不同来源燕麦对ApoE-/- 小鼠降血脂功能的研究

为研究不同来源燕麦对高脂饲喂的ApoE-/- 小鼠降血脂功能的影响,将40 只雄性ApoE-/- 小鼠按照平均体重随机分为5 组,即常规饮食(Chow)组、高脂饮食(HFD)组、燕麦1 组(OAT-1)、燕麦2 组(OAT-2)以及燕麦3 组(OAT-3),每组8 只。实验0 w、4 w、8 w、12 w 时,分别测定小鼠血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、LDL胆固醇(LDL cholesterol,LDL-c)、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、HDL 胆固醇(HDL cholesterol,HDL-c) 和VLDL胆固醇(VLDL cholesterol,VLDL-c)水平;12 w 后同时观察肝组织损伤变化情况。其中,3 组燕麦组均能够显著减少ApoE-/- 小鼠血清中TC、LDL-c、TG 和VLDL-c 的含量,说明3 组燕麦均具有良好的降血脂作用,OAT-3 组降血脂效果更加明显。病理学检测结果显示,3 组燕麦组均具有减少高脂饲喂的ApoE-/- 小鼠肝脏中脂质沉积的作用。燕麦饲喂后对高脂饲喂的ApoE-/- 小鼠具有显著降低血脂及降低肝损伤作用。     

Transport and phosphorylation as factors in the antitumor action of cytosine arabinoside

Survival of mice bearing different transplantable leukemias and treated with cytosine arabinoside was compared with uptake and subsequent phosphorylation of the drug in vitro. Capacity for nucleotide formation was correlated with response and is apparently an important determinant of drug sensitivity. Drug uptake, although apparently mediated, was similar in all cell lines.     

γ-亚麻酸在RAW264.7细胞中的抗炎症作用机制

[目的]探讨γ-亚麻酸（GLA）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的RAW264.7细胞产生炎症介质的影响及其机制。[方法]以体外培养的巨噬细胞系RAW264.7细胞为研究对象,待细胞生长至融合状态后加入不同浓度（0、12.5、25、50μmol/L）的GLA预孵4 h,利用100 ng/m l的脂多糖（LPS）刺激12.0 h或0.5 h,同时设空白对照和LPS对照,利用蛋白印迹法检测诱生型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、环加氧酶-2（COX-2）蛋白的表达以及对IκBα、p-JNK/SAPK（Thr183/Tyr185）、p38 MAPK、p-p38 MAPK（Thr 180/Tyr182）、ERK1/2、p-ERK1/2的影响。[结果]GLA可以显著抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中iNOS和COX-2的蛋白表达（P〈0.05）,且在0~50μmol/L GLA浓度范围内存在剂量依赖关系。GLA可以显著抑制IκBα的降解（P〈0.05）,从而抑制NFκ-B的激活。GLA可以显著抑制LPS诱导的JNK1/2以及ERK1/2的磷酸化（P〈0.05）,对p38的磷酸化没有显著影响。[结论]GLA具有很好的消炎功效。抑制JNK1/2和ERK1/2的磷酸化、抑制NF-κB的激活可能是GLA发挥生物学效应的重要机制。     

Noncanonical TGFβ signaling contributes to aortic aneurysm progression in Marfan syndrome mice

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling drives aneurysm progression in multiple disorders, including Marfan syndrome (MFS), and therapies that inhibit this signaling cascade are in clinical trials. TGFβ can stimulate multiple intracellular signaling pathways, but it is unclear which of these pathways drives aortic disease and, when inhibited, which result in disease amelioration. Here we show that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2 and Smad2 are activated in a mouse model of MFS, and both are inhibited by therapies directed against TGFβ. Whereas selective inhibition of ERK1/2 activation ameliorated aortic growth, Smad4 deficiency exacerbated aortic disease and caused premature death in MFS mice. Smad4-deficient MFS mice uniquely showed activation of Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1), and a JNK antagonist ameliorated aortic growth in MFS mice that lacked or retained full Smad4 expression. Thus, noncanonical (Smad-independent) TGFβ signaling is a prominent driver of aortic disease in MFS mice, and inhibition of the ERK1/2 or JNK1 pathways is a potential therapeutic strategy for the disease.     

Modification of ocular defects in mouse developmental glaucoma models by tyrosinase

Mutations in the cytochrome P450 family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP1B1) gene are a common cause of human primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). Here we show that Cyp1b1-/- mice have ocular drainage structure abnormalities resembling those reported in human PCG patients. Using Cyp1b1-/- mice, we identified the tyrosinase gene (Tyr) as a modifier of the drainage structure phenotype, with Tyr deficiency increasing the magnitude of dysgenesis. The severe dysgenesis in eyes lacking both CYP1B1 and TYR was alleviated by administration of the tyrosinase product dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa). Tyr also modified the drainage structure dysgenesis in mice with a mutant Foxc1 gene, which is also involved in PCG. These experiments raise the possibility that a tyrosinase/l-dopa pathway modifies human PCG, which could open new therapeutic avenues.     

硒对S. aureus诱导的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞Nod2/MAPK/mTORs信号通路关键蛋白表达的影响

【目的】硒（Se）能否通过Nod2/MAPK/mTOR途径调控金黄色葡萄球菌诱导的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞炎性损伤,有待于进一步研究。因此本研究将探究硒对金黄色葡萄球菌（S. aureus）感染的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞（bMECs）Nod2/MAPK/mTORs信号通路中关键蛋白表达的影响,从而为阐明硒的免疫调控机制提供理论依据。【方法】首先将bMECs以10 ⁶细胞/孔接种于6孔板中,当细胞超过80%的汇合度时,用含2、4和8 μmol·L ^-1浓度硒的培养基替换原来的培养基,继续孵育12 h,然后用PBS洗涤每孔3次,将S. aureus按MOI=1:1的比例加入6孔板中,继续培养0.5 h,然后收集bMECs细胞进行相关蛋白的检测。本试验共分3大组,即对照（Con）组（bMECs）、模型（Mod）组（bMECs+S. aureus）和试验组。其中试验组又分3个亚剂量组,即Low组（bMECs+2 μmol·L ^-1 Se+S. aureus）、Mid组（bMECs+4 μmol·L ^-1 Se+S. aureus）和Hig组（bMECs+8 μmol·L ^-1 Se+S. aureus）,每组设3个重复。利用BCA蛋白测定试剂盒对收集的bMECs细胞进行总蛋白提取。应用Western blotting技术检测bMECs中Nod2和RIP2蛋白表达水平及JNK,AKT和mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平。将蛋白样品加到10%的SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳中,上样量为20 μg/孔,之后将蛋白转移到聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）膜上。将PVDF膜用5 mL 5%脱脂乳阻断2 h,脱脂乳脱脂后用TBST清洗后,分别用5 mL的 Nod2、RIP2、JNK、AKT、mTOR和β-actin的一抗孵育过夜,回收一抗。之后在PVDF膜中分别加入5 mL上述蛋白的二抗,室温孵育2 h,回收二抗。PVDF用TBST洗涤5次,最后在暗室条件下进行化学显影。 【结果】S. aureus能显著提高bMECs中Nod2和RIP2蛋白表达水平及JNK,AKT和mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平（P<0.01）。S. aureus感染0.5 h后,Nod2蛋白水平显著升高（P<0.01）。在培养基里添加2 μmol·L ^-1 的硒可极显著抑制Nod2蛋白的表达（P<0.01）,在培养基里添加8 μmol·L ^-1 的硒可显著抑制Nod2的表达（P<0.05）; S . aureus感染0.5 h后,RIP2蛋白水平显著升高（P<0.05）,而在培养基里添加8 μmol·L ^-1 硒可显著抑制RIP2蛋白的表达（P<0.05）;S. aureus感染0.5 h后,与对照组相比,模型组JNK蛋白磷酸化水平显著升高（P<0.01）。在培养基里添加4 μmol·L ^-1 的硒能显著抑制JNK蛋白的磷酸化水平（P<0.05）,在培养基里添加8 μmol·L ^-1 的硒能显著抑制JNK蛋白的磷酸化水平（P<0.01）; S. aureus感染0.5 h后,与对照组相比,模型组AKT蛋白磷酸化水平显著升高（P<0.01）。在培养基里添加4 μmol·L ^-1 硒可极显著抑制JNK蛋白的磷酸化水平（P<0.01）,在培养基里添加8 μmol·L ^-1 硒可显著抑制AKT蛋白的磷酸化水平（P<0.05）;S. aureus感染0.5 h后,模型组mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平显著升高（P<0.01）。在培养基里分别添加4 μmol·L ^-1 和8 μmol·L ^-1 硒均能显著抑制mTOR蛋白磷酸化水平（P<0.05）。 【结论】硒可通过抑制bMECs Nod2/MAPK/mTORs信号通路中关键因子蛋白的表达而减轻S. aureus诱导的bMECs炎症反应。     

高脂日粮对初情期小鼠乳腺发育的影响及分子机制

【目的】研究高脂日粮对初情期小鼠乳腺发育的影响及可能机制。【方法】选用20只4周龄昆明雌性小鼠,设对照组和高脂日粮组,试验期4周,每周称体质量并统计采食量。试验结束后采集小鼠乳腺并称质量,采用wholemount及HE染色观察小鼠乳腺组织形态结构及导管数量。利用Western blot检测初情期小鼠乳腺组织胰岛素样生长因子1(Insulin-like growth factor1,IGF-1)、增殖相关信号通路关键蛋白蛋白激酶B(Protein kinase B,Akt)、胞外调控的蛋白激酶(Extracellular regulated protein kinase,Er K)以及炎症信号通路关键蛋白Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)和核因子κB激酶抑制剂(Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase,IKK)的表达。【结果】高脂日粮组小鼠采食量极显著低于对照组(P0.01),但在能量摄入方面与对照组无显著差异。高脂日粮组小鼠的体质量增加显著高于对照组(P0.05)。高脂日粮组小鼠在乳腺质量、乳腺质量与体质量的比值上均极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。乳腺组织的whole-mount及HE染色结果表明,高脂日粮组小鼠乳腺导管发育明显被抑制,其乳腺组织的导管数和密度明显降低,乳腺组织的终末乳芽数量也极显著低于对照组(P0.01)。高脂日粮能够显著抑制小鼠乳腺组织IGF-I的蛋白表达以及Akt、Erk和IKK的磷酸化水平(P0.01或0.05),极显著促进小鼠乳腺组织TLR4的蛋白表达(P0.01)和显著促进JNK的磷酸化水平(P0.05)。【结论】高脂日粮能够抑制初情期小鼠乳腺发育,这可能是通过抑制乳腺增殖的相关信号和促进乳腺组织炎症的相关信号来实现。     

Extrusion of cells with inappropriate Dpp signaling from Drosophila wing disc epithelia

Decapentaplegic (Dpp) is a signaling molecule that controls growth and patterning of the developing Drosophila wing. Mutant cells lacking Dpp signal transduction have been shown to activate c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK)-dependent apoptosis and to be lost from the wing disc epithelium. These observations have led to the hypothesis that Dpp promotes cell survival by preventing apoptosis. Here, we show that in the absence of JNK-dependent apoptosis, mutant cells lacking Dpp signal transduction can survive; however, they are still lost from the wing disc epithelium. This loss correlates with extensive cytoskeletal changes followed by basal epithelial extrusion. We propose that Dpp promotes cell survival within disc epithelia by affecting cytoskeletal organization.     

非洲猪瘟病毒MGF110-5L-6L蛋白诱导宿主细胞翻译阻滞和应激颗粒形成的作用机制

【背景】非洲猪瘟（African swine fever,ASF）是由非洲猪瘟病毒（African swine fever virus,ASFV）感染引发的一种猪烈性传染病,是全球公认的养猪业“头号杀手”,至今尚无安全有效的疫苗和药物。病毒作为专性细胞内寄生物,必须通过“劫持”宿主翻译系统为病毒蛋白合成服务。其中翻译起始因子eIF2α作为翻译调控的核心节点,控制细胞应激反应和翻译重编程走向,对病毒毒力、嗜性、致病性及免疫逃逸等具有重要影响,eIF2α磷酸化调控无疑是病毒与宿主细胞竞争翻译资源的重要阵地之一。然而,关于ASFV编码蛋白与eIF2α磷酸化作用关系的认知极度匮乏。【目的】探究非洲猪瘟病毒MGF110-5L-6L蛋白对宿主细胞翻译阻滞和促进应激颗粒形成的作用机制,为深入揭示非洲猪瘟病毒的致病机制研究提供科学依据。【方法】在前期利用荧光素酶报告基因载体和绿色荧光报告载体,筛选发现外源表达MGF110-5L-6L极显著上调eIF2α磷酸化水平的基础上。选择猪肺泡巨噬细胞3D4/21和猪肾细胞PK-15作为研究用细胞系,利用质粒转染和特异性化学药物处理等方法,结合免疫印迹和激光共聚焦...     

γ-亚麻酸在RAW264.7细胞中的抗炎症作用机制（英文）

[目的]探讨γ-亚麻酸（GLA）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的RAW264.7细胞产生炎症介质的影响及其机制。[方法]采用体外培养的巨噬细胞系RAW264.7细胞,待细胞生长至融合状态后加入不同浓度（0、12.5、25、50μmol/L）的GLA预孵4h,利用100ng/ml的脂多糖（LPS）刺激12h或0.5h,同时设空白对照和LPS对照,利用蛋白印迹法检测诱生型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）、环加氧酶-2（COX-2）蛋白的表达以及对IκBα、p-JNK/SAPK（Thr183/Tyr185）、p38MAPK、p-p38MAPK（Thr180/Tyr182）、ERK1/2、p-ERK1/2的影响。[结果]GLA可以显著抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中iNOS和COX-2的蛋白表达（P〈0.05）,且在0～50μmol/LGLA浓度范围内存在剂量依赖关系。GLA可以显著抑制IκBα的降解（P〈0.05）,从而抑制NF-κB的激活。GLA可以显著抑制LPS诱导的JNK1/2以及ERK1/2的磷酸化（P〈0.05）,对p38的磷酸化没有显著的影响。[结论]GLA具有很好的消炎功效。抑制JNK1/2以及ERK1/2的磷酸化、抑制NF-κB的激活可能是其发挥生物学效应的重要机制。     

Oxygen consumption and cellular ion transport: evidence for adenosine triphosphate to O2 ratio near 6 in intact cell

Oxygen (O2) consumption and net K+ uptake were measured simultaneously upon reintroduction of K+ into a K+-depleted suspension of renal tubules. The K+/O2 stoichiometries of 11.8 +/- 0.2 and 8.4 +/- 0.6 were obtained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- and flavoprotein-linked substrates, respectively. These values complement classical K+ to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ATP/O2 stoichiometries, thereby demonstrating a remarkably efficient coupling between the processes of Na+- and K+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase-mediated ion transport and oxidative phosphorylation within the intact cell.     

Coupling of stress in the ER to activation of JNK protein kinases by transmembrane protein kinase IRE1

Malfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induce cellular stress and activate c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs or SAPKs). Mammalian homologs of yeast IRE1, which activate chaperone genes in response to ER stress, also activated JNK, and IRE1alpha-/- fibroblasts were impaired in JNK activation by ER stress. The cytoplasmic part of IRE1 bound TRAF2, an adaptor protein that couples plasma membrane receptors to JNK activation. Dominant-negative TRAF2 inhibited activation of JNK by IRE1. Activation of JNK by endogenous signals initiated in the ER proceeds by a pathway similar to that initiated by cell surface receptors in response to extracellular signals.     

Requirement of AMPA receptor GluR2 phosphorylation for cerebellar long-term depression

Cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) is a model of synaptic memory that requires protein kinase C (PKC) activation and is expressed as a reduction in the number of postsynaptic alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors. LTD was absent in cultured cerebellar Purkinje cells from mutant mice lacking the AMPA receptor GluR2 subunit and could be rescued by transient transfection with the wild-type GluR2 subunit. Transfection with a point mutant that eliminated PKC phosphorylation of Ser880 in the carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of GluR2 failed to restore LTD. In contrast, transfection with a point mutant that mimicked phosphorylation at Ser880 occluded subsequent LTD. Thus, PKC phosphorylation of GluR2 Ser880 is a critical event in the induction of cerebellar LTD.     

Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis

An inducible rabbit endothelial adhesion molecule that is selective for mononuclear leukocytes has been identified. This adhesion protein was expressed on the surface of activated cultured endothelium in two forms, 118 and 98 kilodaltons, the amino-terminal sequence of each being highly homologous to human VCAM-1. In dietary hypercholesterolemic and Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit models of atherosclerosis, this adhesion molecule was found to be expressed in a localized fashion by aortic endothelium that overlies early foam cell lesions. This lesion-localized expression suggests a potential endothelium-dependent mechanism for mononuclear leukocyte recruitment during atherogenesis and may provide a molecular marker for early atherosclerosis.     

Beta-arrestin 2: a receptor-regulated MAPK scaffold for the activation of JNK3

beta-Arrestins, originally discovered in the context of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization, also function in internalization and signaling of these receptors. We identified c-Jun amino-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) as a binding partner of beta-arrestin 2 using a yeast two-hybrid screen and by coimmunoprecipitation from mouse brain extracts or cotransfected COS-7 cells. The upstream JNK activators apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 4 were also found in complex with beta-arrestin 2. Cellular transfection of beta-arrestin 2 caused cytosolic retention of JNK3 and enhanced JNK3 phosphorylation stimulated by ASK1. Moreover, stimulation of the angiotensin II type 1A receptor activated JNK3 and triggered the colocalization of beta-arrestin 2 and active JNK3 to intracellular vesicles. Thus, beta-arrestin 2 acts as a scaffold protein, which brings the spatial distribution and activity of this MAPK module under the control of a GPCR.     

2-辛亚砜-5,8-二甲氧基-1,4萘醌通过ROS/Akt通路诱导HepG2细胞凋亡

为研究修饰后的萘醌类衍生物对人肝癌细胞株HepG2诱导细胞凋亡作用及其机制。采用MTT、流式和Western blot方法观察2-辛亚砜-5,8-二甲氧基-1,4萘醌对人肝癌细胞的生长作用。结果表明:2-辛亚砜-5,8-二甲氧基-1,4萘醌可通过促进早期ROS水平升高,抑制Akt的磷酸化水平,并选择性地激活p38,ERK信号通路,从而抑制肝癌细胞株HepG2细胞的增殖并诱导其发生凋亡。     

Function of PI3Kgamma in thymocyte development, T cell activation, and neutrophil migration

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) regulate fundamental cellular responses such as proliferation, apoptosis, cell motility, and adhesion. Viable gene-targeted mice lacking the p110 catalytic subunit of PI3Kgamma were generated. We show that PI3Kgamma controls thymocyte survival and activation of mature T cells but has no role in the development or function of B cells. PI3Kgamma-deficient neutrophils exhibited severe defects in migration and respiratory burst in response to heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists and chemotactic agents. PI3Kgamma links GPCR stimulation to the formation of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate and the activation of protein kinase B, ribosomal protein S6 kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. Thus, PI3Kgamma regulates thymocyte development, T cell activation, neutrophil migration, and the oxidative burst.     

Activation by IKKalpha of a second, evolutionary conserved, NF-kappa B signaling pathway

In mammals, the canonical nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway activated in response to infections is based on degradation of IkappaB inhibitors. This pathway depends on the IkappaB kinase (IKK), which contains two catalytic subunits, IKKalpha and IKKbeta. IKKbeta is essential for inducible IkappaB phosphorylation and degradation, whereas IKKalpha is not. Here we show that IKKalpha is required for B cell maturation, formation of secondary lymphoid organs, increased expression of certain NF-kappaB target genes, and processing of the NF-kappaB2 (p100) precursor. IKKalpha preferentially phosphorylates NF-kappaB2, and this activity requires its phosphorylation by upstream kinases, one of which may be NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK). IKKalpha is therefore a pivotal component of a second NF-kappaB activation pathway based on regulated NF-kappaB2 processing rather than IkappaB degradation.