落叶松挥发物及7种药剂对兴安落叶松鞘蛾嗅觉和产卵反应的影响

使用7种药剂及筛选出的对雌虫有活性的挥发物成分,喷施到健康落叶松苗上,观察成虫的趋向行为、嗅觉和产卵反应。结果表明:对雌成虫,S-α-蒎烯0.004mol·L-1、S-β-蒎烯0.0004mol·L-1和3-蒈烯0.04mol·L-1有诱引作用(P<0.05);对S-α-蒎烯0.04mol·L-1和月桂烯0.8mol·L-1有显著驱避作用(P<0.01);吡虫啉3000倍液和甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂2000倍液对鞘蛾有明显驱避作用(P<0.01或P<0.05)。与对照平均每雌产卵量15.79-16.73枚相比,喷施挥发物和7种药剂均能够显著降低鞘蛾在落叶松苗上的产卵量;其中,鞘蛾在喷施水芹烯0.0004mol·L-1和月桂烯0.8mol·L-1的落叶松苗上的平均每雌产卵量最少,分别为5.63枚和5.21枚,喷施阿维菌素和吡虫啉枝时平均每雌产卵量分别为3.13枚和3.33枚。     

兴安落叶松鞘蛾对寄主挥发物的反应

运用触角电位仪(EAG)和"Y"型嗅觉仪测试鞘蛾对落叶松9种挥发物,即R-α-蒎烯、S-α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、罗勒烯、水芹烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯、莰烯和叶醇的EAG和行为反应.结果表明:在0.4 mol·L-1浓度下,雌蛾除了对R-α-蒎烯、雄蛾除了对R-α-蒎烯和水芹烯没有明显EAG反应外,对其余挥发物的EAG反应与对照相比差异均达到显著水平(P＜0.05),并且雌、雄虫之间的EAG反应也存在一定的差异.利用"Y"型嗅觉仪测试鞘蛾对9种挥发物在0.000 4,0.004,0.04,0.4,0.8 mol·L-1这5个浓度梯度下的行为反应.结果表明:雌虫对S-α-蒎烯、S-β-蒎烯、水芹烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯、叶醇这6种物质在一定浓度下表现出明显的趋向偏好(P＜0.05);雄虫对罗勒烯、月桂烯、莰烯、叶醇这4种物质在一定浓度下表现出明显的趋向偏好(P＜0.05).由于鞘蛾幼虫具有潜叶取食的特殊习性,为探索利用外源植物挥发物对其取食行为的调控作用,进一步筛选对雌虫有活性的挥发物成分,喷施到健康落叶松苗上,观察幼虫的取食行为.结果表明:喷施挥发物的样枝上,0.004 mol·L-1月桂烯造成幼虫的死亡虫数最少,与对照差异不显著(P＞0.05),其他样枝上幼虫死亡率较对照差异极显著(P＜0.01),表明挥发物可能对幼虫有致害作用,其中,S-α-蒎烯0.04 mol·L-1造成幼虫的死亡率最高,达86.67%.     

长白落叶松8个家系挥发性化合物的比较分析

应用SiloniteTM采样罐、动态顶空采集、7100A预浓缩仪、GC-MS系统,研究长白落叶松-1、长白落叶松-2、长白落叶松-3×兴安落叶松-1、长白落叶松-4×兴安落叶松-2、长白落叶松-5×日本落叶松、长白落叶松-6、长白落叶松-7、长白落叶松-8等长白落叶松8个家系挥发性物质的异同.共鉴定出33种挥发性物质,其中萜类化合物17种,烃类化合物16种.各家系挥发性化合物中萜类化合物主要有莰烯、β-月桂烯、1R-α-蒎烯、α-萜品烯、β-水芹烯、γ-萜品烯、( )-4-蒈烯和大香叶烯D,有的家系还含有三环萜、D-柠檬烯、β-反-罗勒烯、樟脑、乙酸龙脑酯、α-长叶蒎烯、古巴烯、石竹烯、α-石竹烯.不同家系间萜类化合物含量差异较大,由高到低依次为长白落叶松-2,89.65%;长白落叶松-7,84.41%;长白落叶松-4×兴安落叶松-2,78.59%;长白落叶松-5×日本落叶松,68.82%;长白落叶松-6,68.35%;长白落叶松-3×兴安落叶松-1,67.93%;长白落叶松-1,31.34%;长白落叶松-8,24.59%.     

落叶松毛虫对兴安落叶松6种挥发物的触角电位反应

利用触角电位技术(EAG)测定了落叶松毛虫未交尾雌蛾、已交尾雌蛾、未交尾雄蛾对R型α-蒎烯、S型α-蒎烯、罗勒烯、S型β-蒎烯、水芹烯、莰烯等6种兴安落叶松挥发物的触角电位反应.结果表明:不同生理状况的落叶松毛虫对6种挥发物的7个浓度的EAG反应中,除对0.1 μg·μL-1水芹烯的EAG反应值是未交尾雌虫＞已交尾雌虫＞未交尾雄虫外,对水芹烯的其它不同浓度以及其它挥发物的EAG反应值均是已交尾雌蛾＞未交尾雌蛾＞未交尾雄蛾.未交尾雌、雄蛾的EAG反应差异显著(P＜0.05),已交尾雌蛾与未交尾雌、雄蛾之间差异极显著(P＜0.01),表明已交尾雌蛾对寄主植物气味更为敏感.落叶松毛虫未交尾雌蛾、已交尾雌蛾、未交尾雄蛾对水芹烯的EAG反应均比较敏感.在暗周期内已交尾雌蛾与未交尾雄蛾的活跃期在20:00-4:00,与其羽化、交尾、产卵期一致.     

挪威云杉幼树韧皮部挥发性物质的测定

通过GC-MS测定挪威云杉幼树主干上部与下部韧皮主要挥发性物质的化学成分与含量，结果表明挪威云杉幼树的韧皮部挥发性物质的主要成分为α-蒎烯、茨烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、β-水芹烯7种单萜化合物。α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、3-蒈烯、β-水芹烯的含量在上部韧皮与下部韧皮有明显差异，其中上部韧皮部α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯和β-水芹烯的含量明显高于下部主干韧皮部,这为解释松树皮象的取食习性，打下了基础。     

挪威云杉幼树韧皮部挥发性物质的测定

通过GC－MS测定挪威云杉幼树主干上部与下部韧皮主要挥发性物质的化学成分与含量，结果表明：挪威云杉幼树的韧皮部挥发性物质的主要成分为α－蒎烯、茨烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、3－蒈烯、柠檬烯、β－水芹烯7种单萜化合物。α-蒎烯、β－蒎烯、月桂烯、3－蒈烯、β－水芹烯的含量在上部韧皮与下部韧皮有明显差异，其中上部韧皮部α－蒎烯、β－蒎烯和β－水芹烯的含量明显高于下部主干韧皮部，这为解释松树皮象的取食习性，打下了基础。     

松节油中主要单萜烯的异构方法综述

综述了比较常用的α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯以及3-蒈烯的异构方法.α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯以及3-蒈烯是松节油中含量较高的3种单萜烯烃,这3种单萜烯都可以在加热或者催化剂存在下,尤其是二者的共同作用下发生异构转化,生成苧烯、莰烯、月桂烯、对伞花烃等烯烃类化合物,可以作为原料或中间体而被进一步利用.     

落叶松挥发性物质与球果花蝇危害的关系

分析了球果花蝇（Ｓｔｒｏｂｉｌｏｍｙｉａｓｐｐ）的危害与落叶松挥发性物质的组成、变化的关系。落叶松球果与枝叶的挥发性物质主要为萜烯类,其中以α蒎烯、β罗勒烯、β蒎烯、月桂烯、３蒈烯、水芹烯为主。球果挥发性物质中各组分的相对含量与枝叶的不同。在不同的发育阶段球果挥发性物质中各组分的相对含量变化较大,在发育初期,无绝对优势组分;在发育中期,以上述６种烯类为优势组分。被害球果挥发性物质中６种主要组分的相对含量明显高于未受害球果。不同无性系或同一无性系不同植株之间挥发性物质的百分组成不同,球果的被害率亦不同。在月桂烯、水芹烯相对含量都较高时,球果被害率低,反之球果被害率高;在β蒎烯、月桂烯、３蒈烯和水芹烯相对含量都较高时,球果被害率最低。在枝叶的挥发性物质中,６种主要组分相对含量很低时,球果被害率低;随着β蒎烯、３蒈烯相对含量的增加,球果被害率增高。     

湿地松皮层含油树脂的单萜烯组成及其在遗传学研究中的应用

本文概述对湿地松单萜烯组成的变异和遗传的研究结果,举例说明如何利用所得到的结果对湿地松的遗传学进行研究.湿地松单萜烯组成的单株变异和遗传湿地松的含油树脂,约有20%是单萜烯类,其余的主要是各种树脂酸.木质组织含油树脂的单萜烯馏分主要由α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯及β-水芹烯构成;莰烯、香叶烯、α-水芹烯及苧烯常以次要成分的形式出现,偶尔还有痕量的△-3-蒈烯及γ-萜品烯.枝尖皮层组织     

思茅松针叶挥发性物质含量分析及其对松实小卷蛾雌蛾产卵行为的影响

经GC-MS分析,思茅松新鲜针叶和衰弱针叶的挥发性物质的含量具有很大差异.新鲜针叶挥发性物质中α-蒎烯和柠檬烯的含量远大于衰弱针叶,而在衰弱针叶的挥发物中未检测出在新鲜针叶中含量最大的β-水芹烯;另两种挥发性物质α-蒎烯和月桂烯在新鲜针叶挥发物中含量较低.室内饲养在具备思茅松新鲜针叶条件下,松实小卷蛾雌蛾可顺利产卵;而在衰弱针叶存在或没有针叶的条件下,雌蛾不产卵.新鲜思茅松针叶的存在与否,是松实小卷蛾雌蛾产卵的必要条件.据此推测,思茅松针叶中所含的α-蒎烯、柠檬烯和β-水芹烯3种挥发性物质对松实小卷蛾雌蛾的产卵可能具有刺激作用,而α-蒎烯和月桂烯则对此行为有抑制作用.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.