长江鲢、草鱼原种——人繁群体生长差异与生化遗传变化↑（*）

用完全随机区组设计的方法在三个池塘中进行了源于长江的鲢，草鱼原种与封闭人繁群体子三代１龄鱼种阶段的生长比较试验。结果表明；原种鲢，草鱼的体长绝对增长高出封闭人繁子三代群体１７－２１％，相对增长快１３－１８％；体重绝对增重高出２５－２６％，相对增重快１５－２０％。但这些差异均未达数理统计上差异显著的标准。     

长江、珠江水系鲢、镛的性成熟速度及其遗传分析

在上海与广东两地的池塘中,对4种不同繁育群体鲢、鳙,即长江天然繁殖鲢、鳙,长江流域人工繁殖鲢、鳙,珠江天然繁殖鲢、鳙,以及珠江流域人工繁殖鲢、鳙,从二龄(1~+)起至四龄,逐年观察不同群体在各龄期的性腺发育状况及催产结果,发现在广东培育的比在上海培育的早一年成熟,这与天然环境里珠江鲢、鳙比长江鲢、鳙早成熟一年一致;而在同一饲养环境里,长江天然繁殖鲢、鳙与珠江天然繁殖鲢、鳙同时成熟,长江人工繁殖鲢、鳙与珠江人工繁殖鲢、鳙同时成熟,表明环境因子在不同繁育群体的性腺发育速度上起决定作用。人工繁殖鲢、鳙同天然繁殖鲢、鳙同时成熟则表明在无近交情况下,人工繁殖不会导致早熟。据推算,鲢发育成熟约需20000度日的总热量,鳙发育成熟约需26000度日的总热量。     

长江中下游鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼种群分化的同工酶分析

为查明长江中下游鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼有无不同种群，用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了长江中游天鹅洲故道、汉阳、瑞昌江段和下游安庆江段鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼各４个群体间的生化遗传变异。同种鱼各群体间的遗传变异未见有显著差异。遗传距离Ｄ值均小于０．００１。由此，初步认为长江中下游的鲢、鳙、草鱼、青鱼应各属一个没有显著遗传分化的种群，我们称之为“长江种群”。因而，在长江中下游选择一处优良保护场所就有可能达到就地保护长     

Genetic differentiation of wild and hatchery Oujiang color common carp: potential application to the identification of escapees

The escape or release of cultured and domesticated organisms into the wild poses a threat to the genetic integrity of natural populations. Based on data from 17 microsatellite loci, the genetic differentiation between wild and hatchery Oujiang color common carp Cyprinus carpio var. color was investigated, and its potential application for identifying the escapees of hatchery strains was assessed using Bayesian genetic assignment. No significant differences were observed between pooled hatchery and pooled wild populations in terms of allelic richness (A _R), observed heterozygosity (H _O), and inbreeding coefficient (F _IS). Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise F _ST comparisons suggested significant genetic differentiation between hatchery strains and between hatchery and wild populations, which was further confirmed by principal components analysis and Bayesian clustering analysis. Bayesian genetic alignment showed high self-assignment accuracy (ranging from 86.0 to 96.0%) in the original populations, demonstrating the ability of this technique to identify hatchery Oujiang color common carp escapees in the wild population.     

4个群体鲢mtDNA D-loop的PCR-RFLP分析

采用PCR技术扩增了湖北监利、江西瑞昌、湖南长沙3个长江野生群体和天津宁河1个人工繁殖群体(已繁殖6代)共158尾鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)mtDNA D-loop区段,并用14种核酸内切限制酶对扩增片段进行酶切。结果显示:所有试验鱼均扩增出约1.6 kb的DNA片段,10种限制酶有酶切位点,共检测出16种单倍型,以单倍型Ⅰ为主,在各群体中所占比例为57.5%~90.0%。鲢4个群体的单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数为0.1885~0.6526和0.001182~0.007570。瑞昌群体与监利群体的Rogers遗传距最小,为0.1250;监利群体与宁河群体的Rogers遗传距最大,为0.2693。χ2检验结果显示4个群体间的遗传差异显著(P<0.01)。在4个群体中,宁河人工繁殖群体的单倍型多样性指数、核苷酸多样性指数均最高,并且HinfⅠ的C酶切类型为宁河群体所特有,达20.0%。     

基于SSR标记的长江下游原良种场鳙亲本和后备亲本种质资源现状分析

分析长江下游原良种场鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)亲本和后备亲本的遗传多样性和遗传结构,评估鳙育种群体的种质资源现状,可为鳙的种质资源管理和活体资源库建设提供科学的参考依据。本研究利用已发表的10对SSR荧光引物结合毛细管电泳技术,对7个亲本群体和1个后备亲本群体共638份DNA进行基因分型。主要应用GenAlEx 6.501、Cervus 3.0和Structure 2.3.4等软件进行遗传多样性参数计算和群体遗传结构分析。结果表明,8个群体总体遗传多样性水平较高,但存在一定程度的近亲繁殖风险。其平均等位基因数(N_a)为14.83±1.45,观测杂合度(H_o)和期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.76±0.05、0.82±0.02,Shannon's信息指数(I)为2.08±0.09,近交系数(F)为0.08±0.05。各亲本群体之间遗传多样性水平存在差异,后备亲本遗传多样性水平最高。鳙的贝叶斯群体遗传结构分析图(Structure)与主坐标分析(PCoA)结果具有一致性,将所有样本划分为两个类群,大部分亲本群体之间并无明显的遗传分化,而后备亲本和亲本之间则表现明显的遗传分化。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,11%的遗传变异来自群体间,群体间的遗传分化处于中等水平,而89%的遗传变异来自群体内。本研究探究了鳙亲本和后备亲本的遗传差异性,对野生原种引进和保护提供了建议,以期为构建健康负责的增殖放流种苗繁育体系提供理论支持和数据参考。     

基于COI序列的长江中上游鲢6个地理群体遗传多样性分析

为了对长江中上游鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)种质资源现状进行监测和评价,本研究利用线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶I(cytochrome c oxidase subunit I)基因(COI)对长江中上游宜宾、忠县、万州、石首、监利、湘江6个鲢群体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在648 bp的COI序列中共检测到42个变异位点,其中单变异位点14个,简约信息位点28个。6个群体123个个体共定义了26个单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.0476~0.0945,核苷酸多样性为0.00196~0.00982。6个鲢群体总体遗传多样性丰富,万州群体单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性均最高,忠县群体单倍型多样性最低,核苷酸多样性最低的为石首群体。遗传变异主要来自群体内个体间,单倍型网络图和系统进化树显示各群体的单倍型没有形成明显的地理格局。此外,上游宜宾群体和万州群体与中游的石首、监利和湘江群体具有明显的遗传分化,中游的监利群体与石首群体和湘江群体也有一定的遗传分化,上游群体和中游群体应该分属于长江水系两个不同的种群。     

Impacts of hatchery release on genetic structure of rock carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Procypris rabaudi</Emphasis> in the upper Yangtze River,China

Rock carp Procypris rabaudi is a vulnerable endemic fish in the upper Yangtze River. Hatchery release has been carried out as a major stock enhancement strategy for this species. Ten microsatellite loci were chosen to compare genetic variation between one wild population and two hatchery groups to evaluate the potential impacts of hatchery release on the genetic structure of the wild population. Two different models indicated strong evidence of recent bottlenecks in all groups. The hatchery groups were lower in the mean number of alleles per locus, allelic richness, and allelic diversity compared with the wild population. The 80% membership coefficient indicated that 14% of the wild fish could be assigned as hybrids of wild and hatchery fish. Our results suggested that hatchery release will further reduce the natural genetic diversity in the wild population, change the genetic structure of the rock carp population, and may not benefit restoration of this vulnerable fish species.     

人工雌核发育鲢近交F2微卫星DNA变异分析

采用17对鲢微卫星引物,以野生鲢、养殖鲢、雄鲤作对照对人工雌核发育鲢近交F2及其亲本进行了微卫星分析。结果表明:人工雌核发育鲢近交F2、养殖鲢和野生鲢群体的平均等位基因数范围为2.1～4.0;平均观测杂合度范围为0.2762～0.9588;期望杂合度范围为0.2774～0.7360;遗传多样性指数范围为0.4500～1.2258,人工雌核鲢近交F2为0.4500,显著低于养殖鲢(1.0273)和野生鲢(1.2258),揭示人工雌核发育鲢近交F2遗传多样性水平较低,纯合度较高。从遗传距离来看,人工雌核发育鲢近交F2与对照群体之间的遗传距离都要大于野生鲢与养殖鲢群体之间遗传距离,表明人工雌核发育鲢近交F2发生了一定程度的遗传分化。     

基于微卫星评估草鱼放流亲本对野生群体遗传多样性的影响

利用筛选的13对草鱼多态性微卫星标记,开展了2011至2015年长江中游草鱼亲本增殖放流对野生群体遗传多样性的影响评估。通过对各位点的遗传多样性分析,13个微卫星位点的多态信息含量为0.8622(0.657~0.950),基因多样度为0.8555(0.675~0.936)。15个群体的有效等位基因数为7.4503~10.1536,等位基因丰度为11.483~15.204,说明15个草鱼群体的遗传多样性水平总体较高。遗传分化指数分析表明,群体间不存在显著遗传分化(FST5%)。通过贝叶斯聚类分析和主成分分析可将草鱼群体分为4个组群,根据分组结果以及来源划分分别对草鱼群体进行AMOVA分析,发现遗传变异大部分来自于群体内个体间,组间及组内群体间的分化水平较低(FCT5%,FSC5%),与FST分析结果一致。研究表明,当前草鱼亲本增殖放流模式对野生群体遗传结构影响不明显。     

太湖梅梁湾生物控藻围栏内鲢、鳙比肠长和比肝重的动态变化

为了解滤食性鱼类的消化生理指标及其生态适应性,2005年1-10月,调查了太湖梅梁湾生物控藻围栏中鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)在不同生长阶段的比肠长和比肝重指数的动态变化,分析了比肠长和比肝重与温度、体长、体重以及饵料组成的关系。结果表明,鲢、鳙比肠长和比肝重的季节变化都非常明显,比肠长均值分别为9.66和5.73,夏季的比肠长均明显增大。总的来看,鲢的比肠长和季节变化幅度均大于鳙,表明在滤食和消化浮游植物上,鲢具有更强的环境适应能力;鲢、鳙的比肠长与水温显著正相关(鲢P<0.01;鳙P<0.05),而与体长、体重以及饵料组成的相关性不显著;温度导致的摄食强度变化应是鲢、鳙比肠长季节变化的主要原因。鲢、鳙的比肝重均值分别为1.57%和1.91%,鳙的比肝重明显大于鲢,这可能与鳙摄食更多的浮游动物有关;鲢、鳙的比肝重与温度、体长、体重以及饵料组成均有显著的相关性(P<0.05),表明生物个体的形态特征与其所利用的资源环境有非常紧密的联系。     

Growth Performance of All-Female and Mixed-Sex Common Carp Cyprinus Carpio L. Populations in the Central Europe Climatic Conditions

The results of a 4-yr study focused on comparing growth performance in all-female and mixed-sex populations of common carp are presented. All-female and mixed-sex populations of purebred Northern mirror carp (M72) and scaly crossbreds of female Ropsha (ROP) and male/neomale M72 carp (ROP × M72) were used for this experiment. Average weight and survival after each growing season and slaughtering value after the third and fourth year of the study were measured. While after 8 wk of rearing no differences between all-female and mixed-sex populations were found, the 1-yr-old all-female mirror carp population (M72) gained 29.7% more weight ( P < 0.0001) than the mixed-sex (68.5:± 15.8 g against 52.8:± 13.9 g; meant S.D.) population. After the second, third and fourth year of rearing, live weight was 9.5% ( P = 0.0062) and 6.8% ( P = 0.0229) and insignificantly 5.1 % higher, respectively, in the all-female population. There was no significant difference, even after the fourth growing season, in live weight between all-females and bisexual scaly crossbreds (2,192 g± 478.3 and 2,206 g± 484.5, respectively). The percentage of the main edible parts (processed body, filleting yield) was significantly higher in both mirror and scaly, all-female populations at 3 yr of age but not significantly different in 4-yr-old fish. No distinct differences in survival and body shape of all-female and bisexual populations were found. The potential of all-female populations for commercial production is discussed.     

长江、珠江、黑龙江三水系的鲢、镛、草鱼原种种群的生化遗传结构与变异

用LKB平板电泳仪聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了长江、珠江及黑龙江的鲢、鳙及草鱼的原种8个种群16个酶位点的遗传变异。同种鱼不同水系种群之间存在着明显的生化遗传差异。长江、珠江、黑龙江鲢鱼种群的多态位点的比例分别是13.3％、26.7％、13.3％,平均杂合度分别是0.0493、0.0484、0.0511;长江、珠江鳙鱼种群的多态位点的比例都是31.3％,平均杂合度分别是0.1375,0.0977;长江、珠江、黑龙江草鱼种群的多态位点比例分别是30％,38％,23.1％,平均杂合度分别是0.1241,0.0961,0.0525。南方种群的多态位点比例有比北方的高的趋向。长江鲢—珠江鲢,长江鲢—黑龙江鲢,珠江鲢—黑龙江鲢的遗传相似度依次是0.9957,0.9955及0.9696;长江鳙—珠江鳙的遗传相似度是0.9955;长江草鱼—珠江草鱼,珠江草鱼—黑龙江草鱼,长江草鱼—黑龙江草鱼的遗传相似度依次是0.9679、0.9483及0.9324。长江种群与珠江种群这两个中央群体间的遗传差异较小,边缘群体黑龙江种群与中央群体长江、珠江种群间的遗传差异较大。黑龙江草鱼种群很小,其资源的保护工作应引起注意。     

Competition between hatchery‐raised and wild brown trout Salmo trutta in enclosures – do hatchery releases have negative effects on wild populations?

Abstract –  We compared the growth and prey consumption of juvenile hatchery and wild brown trout of similar genetic origin in 12 wire mesh cages in a natural river in North-Eastern Finland. Wild trout started feeding shortly after the start of the experiment, and clearly earlier than novel hatchery trout, but ate less in the presence of hatchery trout. When accompanied with wild trout, novel hatchery trout started to feed earlier, consumed more live prey, and lost less weight than when in allopatry. Hatchery trout grew more slowly than wild trout. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that hatchery trout benefit from the presence of wild, experienced trout in a complex semi-natural environment. However, our results also indicate that the benefits to hatchery fish are not transferred to wild fish, and ultimately that care should be exercised in management actions when using hatchery trout to supplement wild populations. On the other hand survival potential of the novel hatchery brown trout could be better in the wild when also undomesticated trout are present.     

长江、珠江、黑龙江水系野生鲢遗传多样性的微卫星分析

采用34个微卫星分子标记,对长江（湘江、监利、枞阳）、珠江、黑龙江（抚远）鲢共5个群体的观测杂合度(H_o)、期望杂合度(H_e )、多态信息含量(PIC)和有效等位基因数(N_e)等进行了遗传检测,根据基因频率计算遗传相似系数和Nei氏标准遗传距离,以卡方检验估计Hardy-Weinberg平衡,以近交系数(F_ST)和基因流(Nm)分析群体的遗传分化。同时,基于Nei氏标准遗传距离获得NJ聚类图。共检测出154个等位基因,其中有80个共有基因。位点等位基因1～9个不等,平均等位基因4.666 7,平均有效等位基因2.948 9。5群体平均观测杂合度为0.329 5～0.461 9,平均期望杂合度为0.500 2～0.552 9,平均多态信息含量为0.443 5～0.493 0。表明5群体为中度多态,遗传多样性较低,且长江不同地理群体的遗传多样性也有差异,但差异不显著。通过群体间遗传相似性和遗传距离比较显示：长江3个群体间遗传相似系数最大,遗传距离最小;黑龙江与长江鲢群体间相似系数较大（平均0.871 8）,遗传距离较小（平均0.137 4）表明二者遗传分化亦最小;珠江鲢与长江鲢间的相似系数最小（平均0.831 0）,遗传距离最大（平均0.185 2）,其遗传分化差异较大,结果未显现出群体间遗传差异的大小与其地理距离远近呈正相关。     

Effects of feeding rates on growth and production of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp polycultured in fertilized ponds

Abstract In an attempt to identify appropriate feeding rates for multispecies of fish raised in fertilized earthen ponds, the present work was conducted over a 19‐week experimental period to establish the growth performance, production and body composition of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp fed 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0% biomass and to apparent satiation (treatments). Twelve ponds were stocked with a similar number and weight of each fish species. Two ponds were assigned to each of the treatments, and a 25% protein pelleted fish feed was used to feed fish at the specified rate of feeding. At the end of the experiment, growth, weight gain, survival, yield and body composition of fish groups were affected by the treatments. The economic effectiveness also varied among treatments. The most conspicuous attribute of the feeding rates was its lack of influence on growth (g day^?1), weight gain (g per fish), yield (kg ha^?1) or body composition of silver carp. The results of whole‐body proximate analysis indicated that various feeding rates had either an irregular pattern or no effects on the protein and ash gain per 100 g of fish body weight (bw) gain. The most notable exceptions were significant (P < 0.05) increases in body fat and gross energy gains in Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp accompanied by decreases in percentages of moisture (but not in silver carp) as feeding rate increased. Among the six different feeding levels, feeding to apparent satiation (feed amount was equivalent to 2.67% of fish bw day^?1) appeared to be optimal, as it significantly (P < 0.05) supported the highest fish production, income and net profit compared with all other treatments except for the 3% feeding level, for which the differences in those measurements were comparable.     

Comparison of the distribution and homing of hatchery-reared and wild Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L., from north-east England

Hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr and wild smolts which were microtagged and released into rivers in north-east England were recaptured by the fisheries at West Greenland, Faroes and on the Irish west coast, by the homewater net fisheries and by rod fisheries in rivers in north-east England. No significant differences were observed in the patterns of exploitation of hatchery-reared and wild fish in the distant water fisheries. The distribution of tag recoveries in coastal waters was strongly influenced by the pattern of fishing effort which was concentrated in the middle of the fishery area, but recaptures tended to be biased towards the river of release. There were significant differences in the distribution of recaptures of fish released in different rivers and between hatchery-reared and wild fish from the River Wear. There were also differences in the timing of recaptures of hatchery and wild fish from this river in the coastal net fishery. Very few fish were recaptured in rivers other than the one in which they were released, and there was no significant difference between straying rates for hatchery and wild fish. The relative numbers of recaptures in the coastal fishery and in the home river was the same for translocated hatchery fish and wild fish, thus refuting the suggestion that hatchery-reared fish have a reduced ability to home. The distribution of recaptures within fresh water provides clear evidence of tributary-specific homing of hatchery-reared fish.     

Domestication of Silver Perch,Bidyanus bidyanus,Broodfish

Abstract

Most breeding programs for the Australian native freshwater silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus, are based on fish originally captured from natural populations. However, over the last 20 years, there has been a dramatic decline in the distribution and abundance of silver perch in the wild and the species now has the conservation status of “vulnerable.” Unless broodfish can be domesticated a serious shortage is imminent. The aims of this study were to determine the age and size at sexual maturity and the reproductive performance of silver perch reared in captivity. Fingerlings (mean weight, 4.0 g) from a hatchery were stocked into an aerated 0.32-ha earthen pond at a density of 22,000 fish/ ha for 12 months, harvested, and restocked at 10,000 fish/ha for a further 2 years. The fish were fed a formulated diet containing 35% crude protein. No fish were mature at 1 year of age; at 2 years, most males (93%; total length, 304.0 mm, weight 412.7 g), but no females were mature; and at 3 years, most females (97%; 316.4 mm, 549.6 g) were mature. Three-year-old fish injected with 200 IU/kg human chorionic gonado-trophin spawned viable gametes. High fecundity (mean 139,286 eggs/ kg), fertilization rates (84.5%) and hatch rates (76.8%) demonstrate that broodfish can be domesticated and the life cycle of silver perch can be closed. The use of domesticated broodfish will eliminate reliance on wild populations and provide a basis for future hatchery production and selective breeding programs.     

Comparison of the lipid properties of healthy and pansteatitis‐affected African sharptooth catfish,Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), and the role of diet in pansteatitis outbreaks in the Olifants River in the Kruger National Park,South Africa

Pansteatitis has been identified in wild populations of sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), and Nile crocodiles, Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti, inhabiting the same waters in the Olifants River Gorge in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Mesenteric and pectoral fat tissue was investigated microscopically and by fatty acid analysis in healthy and pansteatitis‐affected catfish from both captive and wild populations. Variation in fatty acid composition between pectoral and mesenteric fat was noted. Composition of mesenteric fat differed between fish from various localities as a result of differences in diet. Pansteatitis in the captive population, resulting from ingestion of high amounts of dietary oxidized fat, reflected higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids within the mesenteric fat. Mesenteric fat of pansteatitis‐affected wild catfish was characterized by an increase in moisture content, a decrease in fat content and a decrease in stearic and linoleic acids. The n‐3 to n‐6 fatty acid ratio of mesenteric fat was higher in pansteatitis‐affected wild catfish than in healthy catfish from the same locality, reflecting higher polyunsaturated fat intake by pansteatitis‐affected fish. The possible role of alien, invasive, phytoplankton‐feeding silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes), in the aetiology of pansteatitis in both catfish and crocodiles in the Olifants Gorge is discussed.     

南四湖鲢、鳙增殖放流后生长的跟踪监测

2012年6月-11月,对2012年4月在南四湖增殖放流的鲢、鳙生长状况进行了连续5次跟踪调查。结果表明：鲢体质量变化在50-400g范围内,为1-2龄;鳙体质量集中在50-350g,为1-2龄;增殖鲢生长（L,体长;W,体质量）与捕捞时间的关系方程为：L=12.633＋2.3391M＋0.0648M2,W=-89654＋61.933M＋2.3341M^2;鳙L=13.186＋1.004M＋0.2449M2,W=99.204-33.203M＋12.141M2。捕获南四湖鲢、鳙个体远未达到渐进体质量乃至拐点体质量,尚处于快速生长期,在增殖放流与捕获中应加强科学规范与管理。