Leaching and Transformation of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Soil After Application of N with Irrigation： A Soil Column Method

A soil column method was used to compare the effect of drip fertigation （the application of fertilizer through drip irrigation systems, DFI） on the leaching loss and transformation of urea-N in soil with that of surface fertilization combined with flood irrigation （SFI）, and to study the leaching loss and transformation of three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers （nitrate fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, and urea fertilizer） in two contrasting soils after the fertigation. In comparison to SFI, DFI decreased leaching loss of urea-N from the soil and increased the mineral N （NH4^＋-N ＋ NO3^--N） in the soil. The N leached from a clay loam soil ranged from 5.7% to 9.6% of the total N added as fertilizer, whereas for a sandy loam soil they ranged between 16.2% and 30.4%. Leaching losses of mineral N were higher when nitrate fertilizer was used compared to urea or ammonium fertilizer. Compared to the control （without urea addition）, on the first day when soils were fertigated with urea, there were increases in NH4^＋-N in the soils. This confirmed the rapid hydrolysis of urea in soil during fertigation. NH4^＋-N in soils reached a peak about 5 days after fertigation, and due to nitrification it began to decrease at day 10. After applying NH4^＋-N fertilizer and urea and during the incubation period, the mineral nitrogen in the soil decreased. This may be related to the occurrence of NH4^＋-N fixation or volatilization in the soil during the fertigation process.     

N Mineralization as Affected by Long-Term N Fertilization and Its Relationship with Crop N Uptake.

A field experiment established in 1997 was conducted to study the effect of long-term N fertilizer application on N mineralization in a paddy soil determined using a laboratory anaerobic incubation followed with a field incubation and to measure the relationship between in situ N mineralization and crop N uptake. To estimate N mineralization in the laboratory, soil samples were collected from plots with N application at different rates for six years and were incubated. Soils treated with fertilizer N mineralized more N than unfertilized soils and mineralization increased with N application rates. Also, the fraction of total N mineralized increased with increasing N fertilizer application. These findings meant that a substantial portion of previously applied N could be recovered slowly over time in subsequent crops. The field incubation of the plot receiving no fertilizer N showed that the NH4^＋-N concentration varied greatly during the rice-growing season and seasonal changes of N mineralization were due more to accumulation of NH4^＋-N than NO3^-N. Hice N uptake increased up to a maximum of 82 kg N ha^-1 during the season. The close agreement found between in situ N mineralization and rice N uptake suggested that the measurement of in situ N mineralization could provide useful recommendations for adequate fertilizer N application.     

可变电荷或永久电荷土壤上的电荷特征与土壤对Cu2+的吸附－解吸之间的交互作用

Charge characteristics and Cu^2 adsorption-desorption of soils with variable charge(latosol)and permanent charge(brown soil)and the relationship between them were studied by means of back-titration and adsorption equilibrium respectively.The amount of variable negative charge was much less in variable-charge soil than in permanent-charge soil and increased with the pH in the system,but the opposite trend occurred in the points of zero charge(PZCs).The amount of Cu^2 ions sorbed by permanent-charge soil was more than that by variable-charge soil and increased with the increase of Cu^2 concentration within a certain range in the equilibrium solution.The amount of Cu^2 ions desorbed with KCl from permanent-charge soil was more than that from variable-charge soil,but the amount of Cu^2 ions desorbed with de-ionized water from permanent-charge soil was extremely low whereas there was still a certain amount of desorption from variable-charge soil.The increase of PZC of soils with variable or permanent change varied with the increment of Cu^2 ions added.When the same amount of Cu^2 ions was added,the increments of PZC and variable negative surface chargc of permanent-charge soil were different from those of variable-charge soil.     

水分状态、土壤类型和氮素种类对氧化亚氮和甲烷排放的影响

Specific management of water regimes, soil and N in China might play an important role in regulating N2O and CH4 emissions in rice fields. Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from alternate non-flooded/flooded paddies were monitored simultaneously during a 516-day incubation with lysimeter experiments. Two N sources （^15N-（NH4）2SO4 and ^15N-labeled milk vetch） were applied to two contrasting paddies： one derived from Xiashu loess （Loess） and one from Quaternary red clay （Clay）. Both N2O and CH4 emissions were significantly higher in soil Clay than in soil Loess during the flooded period. For both soil, N2O emissions peaked at the transition periods shortly after the beginning of the flooded and non-flooded seasons. Soil type affected N2O emission patterns. In soil Clay, the emission peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions was much higher than the peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions. In soil Loess, the emission peak during the transition period from flooded to non-flooded conditions was obviously higher than the peak during the transition period from non-flooded to flooded conditions except for milk vetch treatment. Soil type also had a significant effect on CH4 emissions during the flooded season, over which the weighted average flux was 111 mg C m^-2 h^-1 and 2.2 mg C m^-2 h^-1 from Clay and Loess, respectively. Results indicated that it was the transition in the water regime that dominated N2O emissions while it was the soil type that dominated CH4 emissions during the flooded season. Anaerobic oxidation of methane possibly existed in soil Loess during the flooded season.     

氨的固定对土壤微生物氮的测定的影响

The effect of ammonium fixation on the estimation of soil microbial biomass N was studied by the standard fumigation-incubation(FI) and fumigation-extraction (FE) methods,NO3-N content of fumigated soil changed little during incubation,while the fixed NH4^ in soils capable of fixing NH4^ increased with the increase of K2SO4-extractable NH4-N.one day fumigation increased both extractable NH4^ and fixed NH4^ ,However,prolonged fumigation gave no further increase.One day fumigation caused significant loss of NO3-N,while prolonged fumigation caused no further loss.For soils tested,the net increases of fixed NH4^ in fumigated soil equaled to 0-94% of NH4-N flush measured by the FI metod,and 1-74% of extractable N measured by the FE method.depending on different soils.It is concluded that the ammonium fixation was one of the processes taking place in soils during fumigation as well as incubation ofter fumigation and should not be neglected in the estimation of microbial biomass nitrogen by either FI or FE method.     

草甸草原模拟氮沉降抑制甲烷吸收、促进氧化亚氮排放

Few studies are conducted to quantify the effects of enhanced N deposition on soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission and methane (CH4) uptake in the meadow steppe of Inner Mongolia,China.A two-year field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition rates (0,10,and 20 kg N ha-1 year-1 as (NH4)2SO4) on soil N2O and CH4 fluxes.The seasonal and diurnal variations of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes were determined using the static chamber-gas chromatography method during the two growing seasons of 2008 and 2009.Soil temperature,moisture and mineral N (NH4+-N and NO3--N) concentration were simultaneously measured.Results showed that low level of (NH4)2SO4 (10 kg N ha-1 year-1) did not significantly affect soil CH4 and N2O fluxes and other variables.High level of (NH4)2SO4 (20 kg N ha-1 year-1) significantly increased soil NO3--N concentration by 24.1％ to 35.6％,decreased soil CH4 uptake by an average of 20.1％,and significantly promoted soil N2O emission by an average of 98.2％.Soil N2O emission responded more strongly to the added N compared to CH4 uptake.However,soil CH4 fluxes were mainly driven by soil moisture,followed by soil NO3--N concentration.Soil N2O fluxes were mainly driven by soil temperature,followed by soil moisture.Soil inorganic N availability was a key integrator of soil CH4 uptake and N2O emission.These results suggest that the changes of availability of inorganic N induced by the increased N deposition in soil may affect the CH4 and N2O fluxes in the cold semi-arid meadow steppe over the short term.     

石灰氮对土壤中尿素转化的影响

Laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to study the effect of lime nitrogen(LN) on transfor-mation of urea-N in three paddy soils.The results showed that LN had an inhibitory effect on urease activity in these soils especially in the first 5 days.and that in the first 20 days of incubation,the amount of NH4^ -N derived from urea was lower in the soil with LN than in the soil without LN,While after 30 days the amount of NH4^ -N was higher in the mature haplic paddy soil developed on Quaternary red clay (MHPS)with LN than that in the soil without LN.The amount of NH3-N volatilized was decreased in the earlier stage and increased in the later stage of incubation in the MHPS by the addition of LN.     

华北平原水浇玉米-小麦轮作农田硝态氮的淋失

Soil water deep drainage and nitrate (NO3^-) leaching losses below the root zone were investigated in a 1 ha wheatmaize rotation field under traditional agricultural management that local farmers generally follow in the North China Plain, using the soil water balance method and NO3-N concentration in suction samples. Water drainage, and NO3-N distribution and leaching losses exhibited pronounced spatial and temporal variability. Soil water deep drainage and NO3- N leaching loss mostly occurred during the summer maize growing season (rainy season), which coincided with irrigations and significant rainfall. On average, soil water deep drainage was 39 and 90 mm in the 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 cropping years, correspondingly, accounting for 10% and 19% of the total irrigation plus rainfall, respectively. The NO3-N leaching loss from soil and fertilizer N below the root zone ranged from 6 to 17 (averaging 12) and 30 to 84 (averaging 61) kg N ha^-1 in 1998/1999 and 1999/2000, correspondingly, equivalent to 1.4%-4.1% and 7.3%-20.3% of N fertilizer applied,respectively. The results indicated that water and fertilizer inputs could be greatly reduced, thus improving water and nutrient use efficiency in this region.     

NH4+-N/NO3--N比例对不同不结球小白菜品种的生长和部分生理指标的影响

The responses of three cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), one of the main vegetable crops in China, to different ratios of NH4+-N/NO3--N was investigated to find the optimal ratio of ammonium to nitrate for maximal growth and to explore ways of decreasing the nitrate content, increasing nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage, and determining distributions of nitrogen and carbon. Three cultivars of Chinese cabbage were hydroponically grown with three different NH4+-N/NO3--N ratios (0:100, 25:75 and 50:50). The optimal ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N for maximal growth of Chinese cabbage was 25:75. The increase in the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N significantly decreased nitrate content in various tissues of Chinese cabbage in the order of petiole > leaf blade > root. The highest total nitrogen (N) content was found when the ratio of NH4+-N/NO3--N was 25:75, and N contents in plant tissues were significantly different, mostly being in the order of leaf blade > petiole > root. At the NH4+-N/NO3--N ratio of 25:75, the biomasses of Chinese cabbage cultivars 'Shanghaiqing', 'Liangbaiye 1' and 'Kangre 605' increased by 47%, 14% and 27%, respectively. The biomass, SPAD chlorophyll meter readings and carbon content of 'Shanghaiqing' were all higher than those of 'Liangbaiye 1', while nitrate and total nitrogen contents were lower. Thus, partial replacement of nitrate by ammonium could improve vegetable production by both increasing yields and decreasing nitrate content of the plants.     

施用有机肥和有效微生物群对玉米叶片持水力的影响

A red soil derived from Quaternary red clay was employed to study nutrient leaching with woil columns repacked in laboratory,The objective was to identify the effects of fertilization practices on leaching patterns and magnitudes of Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,K^ ,NH4^ ,and NO3^-,The treatments were CK (as a control),CaCO3, CaSO4,MgCO3,Ca(H2PO4)2,urea,KCl,and multiple (a mixture of the above-mentioned fertilizers),The fertilizers were added to the bare surface of the soil columns,and then the columns were leached with 120 mL deionized water daily through peristaltic pumps over a period of 92 days.Leaching processes of NH4^ ,and NO3^- wer e only measured in CK,ured,and multiple treatments which were directly related to N leaching, Results showed that sole application of CaSO4,and Ca(H2PO4)2 scarcely hd any effect on the leching losses of Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,and K^ ; the application of MgCO3 sthimulated the leaching of Mg^2 ;the application of CaCO3 promoted the leaching of Ca^2 ,Mg^2 and K^ ; urea treatment also promoted the leaching of K^ and NH4^ ,and NO3^- leaching mainly occurred at late stage of leaching process in particular;under KCl treatment,leaching of Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,and K^ was promoted to a large extent;under multiple treatment, leaching of Ca^2 ,Mg^2 ,K^ ,NH4^ ,and NO3^- was all increased and NO3^- was mainly leached at the end of leaching process and still had a trend of increase.     

高肥力稻田分次施氮对氮素淋失的影响

通过自行设计的渗漏计研究在控水灌溉条件下稻田不同氮肥处理氮素淋失的动态规律,结果表明:在水稻整个生育期间,渗漏水中铵态氮、硝态氮保持较低的浓度,均小于1mg/L,但对硝态氮而言,仍是氮素淋失的主要类型。从总的趋势来看,渗漏水中氮素浓度随施肥量增加而增加。每次施肥后,不同处理渗漏水中的NO3--N浓度均表现为短期内迅速上升、后期逐渐下降的趋势,其中NH4 -N浓度与NO3--N消长规律相似,但表现出峰值超前的特征。各小区渗漏计中NH4 -N、NO3--N及TN累积渗漏量与施肥量之间存在显著相关性,R2分别达到0.933*,0.984**和0.982**。另外从环境和经济角度考虑,建议在土壤质地粘重、基础肥力较高的水稻土施肥量控制在75～150kg/hm2为宜,控制氮素淋失主要时期为施肥后一周内,特别在基肥施后尤为关键。     

科尔沁沙地固定沙丘土壤氮素空间分布特征研究

为了研究固定沙丘土壤N素空间分布特征,选择以栽植小叶锦鸡儿25年后的固定沙丘为研究对象,从迎风坡、顶坡和背风坡3个位置4个层次(0～5、5～10、10～20和20～40 cm)进行取样分析.研究结果表明:全N、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量均随着土层加深而呈现出减少的趋势,0～5 cm土层显著高于其他各层.表层土壤受凋落物的影响较大,从而相对于深层土壤来说积累了更多的N素.全N、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N含量在不同坡位间存在显著差异(p＜0.01):全N和NO_3~--N含量在迎风坡较高,而NH_4~+-N含量在背风坡较高.丛下全N、NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的含量显著高于丛间(p＜0.01).土壤电导率与全N、NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N含量呈显著正相关,而pH与NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N含量呈显著负相关,NO_3~--N、NH_4~+-N的富集降低了土壤pH值.小叶锦鸡儿的栽植对沙土改良具有重要意义.     

尿素涂层对土壤渗出液NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究尿素涂层后施用于水田土壤其渗出液NO3--N和NH4+-N含量的变化情况。研究结果表明:与未涂层尿素相比,施用尿素涂层可使氮素释放变得平缓,土壤渗出液中NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度明显降低,有利于水稻生长对氮素的吸收利用;在等氮量条件下,施用涂层尿素处理的土壤渗出液中的NH4+-N浓度明显低于未涂层尿素处理,且尿素用量越低这一差异越明显,而土壤渗出液中的NO3--N浓度施入土壤后前10天涂层尿素低于未涂层尿素处理,而至第18天则表现出高于未涂层尿素处理的趋势;涂层处理土壤渗出液NO3--N和NH4+-N之和大都小于未涂层处理。     

对间隙淋洗长期通气培养条件下黄土高原土壤供氮能力的评价

采用间隙淋洗长期通气培养法,通过对黄土高原物理化学性质差异较大的10种农田土样起始矿质氮、起始提取态总氮、起始可溶性有机氮,以及培养期间淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮、可溶性有机氮含量及其与作物吸氮量关系的研究,分析并评价黄土高原主要农田土壤氮素矿化能力以及包括和不包括培养淋洗可溶性有机氮对土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明,供试土样起始可溶性有机氮平均为N 23.9 mg/kg,是起始提取态总氮的28.8%,土壤全氮的2.4%。在通气培养淋洗总氮中,可溶性有机氮所占比例不高,经过217 d通气培养,淋洗出的可溶性有机氮平均为N 28.8mg/kg,占淋洗总氮量的19.8%。相关分析表明,淋洗可溶性有机氮量与第1季作物吸氮量相关不显著,但与连续2季作物总吸氮量显著相关。淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮与两季作物总吸氮量的相关系数明显高于与第一季作物吸氮量的相关系数;与第一季作物吸氮量达显著相关水平,与连续两季作物吸氮量达极显著相关水平。总体上看,可溶性有机氮和土壤全氮、土壤微生物氮不能作为反映短期可矿化氮的指标;间隙淋洗通气培养淋洗液中淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮是评价可矿化氮的较好指标,不仅适宜于第一季作物,而且也适用于对连续两季作物土壤供氮能力的评价。     

太湖地区麦季氮素淋失特征

通过排水采集器模拟试验,研究了太湖地区不同施肥水平下,麦作期间农田氮素淋洗特点。结果表明,麦季氮素渗漏损失以NO3--N为主,占总氮量的36.2%～99.1%,平均高达82.9%,NO3--N淋洗量随施肥量的增加而增加。不同施肥水平及肥料种类,对于NO3--N淋洗有着不同的影响,在试验的施肥水平下,麦作期间氮素淋失对地下水存在潜在污染。     

炭基肥和竹炭对土壤氮素淋失和微生物的影响

为了研究竹炭和炭基缓释肥添加对毛竹林土壤氮素流失和细菌群落结构的影响,采用室内土柱淋溶试验,测定了淋溶水中NH4+—N和NO3-—N浓度,分析了细菌群落多样性和组成.结果表明,与对照相比,炭基缓释肥的添加可以使土柱NH4+—N和NO3-—N累积淋溶量分别降低12.5％和13.6％.此外,竹炭的添加可以显著降低NH4+—...     

新型有机肥的氮素在土壤中的转化及其对草莓生长和品质的影响

土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮的含量直接影响着作物的生长和品质。通过田间试验研究了不同有机肥料氮素在土壤中的转化及其对草莓生长和果实品质的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥可以提高草莓苗期土壤硝态氮的比例,硝铵比值大于尿素处理,同时有机肥处理硝铵比值从苗期至盛花期呈下降趋势,但尿素处理则表现为上升的趋势,而花序现蕾期土壤硝铵比的降低,有利于植株花蕾的形成,因此土壤硝铵比值的变化趋势一定程度上决定着草莓的产量和品质。在等量施用氮素养分的条件下,施用有机肥料均较尿素更能促进草莓生长发育和增加草莓产量。施用有机肥对草莓品质的改善作用也优于尿素,果实中糖/酸比值较无肥区提高23.7%-28.7%,较尿素区提高16.5%-21.2%。     

砖红壤区橡胶林地土壤硝化作用研究初报

以尿素为氮源,采用土壤好气培养试验,研究了砖红壤区橡胶林短期内不同培肥方式下土壤硝化作用特征。结果表明,尿素加入胶园土壤后即迅速水解,加入橡胶树行间未经培肥区土壤(a)中4天水解99.0%,生成的铵态氮14天后开始较强的硝化作用,最大硝化率为46.2%,培养63天后NH4+-N含量仍保持在63.2 mg kg-1的较高水平;而尿素加入经有机无机肥培肥土壤(c)中1天水解99.8%,加入单用化肥培肥的土壤(b)中4天水解98.6%以上,水解生成的铵态氮培养至第4天即开始较强的硝化作用,14天基本硝化完全,最大硝化率都在99%以上,使得培肥区土壤中的无机氮主要以硝态氮形式存在。     

不同种植模式对土壤矿质氮累积量的影响—以北京通州区为例

运用对通州区调查资料和试验结果,分析了不同典型种植模式对0—2 m土壤矿质氮累积量的影响。结果表明,不同种植模式对0—2 m土壤矿质氮提取利用能力顺序为:向日葵—向日葵﹥冬小麦—夏玉米（玉米秸秆还田）﹥冬小麦—夏玉米（玉米秸秆不还田）﹥冬小麦—大豆﹥玉米—玉米。在大田作物生产中,应进行合理的作物轮作、增加地面覆盖度、轮作中加入有固氮能力的豆科作物、注重与根系发达或深根作物进行轮作,能有效地提取利用土壤深层NO3--N,并能有效减少氮肥向土壤下层的淋洗。蔬菜生产田0—2 m土壤含有较高的NO3--N和NH4+-N,累积量达1935.03 kg/hm2和201.8 kg/hm2,因此,应通过减少氮肥投入量,优化轮作种植模式以提高作物对深层土壤NO3--N的回收利用。     

湘中丘陵区不同植被恢复阶段林地土壤可溶性氮组分含量和密度

以湘中丘陵区的檵木—南烛—白栎灌草丛(LVR)、檵木—杉木—白栎灌木林(LCQ)、马尾松—柯—檵木针阔混交林(PLL)、柯—红淡比—青冈常绿阔叶林(LAG)作为1个恢复序列,设置固定样地,采集土壤样品,测定土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)、铵态氮(NH_4⁺—N)、硝态氮(NO_3^-—N)含量及其密度,分析SON、NH_4⁺—N、NO_3^-—N含量与土壤黏粒、全氮(TN)、有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量的相关性。结果表明:各土层SON、NH_4⁺—N含量随植被恢复而增加,与LVR相比,LAG、PLL、LCQ 0—40 cm土层SON含量分别增加225.78%,121.22%,54.73%,NH_4⁺—N分别增加22.10%,14.74%,7.80%;而各土层NO_3^-—N含量随植被恢复先下降再增加,LAG各土层NO_3^-—N含量最高,LCQ最低;0—40 cm土壤层SON、NH_4⁺—N密度分别为143.82~528.12,55.73~65.57 kg/hm²,与LVR相比,LAG、PLL、LCQ土壤SON密度分别增加267.20%,98.40%,86.30%,NH_4⁺—N密度分别增加17.70%,7.90%和11.60%;0—40 cm土壤层NO_3^-—N密度为22.91~25.87 kg/hm²,与LVR相比,LAG增加13.16%;SON、NH_4⁺—N密度各阶段间的增长速率呈快—慢—快的特征,而NO_3^-—N呈慢—慢—快的特征;土壤理化性质和微生物生物量对SON、NH_4⁺—N的影响大于NO_3^-—N,表明植被恢复有利于土壤N养分积累,提高土壤可溶性氮组分的含量和密度,增加土壤N的可利用性。