不同抗性烤烟品种根际微生物数量及多样性差异研究

以不同烤烟品种云85（高抗）、K326（中抗）、净叶黄（中感）和红花大金元（高感）为材料,通过平板菌落计数法和Biolog方法比较了不同烤烟品种不同生育时期以及接种黑胫病菌后根际可培养微生物数量及群落功能多样性差异。结果表明,不同品种根际细菌数量随生育进程先增加后减少,真菌刚好相反,且细菌和真菌趋势拐点均出现在现蕾期,放线菌变化不大;团棵期和旺长期细菌和放线菌数量与品种抗性正相关,真菌数量与品种抗性呈负相关。人工接种黑胫病菌条件下,抗病品种根际环境刺激了细菌生长,而相对抑制感病品种细菌生长,不同品种均促进了根际真菌和放线菌生长,且真菌数量与品种抗性负相关。Biolog功能多样性分析表明,不同品种碳源总体利用能力及功能多样性存在一定差异,团棵期和旺长期抗病品种AWCD值、Shannon指数和Mclntosh指数大于感病品种;接种降低了感病品种碳源总体利用能力及功能多样性。以上结果说明,不同品种微生物数量及群落多样性受生长发育和品种抗性影响,且抗性差异主要表现在烤烟现蕾以前;与黑胫病互作后根际微生物数量及群落多样性存在明显差异且与品种抗性密切相关。     

土壤微生物对除草剂乙草胺污染的响应和指示

采用除草剂乙草胺作为土壤污染因子, 在人工可控制条件下, 研究乙草胺对土壤微生物细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及土壤微生物量碳的影响, 并探讨这些微生物学指标对土壤中乙草胺污染状况的指示.研究结果表明: 在整个试验过程中, 除草剂乙草胺在短时间内对微生物区系能产生明显抑制作用, 但随着时间增加和污染物的分解, 微生物数量逐渐得到恢复.在短时间抑制过程中, 细菌、放线菌数量以及微生物量碳与乙草胺浓度的对数之间有很好的剂量效应关系, 第7 d细菌数量与乙草胺浓度对数的拟合公式为y = -2.97x + 12.36, R2 = 0.999 3; 放线菌数量与乙草胺浓度对数的拟合公式为y = -2.13x + 6.67, R2 = 0.956 4; 微生物量碳在第14 d与乙草胺浓度对数的拟合公式为y = -89.25x + 348.90, R2 = 0.995 4; 其相关性都达到显著水平.而真菌在受到乙草胺污染后, 受抑制现象并不明显, 真菌对乙草胺有较强的抗性.总之在短期污染条件下, 土壤中的细菌、放线菌数量以及微生物量碳可以很好地指示土壤中乙草胺的污染状况.     

灌溉与深松对夏玉米根区土壤微生物数量的影响

为探明灌溉与深松对夏玉米根区土壤微生物数量的影响,以大田夏玉米为研究对象,采用正交试验设计,研究不同灌水方式、灌水量与深松对夏玉米根区土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明:夏玉米不同生育阶段,灌溉与深松对根区土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量的影响不同,灌浆成熟期细菌与放线菌数量大于苗期,苗期真菌数量大于灌浆成熟期;灌水方式对苗期土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌数量,灌浆成熟期真菌数量均有显著影响,灌水量对苗期的放线菌和真菌数量,灌浆成熟期细菌和放线菌数量均有显著影响,微润灌溉条件下真菌变化幅度最小,滴灌下Shannon-Wiener指数变化幅度大;深松对苗期放线菌数量,灌浆成熟期细菌和真菌数量有显著影响,深松40 cm可提高土壤细菌、真菌数量。     

重迎茬对大豆根际土壤微生物数量的影响

通过对不同茬口、迎茬条件下施用不同有机肥的大豆根际土壤微生物数量进行测定,结果表明,重迎茬根际土壤中细菌数量明显低于正茬,真菌数量高于正茬,而放线菌数量在不同时期有很大变化。施入不同有机肥后,能明显增加土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量,真菌中青霉菌数量增多,致病菌数量减少。     

第四类脲酶抑制剂对土壤脲酶活性和微生物量的影响

[目的]研究第四类脲酶抑制剂对土壤微生物的影响,揭示此类脲酶抑制剂的微生物学效应,为农业生产中施用含Schiff碱配合物型脲酶抑制剂缓控释尿素的安全性评价提供理论依据。[方法]采用室内恒温恒湿培养的方法,测定在不同浓度(按尿素施用量的0.1%,0.5%,1%)新型Schiff碱铜配合物型脲酶抑制剂作用下土壤脲酶活性以及土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌微生物量指标。[结果]①当抑制剂施用浓度为0.1%和0.5%时对土壤脲酶活性影响不显著,当施用浓度为1%时,对土壤脲酶活性抑制效果最好,最大抑制率达40.8%,起到了适度调控的目的;②土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌对尿素水解的敏感程度不同,其中放线菌和真菌比较敏感,尿素水解对其最大抑制率分别为46.4%和89.7%。与此相反,尿素的水解反而会促进细菌生长,最大促进率达83.6%;③第四类脲酶抑制能够促进土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的生长,其对细菌、放线菌和真菌的最大促进率分别为86.2%,31.9%和83.6%。因此第四类脲酶抑制剂对土壤放线菌生长的促进作用较小,对土壤细菌和真菌生长的促进作用较大。[结论]第四类脲酶抑制剂对土壤脲酶活性有很好地抑制作用且能促进土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的生长,施用抑制剂浓度为1%时效果最显著,即1%为其最佳用量。     

覆盖模式及小麦根系对土壤微生物区系的影响

采用平皿分离培养法研究了5种栽培模式和小麦根系对土壤细菌、真菌及放线菌数量的影响。连续2年的定位测定结果表明:覆膜有利于土壤微生物数量增加。5种栽培模式中,小麦根区、根外土壤细菌数量均以覆膜模式下最高,分别为116.8×106cfu·g-1和86.7×106cfu·g-1;土壤真菌和放线菌数量均以垄沟覆膜(垄上覆膜、垄沟播种)模式下最高,分别为3.0×103cfu·g-1、1.4×103cfu·g-1和18.9×105cfu·g-1、19.7×105cfu·g-1。不同模式下小麦根系对土壤细菌和真菌数量影响较大,表现为根区高于根外;而根系对放线菌影响较小,只有补灌和覆膜2种模式为根区高于根外。多重比较结果显示,覆膜与其他模式之间细菌数量差异极显著,根区土壤细菌和真菌数量与根外存在显著差异。覆盖和根系能大幅度增加根区细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量,强化小麦根区根外细菌和真菌的数量差异。     

镉耐性促生细菌对洞庭湖镉污染土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

为研究促生细菌对镉污染土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响,将促生细菌T7和J2加入洞庭湖镉污染土壤中,通过培养,进行各项目的测定。结果表明,J2菌能显著提高土壤中可培养细菌、放线菌数量,降低土壤中可培养真菌数量,T7菌对放线菌数量影响不明显,T7和J2菌能显著提高细菌/真菌(B/F)和放线菌/真菌(A/F)比值;J2菌能显著地促进土壤中氨化菌、硝化菌、反硝化菌和好氧性固氮菌数量的增加,T7菌对氨化菌和反硝化菌数量影响不显著;J2菌明显促进土壤中脲酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性的增强,T7菌对脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性影响显著;土壤微生物数量与酶活性的相关性分析表明,土壤微生物、酶以及土壤微生物与酶之间存在显著或极显著地相关关系。说明促生细菌T7和J2能有效改善洞庭镉污染土壤的微生物环境。     

重迎茬对大豆根际土壤微生物数量的影响

通过对不同茬口、迎茬条件下施用不同有机肥的大豆根际土壤微生物数量进行测定，结果表明，重迎茬根际土壤中细菌数量明显低于正茬，真菌数量高于正茬，而放线菌数量在不同时期有很大变化。施入不同有机肥后，能明显增加土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量，真菌中青霉菌数量增多，致病菌数量减少。     

双孢蘑菇菌糠作基肥对玫瑰园地土壤微生物数量的影响

为探究双孢蘑菇菌糠作基肥对玫瑰园地土壤微生物中细菌、真菌和放线菌数量的影响,以滇红玫瑰为试验材料,在田间通过常规施肥和施以不同量双孢蘑菇菌糠发酵肥为基肥的方法进行试验。结果表明,施用双孢蘑菇菌糠处理较未施肥对照组能显著增加土壤中细菌、放线菌数量,使真菌(有害菌)繁殖得到抑制。     

长期轮作与施肥对土壤主要微生物类群的影响

根据长期田间试验,对施肥、作物、种植方式等对土壤细菌、真菌与放线菌含量的影响进行分析.结果显示施肥,特别是施有机肥明显提高土壤微生物数量,玉米、苜蓿与冬小麦连作不同施肥土壤细菌数量相对休闲地变幅在-197.04×105～+187.07×105个/g土,真菌在-6.08×103～+36.57×103个/g土,放线菌在-47.21×104～+301.4×104个/g土.轮作系统不同施肥处理真菌与放线菌数量高于休闲地.在施氮磷化肥条件下不同作物轮作,苜蓿与糜子对细菌有相对抑制作用,对真菌与放线菌有促进作用,红豆草抑制放线菌促进细菌,豌豆对三类微生物均有抑制作用.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.