益生菌在水产养殖中的应用

从20世纪40年代起,抗生素作为抗菌药物在医学上得到了广泛的应用,在水产养殖中也倍受青睐。几十年的应用过程中,人们逐渐发现抗生素的副作用。在水产养殖中,它破坏了水产动物肠道内的菌群结构,抑制有益微生物,使动物体内微生态失调,引起一系列的水产养殖疾病。抗生素的滥用     

水产动物益生菌的筛选及应用

正随着水产养殖业的发展和养殖强度的增加,水产动物病害爆发频繁。传统的抗生素药物虽然对治疗疾病有积极效用,但长期使用会产生巨大的负面效应:病原菌产生耐药性,效力下降[1];药物残留干扰水产动物肠道内有益微生物菌群的生长和繁殖,影响水产动物的健康;残留在水体中的抗生素破坏养殖生态环境,水产品质量下降。近年来,我国水产品因药物残留而出口受阻的事件屡见不鲜,给我国水产业造成巨大损失。1974年Parker[2]首创益生菌一词,最早提出益     

重组鱼类促生长因子蛋白在水产养殖应用进展

鱼类的生长主要靠生长激素/胰岛素样生长因子轴(growth hormone/insulin-like growth factors,GH/IGFs)所调控,而生长激素(Growth hormone,GH)和类胰岛素样生长因子-I(insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ,IGF-Ⅰ)是GH/IGFs中两种最重要生长调控因子。体外重组表达的GH和IGF-Ⅰ蛋白都具有增强食欲、提高饲料转化率,加速鱼体生长的活性,可以作为高效生物饲料添加剂,在水产养殖具有广泛的适用性。本文从重组表达鱼类促生长因子蛋白研制的必要性、作用机理、表达情况以及在水产养殖应用情况方面进行总结,以期为重组表达鱼类促生长因子蛋白的工厂化制备提供参考。     

不同鱼类和采样时间的养殖池塘环境微生物群落研究

微生物群落是养殖池塘生态系统的重要组成部分,了解环境微生物群落结构和功能,可有针对性地进行养殖环境微生态调控。在不同季节采集尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）和斑点叉尾鮰（Ictalurus punctatus）池塘水样,分析硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)、氨氮(NH4-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)等理化指标,利用Biolog-Eco微平板技术分析水体中微生物对各类碳源代谢的平均颜色变化率,利用高通量测序技术分析其菌群结构。结果表明,1月淡水养殖池塘水质和菌群结构不同于其他采样时间,养殖鱼类种类对池塘理化指标和微生物菌群结构影响不大。不同采样时间的池塘理化指标差异显著,同一采样时间不同养殖鱼类池塘的理化指标之间无显著差异。其中,1月尼罗罗非鱼池塘中的NH4-N含量高于其他月份,且显著高于4月和7月（P<0.05）;1月TP含量显著高于4月、7月和10月（P<0.05）。1月斑点叉尾鮰池塘的TP和NO3-N含量显著高于其他3个月份（P<0.05）。Biolog-Eco微平板技术检测到尼罗罗非鱼和斑点叉尾鮰池塘中的微生物群落对碳...     

鱼类的母源性免疫及其在水产养殖中的应用

鱼类的免疫活性决定于淋巴细胞的功能活性,而不是初级、次级和外围淋巴器官的形态学特征以及这些器官中淋巴细胞的存在与否~([1]).大多数鱼类卵子在体外受精,胚胎在体外发育,鱼类胚胎的淋巴系统仍处于发育之中,合成免疫相关成分的能力十分有限.鱼类胚胎如何抵抗各种微生物感染而存活下来?这是鱼类生殖和发育免疫学的中心议题之一.     

微生物絮凝剂在水产养殖废水处理中的应用展望

微生物絮凝剂可降解、易分离,降解产物对环境无毒无害,不产生二次污染,广泛应用于水处理中。本文综述微生物絮凝剂产生菌(絮凝菌)的种类与培养、絮凝机理及其在工农业污水处理中的应用,尤其是在水产养殖废水处理中的应用,提出构建以生物絮团技术为基础的我国节水减排型池塘养殖模式。     

A Review of Probiotics in Shrimp Aquaculture

Development of shrimp aquaculture has been associated with increases in infectious diseases and environmental degradation. An effective alternative to chemicals and antibiotics used for the prevention of these problems is to administer probiotics into the rearing system. Three bacterial genera, Bacillus, Vibrio, and Pseudomonas, are commonly administered as probiotics in shrimp aquaculture. Candidate probiotics are species specific and need to be tested for their effectiveness for certain species in in vitro and in vivo. Supplementation into feed is more effective in conveying probiotics into animals compared to direct application into rearing systems. Overdosage or prolonged administration of probiotics can induce immunosuppression. A cell-density of 10⁵ colony-forming units (CFU) per ml is widely recommended. A combination of probiotics results in better outcomes for the host than individual probiotics. Probiotics improve water quality while reducing pathogenic bacteria. Probiotics show positive effects through an improvement in the physiological and immune responses of shrimps. Probiotics are increasingly becoming important and more common in any organic shrimp farming.     

基于耳石微化学分析的鱼类种群生态学研究进展

研究鱼类的种群生态学,破解其数量特征、生境利用、种群结构和动态变化等种群属性是保护和合理开发天然渔业资源的基础。耳石微化学分析是破解鱼类的种群生态学难题的新颖而有力的手段,不仅可以反演鱼类生活史过程中所经历的环境条件,还可溯源资源群起源的产卵场等关键生境,在鱼类资源种群空间结构形成机制研究及动态评估中具有优势。本文在分析耳石元素组成及其沉积特征的基础上,重点介绍了耳石微化学分析在鱼类种群生态学(如反演鱼类生活史、评估种群结构、把握关联性和破解混合群体的构成与来源等)中的应用进展,也客观评述了耳石微化学分析在鱼类种群生态学研究中的局限性与解决途径,并对今后相关技术的发展趋势及需要关注的科学问题进行了展望。     

Ecology of Blue-Green Algae in Aquaculture Ponds

Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in the genera Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, and Oscillatoria often form extensive and persistent blooms in freshwater aquaculture ponds. Bloom-forming cyanobacteria are undesirable in aquaculture ponds because: 1) they are a relatively poor base for aquatic food chains; 2) they are poor oxygenators of the water and have undesirable growth habits; 3) some species produce odorous metabolites that impart undesirable flavors to the cultured animal; and 4) some species may produce compounds that are toxic to aquatic animals. Development of cyanobacterial blooms is favored under conditions of high nutrient loading rates (particularly if the availability of nitrogen is limited relative to phosphorus), low rates of vertical mixing, and warm water temperatures. Under those conditions, dominance of phytoplankton communities by cyanobacteria is the result of certain unique physiological attributes (in particular, N₂ fixation and buoyancy regulation) that allow cyanobacteria to compete effectively with other phytoplankton. The ability to fix N₂ provides a competitive advantage under severe nitrogen limitation because it allows certain cyanobacterial species to make use of a source of nitrogen unavailable to other phytoplankton. The ability to regulate cell buoyancy through environmentally-controlled collapse ad reformation of intracellular gas vacuoles is perhaps the primary reason for the frequent dominance of aquaculture pond phytoplankton communities by cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria that can regulate their position in the water column gain a distinct advantage over other phototrophs in poorly mixed bodies of water. In addition to the physicochemical interactions that influence phytoplankton community dynamics, cyanobacterial-microbial associations may play an important regulatory role in determining community structure. Cyanobacteria are always found in close association with a diverse array of microorganisms, including eubacteria, fungi, and protozoans. These associations, which in the past have often been viewed as antagonistic, are increasingly seen as mutualistic and may function in a positive manner during bloom development.     

固定化微生物技术及其在养殖水体中的应用

介绍了固定化微生物技术的定义,固定化微生物的制备方法,并重点介绍了固定化微生物技术在养殖水体中的应用以及存在的问题和展望。     

Sensory and Microbial Quality of Retail Finfish With Emphasis on Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

The sensory and microbial quality of commercially important retail finfish of Kolkata, India was evaluated emphasizing oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol resistant bacterial contamination. The finfish had total viable counts (TVCs) in the range of log 4.30/g in Labeo bata to log 7.93/g in Mystus tengara. The counts of oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol resistant bacteria were in the range of log 2.00–6.79/g and log 1.70–5.80/g fish, respectively. About 72% of the Kolkata market finfish harbored viable bacteria exceeding the acceptable international limit of 5.0?×?10⁵/g. Up to 3.45 and 29.86% of TVCs were resistant to chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline, respectively. The marine fish sold in the Kolkata market were of marginal to inferior quality with the highest mean quality index point (QIP) range of 6.80–10.20. Most freshwater fish were of fresh to marginal quality and recorded QIP in the range of 3.80–8.20. Though the freshwater fish were judged fresh by the quality index method in comparison to the marine counterparts, they recorded high viable counts. The results of the present study call for the need to educate the fish handlers on appropriate hygiene and safe handling of fish and the public about fish-borne bacterial diseases and the impact of antibiotic resistant bacteria on human health. They also show the potential for fish to be a source of antibiotic bacteria for human consumers.     

Ornamental Reef Fish Aquaculture and Collection in Hawaii

Ornamental fishes endemic to Hawaii's reefs are a valued resource and a staple of the marine aquarium trade, worldwide. At present, the market for Hawaiian ornamental reef fish is supplied entirely by the export of wild-captured animals, but the long-term sustainability of this practice is debatable. The success of breeders of ornamental fishes elsewhere, and concerns about overexploitation of wild fishes have stimulated interest in the development of an industry based on the captive propagation and rearing of Hawaiian ornamental fishes. Initial attempts to spawn and rear the larvae of various marine ornamental fishes in Hawaii were carried out in the early 1970s. The results of these culture efforts, conducted primarily at the Oceanic Institute and the University of Hawaii's Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology on Oahu, have varied in success. For the most part, these results have appeared previously only in dissertations or in reports distributed locally. Technological improvements in marine aquarium husbandry and in the culture of edible marine fishes have both benefited practitioners of ornamental reef fish culture, and promise to do so in the future. Our objective in this paper is to review the progress that has been made in the captive cultivation of ornamental marine fishes and to provide an overview of the status of the marine aquarium industry in Hawaii.     

复合微生物制剂在日本鳗鲡土池精养中的应用

本研究开展了对日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica) 精养殖土池,定期泼洒施用一种复合微生物制剂（Freshplus净水剂）的对比试验,定期监测了处理组和对照组池塘的水温、pH、溶氧、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、COD、碱度等水质指标,并分析对比了鳗鱼养殖效果。结果表明：Freshplus净水剂的施用能显著降低鳗鱼土池水体氨氮浓度60.5% (p＜0.05)、显著提高鳗鱼生长速度33.0% (p＜0.05),降低饲料系数9.6% (p＜0.1)。     

池塘集约化养殖乌鳢高产试验

利用8hm^2池塘进行集约化养殖乌鳢高产试验，投放乌鳢鱼种47894kg，经过14个月的养殖，获成鱼407640kg，其中乌鳢389640kg，平均单产48705kg／hm^2，折合纯收入10．36万元／hm^2；并在苗种选择、饲养管理。特别是鱼病防治方面提出了一些独到的见解，经济效益显著。     

雄核发育技术及其在鱼类遗传育种中的潜在应用

获得鱼类雄核发育后代有2种方法。一种是用正常精子使经过遗传失活的卵受精,得到雄核发育单倍体胚胎,然后通过抑制第1次卵裂的发生诱导核内有丝分裂,使单倍体胚胎的染色体加倍发育为纯合二倍体个体;另一种方法是用四倍体个体的精于使遗传失活的卵子受精。直接得到正常发育的二倍体雄核发育后代。介绍了雄核发育技术的基本原理和基本技术手段,探讨了雄核发育技术在鱼类遗传育种研究中的应用现状。     

台湾省的特色水产养殖业与工业化养鱼

笔者根据赴台交流、考察的见闻，对台湾省特色水产养殖(包括观赏渔业、休闲渔业、飞地渔业)、工业化养鱼发展水平及相关的设施装备技术进行扼要介绍和分析。     

The Potential and Sustainability of Aquaculture in India

ABSTRACT

India is a very populous country with more than one billion people. In order to provide food for this growing population, serious environmental problems may result. Despite many benefits from the green, blue, and silver revolutions adopted in India, there has been much concern resulting from intensive agricultural practices that led to environmental problems in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Increasing demand for aquatic resources also caused inland fisheries to decrease over the past few decades. The location of aquaculture projects, landscape destruction, soil and water pollution by pond effluents, over-exploitation of important fish stocks, depletion in biodiversity, conflicts over agriculture and aquaculture among various stakeholder groups over resource and space allocation, and international fish trade controversies have threatened the long-term sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture industries. The subject of sustainable aquaculture has not been adequately projected in terms of current aquaculture practices aimed to boost a rural economy. This review briefly describes the key issues of aquaculture unsustainability in terms of intensive aquaculture, nutrient enrichment syndrome, soil and groundwater salinization, destruction of mangroves, loss of biodiversity, marine pollution and loss of fish stock, use of aquachemicals and therapeutics, hormone residues, etc. The strategies for sustainability have been highlighted with respect to rice-cum-fish culture, carp polyculture, integrated farming with livestock, rural aquaculture, intensification of small farms, wastewater-fed aquaculture, crop rotation, probiotics, feed quality, socioeconomic considerations, environmental regulations and fisheries acts, transboundary aquatic ecosystems, impact of alien species, ethical aspects of intensive aquaculture, responsible fisheries, and environmental impact assessment. A suggested model outlines the feedback mechanisms for achieving long-term sustainability through improved farm management practices, integrated farming, use of selective aquachemicals and probiotics, conservation of natural resources, regulatory mechanism, and policy instruments.     

纳米比亚淡水渔业现状及中纳渔业合作潜力

阐述了纳米比亚淡水渔业的基本现状,论证了中纳淡水渔业合作的可行性,提出了中纳渔业合作的具体思路,以期为中纳农业领域的合作提供切入点,也为我国投资者在纳米比亚的投资提供参考.     

鳜鱼生态养殖及育种技术

引进纯正鳜鱼，2000年繁育鳜鱼苗65万尾，培育3cm以上鱼种12万尾，其中大规格2.2万尾。亲鱼培育率、受精率、孵化率、苗种培育率分别为92％、76％、65．8％和21．8％。