Assessment of yield monitoring equipment for dry matter and yield of corn silage and alfalfa/grass

Whole farm evaluations have shown that accurate yield data are difficult to collect for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and grass mixtures and corn (Zea mays L.) silage fields. Additionally, on-farm research, a recommended tool for adaptive management, is hindered by lack of practical ways to collect yield data. Recently, forage yield monitors have become available on self-propelled forage harvesters (SPFHs), but precision and accuracy of this technology are unknown. The objective of this project was to evaluate accuracy of yield and moisture sensing components of forage yield monitors for use in alfalfa/grass and corn silage. Moisture content, mass flow weights, total area harvested and total dry yield per hectare were measured on 11 farms in 2013; forage samples were collected for truck loads, analyzed for dry matter content, and compared to monitor-registered dry matter. Truck weights were used to compare monitor-derived yield to actual yield on two farms for alfalfa/grass and three farms for corn silage. Moisture sensors estimated crop moisture content within 3.7 % DM for alfalfa/grass and 3.0 % DM for corn silage of the oven dry value. Flow sensors estimated alfalfa/grass yield to ±0.5 and ±1.1 Mg DM/ha for corn silage. When calibrations are done regularly, forage yield monitors can provide an accurate and precise measure of dry yield for adaptive management. It is concluded that this technology can be used when plots are large and large treatment-driven yield differences are expected.     

氮肥施用对高产大豆根系、干物质积累及产量的影响

在本试验生产条件下和施氮量范围内,具有4 500 kg·hm-2以上产量潜力品种黑农41随着始花期施氮量的增加,氮肥对大豆根瘤形成的抑制作用加大,推迟单株伤流液出现的高峰期,增加全生育期的叶面积指数和干物质积累,增加各产量构成因素和产量.始花期一次施纯氮90 kg·hm-2春大豆籽粒产量可达5 012.55 kg·hm-2.     

硫包膜尿素对大豆干物质积累及产量的影响

采用框栽和大田对比试验相结合的方法,研究硫包膜尿素(SU)对大豆干物质积累和产量的影响。框栽试验结果表明,在相同氮水平条件下,施用硫包膜尿素的大豆干物质积累量与一次性施尿素(N75)和追肥处理(N25*3)相比,分别增加24.3%和19.7%。施用硫包膜尿素产量比施用尿素增加16%,与追肥处理差异不显著。大田试验结果表明,施用硫包膜尿素的大豆干物质积累量比一次性施用尿素处理高12.2%,产量增加7.3%。框栽和大田试验结果一致,由此可知,施用硫包膜尿素能够增加大豆干物质积累量和产量。     

滴灌大豆干物质积累、分配及产量分布特性研究

在滴灌条件下研究13-96、13-139、黑农61、新大豆27号、11-109 5个大豆品种(系)干物质积累与分配、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合势(LAD)和产量分布。结果表明:各大豆品种LAI和LAD均随生育进程的推进呈"先升后降"的变化趋势,于结荚期至鼓粒期达到最大。黑农61、新大豆27号和11-109籽粒产量达到5 325.6~5 648.5kg/hm~2高产水平,主要是由于主茎10~17节的荚数、粒数和腔数增加所致,最大叶面积指数达5.8~6.4,全生育期总光合势为3 013 150~3 260 163m~2·d/hm~2,茎秆、叶片、叶柄、荚皮和籽粒5个器官所占比例分别为19.2%~25.8%、12.6%~24.4%、10.8%~13.2%、14.5%~23.0%和21.7%~34.4%,收获指数和粒茎比分别为0.216~0.344、0.8~1.8。试验证实大豆高产潜力大的生理基础是花后主茎中上部叶面积较大、总光合势较高、籽粒干重活跃期较长和干物质积累速率下降缓慢。     

Spatial and temporal stability of soil phosphate concentration and pasture dry matter yield

Several methods are described that could be used by a farm manager to define the spatial and temporal stability within a field from a series of yield maps. A quantitative analysis of soil phosphate concentration and pasture dry matter yield data over 4 years (2004–2007) were investigated to identify the spatial and temporal stability in a 6 ha pasture field. The data were combined into two maps that characterize the spatial and temporal variation recorded over the 4 years. The two maps were then combined to create a single map with five management classes, each with different characteristics that can have an impact on the way the field is managed. These categories are: high yielding and stable, high yielding and moderately stable, low yielding and stable, low yielding and moderately stable and unstable. The unstable class represents 83 and 93% of the total area with regard to soil phosphate concentration and pasture dry matter yield, respectively. Results from this study show that the significant temporal stability found cancels out over time, leaving a relatively homogenous map of spatial variation. The implication of the findings is that each pasture field should be managed according to the current year’s conditions. These results also justify a further study that evaluates the soil phosphorous dynamics under Mediterranean conditions.     

冬油菜春后干物质积累与产量的关系

在不同追肥水平和追肥时期条件下,研究冬油菜春后干物质积累与籽粒产量的关系。结果表明：油菜返青期和初花期干物质积累量与籽粒产量呈抛物线型关系,终花期和成熟期干物质积累量与产量呈极显著线性相关;春后各生育阶段干物质净增量与产量呈显著或极显著线性相关。总角果数与返青期干物质积累量呈抛物线型关系,与终花期和成熟期干物质积累量及各生育阶段干物质净增量呈显著正相关。每角粒数与初花期干物质积累量与返青至初花阶段干物质净增量呈抛物线型关系。千粒重仅与终花至成熟阶段干物质净增量呈显著线性相关。较高的追肥量有利于油菜春后干物质积累增加,追肥时期适当推迟干物质积累量提高,以薹花期两次追肥的干物质积累量最高,产量也最高。     

土壤水分状况对水稻物质积累和产量的影响

以内2优6号和Ⅱ优7954为材料,研究了不同土壤水分状况对水稻物质积累和产量的影响,结果表明：内2优6号在轻度水分胁迫下产量与对照无显著差异,在重度水分胁迫下产量显著下降15．2％。水分胁迫使Ⅱ优7954产量提高。内2优6号对水分胁迫较Ⅱ优7954敏感。中度水分胁迫下内2优6号干物重平均下降22．0％。水分胁迫使Ⅱ优7954干物重高于对照,轻度胁迫处理平均高8．4％,中度胁迫处理高4．7％。水分胁迫抑制内2优6号茎鞘物质向籽粒运转,促进Ⅱ优7954茎鞘贮存物质向穗部运转。     

高产玉米杂交种干物质生产与分配特征

通过对16个玉米杂交种干物质生产的研究表明:高产玉米杂交种有高的生物学产量和经济系数,特别是吐丝后干物质的积累与分配对经济产量的影响最大。高产玉米杂交种干物质总量应大于2250g/m~2,吐丝到成熟积累的干物质占总干物质的60％以上;经济系数大于53％,出籽率在89％左右。     

强化栽培对杂交水稻渝优11号干物质积累及其产量的影响

选用穗重型杂交水稻新组合渝优11号为材料进行强化栽培试验,结果表明,在中等施肥水平条件下每公顷栽13.5万窝的强化栽培处理产量最佳,其单产达10 072.20 kg/ hm2;强化栽培各处理的光合叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、以及光合干物质积累、灌浆速率等方面均明显优于常规栽培.说明强化栽培能够增强光合能力,提高光合产物的累积量,协调＂源、库、流＂的发展,为＂库＂提供充足的营养物质,使得籽粒饱满,千粒重增大,结实率和穗实粒增加,最终获得高产.     

不同枣粮间作模式物质积累及产量成因分析

在枣粮间作模式下对间作作物的物质积累及产量成因进行对比分析,以玉米品种先育335、高粱品种沈杂5号为试材,分别对其在出苗后45、60、75、90 d和105 d的净光合速率、干物质积累、产量构成因素、株高和茎粗等指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明：在枣粮间作模式下,玉米和高粱分别在ZY4和ZG8模式下粮食产量最高;高粱在各生育时期内的光合速率均高于玉米,在不同生长时期内差异较小,相对玉米可适当密植;在ZY4和ZG8的模式下玉米和高粱干物质积累平均速率高,为高产量的形成奠定物质基础;穗数和粒重受密度影响较大,穗粒数影响较小,ZY4和ZG8模式下枣树、玉米、高粱三者配置模式较好。     

不同高产玉米品种干物质积累转运与产量形成的研究

选用3个具有高产潜力的玉米杂交种京单28、登海601与陕单8806,采用75000株/hm2的密度大田种植,测量不同生育期的叶面积与各器官的干物质积累量。结果表明:3个高产玉米杂交种京单28、登海601与陕单8806产量均可达到11200kg/hm2以上,成熟时叶面积系数均在3.5以上,花后干物质再分配分别占籽粒产量的15.25%、14.67%和10.72%,是籽粒增产的主要来源。高产玉米品种的保绿性较好,叶片衰老缓慢,光合功能期长,花后干物质转移对籽粒增产的贡献较大,在高产栽培调控中如何促进花后干物质向籽粒的转移是进一步获得高产的重要途径。     

植物生长调节剂对绿豆干物质积累动态与产量的影响

为探究植物生长调节剂对绿豆生长发育和产量的调控作用,选用'绿丰2号'绿豆品种为试验材料,在绿豆始花期以喷施清水为对照,叶面分别喷施烯效唑(S3307)和胺鲜酯(DTA-6)为处理,测定开花至成熟期间植株地上部各部位干物质积累量及干物质在各部位的分配比例、转运量和转运率,并在成熟期测产.结果 表明:始花期叶面喷施DTA-...     

间作种植模式对玉米和大豆干物质积累与产量组成的影响

玉米/大豆间作是中国北方地区常见的一种种植模式.通过2个生长季的大田试验,研究了间作种植模式对玉米和大豆的干物质积累与产量组成的影响.试验结果表明,生育前期(播后第79天以前),不同种植模式下玉米的单株干物质量之间没有显著差异;生育后期,玉米/大豆1:3间作模式下(Ⅰ1处理)玉米的单株干物质量高于单作玉米,达到极显著水平;玉米/大豆2:3间作模式下(Ⅰ2处理)玉米的单株干物质量高于单作玉米,达到显著水平,1:3和2:3间作模式下玉米的单株干物质量也存在显著差异.生育期内不同种植模式下大豆的单株干物质量之间没有显著差异.利用Logistic方程拟合了单作和间作条件下玉米和大豆单株干物质积累的动态,相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01).由于边际效应的影响.间作群体内玉米各器官干物质积累量高于单作.不同种植模式下大豆各器官的干物质积累差异不明显.间作玉米的干物质转换率高于单作,单作大豆的转换率高于间作.Ⅰ1和Ⅰ2处理间作总籽粒产量比单作玉米的籽粒产量增加约6%,比单作大豆的籽粒产量增加约320%.     

利用边缘电场的电容式谷物水分传感器的研究

研制一种利用边缘电场的新型谷物水分传感器。利用主动屏蔽极板从敏感区域聚集电场,以减小杂散电容对传感器测量精度的影响,从而提高了传感器的灵敏度。采用2 MHz左右的振荡器作为测量电路,通过测量振荡器的频率测量被动极板与测量极板之间谷物的介电常数,从而得到谷物的含水率。有限元法分析表明,主动屏蔽极板的采用提高了传感器测量精度和灵敏度。现场及实验室实验结果表明:传感器测量含水率的误差为±1%;测量温度范围0~80℃;传感器安装方便,不需要对干燥机进行较大的结构调整。     

黑龙江省超级稻干物质积累及与产量性状的关系

利用田间小区试验,对黑龙江省3个超级稻品种松粳9号、龙稻5号和龙粳14号及其相应对照品种进行干物质积累与产量关系的研究。结果表明,在各生育期超级稻品种的干物质积累量均高于普通对照品种,其中,分蘖盛期高14.2%～34.0%,拔节孕穗期高16.8%～37.9%,齐穗期高20.2%～35.6%,成熟期高15.1%～18.0%。相关分析结果表明,各生育期的总干物重与产量均呈显著或极显著正相关关系(r=0.85*～0.97**),孕穗期叶片、茎鞘干物重及总干物重与穗粒数和结实率两性状均呈显著正相关(r=0.76*～0.82*)。     

钾肥用量对夏大豆干物质、养分累积和产量的影响

为探讨大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]适宜的钾肥施用量,于2017年和2018年在河南省临颍县开展2年田间试验,设K2O用量分别为0、60、120、180 kg/hm24个钾肥梯度,分析了不同钾肥用量对大豆干物质、养分累积、产量、肥料利用率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,大豆干物质累积量及钾素累积量随着生育期的推进不断增加,开花结荚期至鼓粒期干物质累积速度较快。2017年,成熟期大豆干物质累积量随着施钾量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,钾素累积量则随施钾量的增加先降低后增加;2018年成熟期干物质累积量和钾素累积量均随着施钾量增加而增加。2017年所有处理间大豆产量差异均不显著,2018年各施钾处理比对照增产34.3%～52.7%,差异均达显著水平,且2018年以K2O用量为120 kg/hm2时产量最高,且该施肥处理的增产效益也最高。因此,豫中地区推荐施钾肥量为K2O 120 kg/hm2。     

根瘤菌接种方式对复播大豆干物质积累与产量的影响

探讨不同根瘤菌接种方式的实施效果,以前期分离、鉴定、纯化的3株根瘤菌菌株为供试材料,选用南疆地区复播大豆绥农35为供试品种,比较根瘤菌拌种、做种肥、随水滴施等接种方式的效果,测定大豆结瘤数量、根瘤干重、植株地上部干物质积累分配、产量及其构成因素等指标,探讨接种方式和根瘤菌对复播大豆干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,3种接种方式均能促进大豆根系结瘤,其中,以SN7-2拌种、SMH12做种肥,SN7-2做种肥和T6随水滴施大豆根瘤菌结瘤效果最好;SN7-2拌种,SMH12做种肥,SN7-2做种肥,T6随水滴施能显著促进大豆干物质积累,SN7-2拌种或者SN7-2做种肥、T6随水滴施均促进干物质向生殖器官分配;不同接种方式通过增加主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数和百粒重提高大豆籽粒产量,SN7-2适合以拌种或做种肥的方式接种,T6适合随水滴施。     

稗草对不同种植密度水稻生长和产量的影响

用一定密度的稗草与高中低３种密度的水稻混合种植,结果表明：低密度处理的分蘖数显著高于高密度处理的分蘖数,而高密度处理的叶面积指数和单位面积干物重显著高于低密度处理的叶面积指数和单位面积干物重。单位面积产量在试验条件下随水稻密度的增加而增加,且差异显著。     

不同种植方式对糜子干物质积累及产量的影响

为明确种植方式对糜子产量的影响,以抗旱高产糜子品种‘陕糜1号’为材料,常规等行距条播为对照(CK),研究等行距穴播(CX)、宽窄行条播(KT)和宽窄行穴播(KX)3种不同种植方式对糜子地上部干物质积累、顶三叶叶绿素含量及产量的影响。结果表明,糜子抽穗后,不同种植方式的地上部分干物质积累量均呈现先上升后随植株衰老下降的趋势;叶片、叶鞘和茎秆干物质积累呈单峰变化趋势,在抽穗后14d达到最大值;籽粒随着生育期推进呈"S"型增长趋势;顶三叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)在抽穗14d后总体呈下降趋势。CX、KT和KX 3种种植方式的干物质积累量、顶三叶叶绿素含量均显著高于CK;KX、KT 2种种植方式下的产量显著高于CX、CK,但CX与CK的产量差异不明显。综合分析显示,因地制宜选择宽窄行种植方式是糜子增产增效的关键栽培措施。     

Effects of changing simulated sky cover on hyperspectral reflectance measurements for dry matter yield and forage quality prediction

Sensor based analysis methods to assess dry matter yield and nutritive values of legume-grass swards are time and labour saving and can facilitate a site-specific forage management. Nevertheless, in-field measurements, based on canopy reflectance are highly dependent on weather conditions, like, e.g. wind or clouds. This study was conducted to explore the potential of field spectral measurements for a non destructive prediction of dry matter yield (DM), metabolisable energy (ME), ash content (XA), and crude protein (XP), of a binary legume-grass mixture (Trifolium pratense L. and Lolium multiflorum L.) under changing weather conditions. Five different degrees of sky cover were simulated by shadowing measurement plots with layers of cotton to reduce incoming radiation at different growth stages (leaf developing to flowering). Additionally, a halogen lamp was established over the plots to examine the influence of an artificial light source on the spectral response under changing cloud stages. Modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression was used for analysis of the hyperspectral data set (350-2500 nm). Artificial illumination led to spectral interferences of solar radiation and additional light, and hence, partly reduced prediction accuracies. In contrast, prediction accuracy increased, when solar radiation was completely excluded. Coefficients of determination (RSQ_cal) range from 0.87 to 0.94 without artificial illumination and from 0.86 to 0.94 with artificial illumination for DM yield and nutritive values, respectively.