴坡-滩地-阳坡生境呈明显差异,是其对不同生境的适应性表现。     

土地利用方式对陇中黄土高原土壤理化性状的影响

对陇中黄土高原至少50年传统耕作历史的农耕地和退耕20年的草地土壤理化性状进行了比较研究。结果表明,1)不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷、pH值和容重有显著影响。0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量草地显著高于农田,全氮含量差异不显著,20~100 cm土层有机碳和全氮农田高于草地(P<0.05);土壤全磷含量农田虽高于草地但无显著差异。土壤C/N除0~10 cm土层外,农田高于草地。在整个土壤剖面上,草地土壤pH值显著高于农田(P<0.05);除10~20 cm和底层土壤外,草地土壤容重也高于农田。2)草地土壤有机碳和全氮随土壤深度增加而降低,而农田土壤在0~30 cm土层随土壤深度的增加而增加,在30 cm土层以下与草地有相同趋势。草地土壤全磷含量各土层间没有显著差异,农田土壤全磷含量与土壤有机碳和全氮含量变化趋势一致;草地和农田土壤速效磷含量都呈减少趋势。土壤pH值随土壤深度的增加而增加。3)各样地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效磷与土壤容重和土壤pH值之间呈极显著负相关,土壤容重与土壤pH值呈极显著正相关,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和速效磷之间也呈极显著正相关关系。     

三江源地区不同退化程度高寒草原植被与土壤特征分析

【目的】探究三江源不同退化程度高寒草原土壤理化性质与植被之间的关系。【方法】以青海省玛多县不同退化程度高寒草原为研究对象,测定不同退化程度植被群落特征及各土层(0~10、10~ 20、20~30 cm 土层)土壤理化性质(土壤全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾、有机质含量、pH 值以及容重),分析影响高寒草地植被群落退化的关键土壤环境因素。【结果】1)随着高寒草原退化的加剧,土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均显著降低,土壤容重显著增大;2)草地多样性指数、丰富度、地上生物量逐渐降低;3)草地多样性指数、丰富度、地上生物量与土壤全氮、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、有机质含量呈正相关;4)土壤速效氮与速效磷是影响退化高寒草原植被特征变化的主要因素。【结论】不同退化程度土壤中的速效养分含量较低,成为阻碍牧草生长的限制因子,其中主要受到磷的限制,氮次之。     

贺兰山西坡不同海拔梯度草地土壤氮特征

以阿拉善左旗境内贺兰山中段(西坡)及山前地带不同海拔下的草地为研究对象,分析不同海拔梯度下草地土壤全氮的分布特征及其与气候因子、植被特征和土壤特性的关系.结果表明,土壤全氮含量随海拔的降低而逐渐降低,在典型草原中沿土壤垂直剖面依次降低,在高寒草甸、荒漠化草原和草原化荒漠0～20与20～40 cm土层中差异不显著,但高于40～60 cm土层.在海拔1 360～1 380 m草原化荒漠的5个样地上,由于放牧利用程度和植被类型的不同,0～20 cm土层土壤氮的含量变幅在0.022 8%～0.034 7%.0～20,20～40和40～60 cm土层土壤全氮含量与年降水量、植被盖度、草地生产力、土壤含水量、有机碳含量和<0.05 mm颗粒含量呈极显著正相关,与年均温、土壤pH值呈极显著负相关(P<0.001).偏相关分析显示,影响0～20 cm土层全氮(TN)含量最主要的因素是植被盖度(C)和年降水量(AP),相关方程是TN%=0.002 040 C 0.000 585 AP-0.076 800;而影响20～40 cm土层全氮含量的最主要因素是草地生产力(B),与土壤全氮回归方程为TN%=0.001 6 B 0.024 7.而各环境因素中影响土壤全氮含量最主要的因素,0～20 cm土层为土壤有机碳和年降水量,20～40 cm土层主要受土壤有机碳的影响.     

青藏高原种植紫穗槐对土壤养分的响应

选取在西藏拉萨地区人工种植的两龄紫穗槐为研究对象,探讨了灌丛内与灌丛外土壤各种形态氮素、全磷、有机碳的含量特征及土壤pH的差异。结果表明,1)相对于灌丛外土壤,灌丛内土壤的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮分别平均高23.44%,13.95%和37.60%,土壤全磷平均高19.57%,土壤有机碳平均高44.21%,土壤pH值平均低1.69%。2)灌丛内与灌丛外土壤的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、全磷、有机碳、pH均差异显著(P<0.05)。3)垂直方向上,灌丛内和灌丛外在10~20 cm土层的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、全磷均为最高,有机碳和pH则随土层深度增加而递减。4)土壤各营养元素之间表现为不同程度的相关性,土壤有机碳与铵态氮呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),与全磷呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05);全氮与全磷呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);铵态氮与全磷呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.