核桃叶提取物化感作用的研究（I）

_小实验选用核桃叶为供体材料，以不同科的莴苣、小麦、西红柿为受体材料，采用发芽和生长实验，研究了核桃叶提取物浓度对3种受体的化感作用。结果表明，不同浓度的核桃叶提取物对3种受体分别有抑制或促进作用。核桃叶提取物的化感活性成分主要是酚类及黄酮类化合物。这为核桃叶作为无公害植物源农药的开发利用提供了依据。     

薄壳山核桃叶及青皮水浸液对3种植物的化感作用

采用蒸馏水浸提法收集薄壳山核桃叶及青皮化感物质,运用室内生物测定法检测其不同浓度(0.005、0.01、0.1 g·mL^-1)浸提液对小麦、油菜和绿豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:薄壳山核桃叶及青皮水浸液处理对3种受体植物的种子萌发和幼苗的苗高基本上表现为"低(0.005 g·mL^-1)促高(0.1 g·mL^-1)抑"的双重浓度效应,个别受体植物的化感作用虽然表现不同于"低促高抑"的整体趋势,但随着浓度的增加也表现为促进作用降低或抑制作用增强的现象;对3种受体植物根长的抑制作用大于对苗高的抑制作用,而对幼苗鲜质量、干质量的影响则因受体种类的不同而不同。薄壳山核桃叶水浸液处理对3种受体植物的综合化感效应依次为:油菜> 小麦> 绿豆;青皮水浸液处理对3种受体植物的综合化感效应依次为:小麦> 油菜> 绿豆。综合3种受体植物的化感效应认为,在相同浓度下,薄壳山核桃叶水浸液处理对3种受体植物的促进作用最强,而青皮水浸液处理对3种受体植物的抑制作用最强。     

核桃楸外果皮提取物的化感作用及成分分析

采用常规提取法浸提核桃楸外果皮的化感作用成分。研究结果表明,核桃楸外果皮乙醇提取物和乙酸乙酯萃取相对3种受体植物青菜、萝卜和紫花苜蓿具有化感作用(抑制萌发和抑制生长作用)。化感作用随提取物浓度增大而增大。采用GC-MS分析核桃楸外果皮乙醇提取物中乙酸乙酯萃取相的化学组成和相对含量。分析结果表明,核桃楸外果皮乙醇提取物中乙酸乙酯萃取相的主要化学成分为5-羟基-1,4-萘醌(胡桃醌),GC含量31.20%;正十六酸,GC含量9.99%;7-甲氧基-1-四氢萘酮,GC含量7.99%;1,5-萘二酚,GC含量7.15%;2,6-二甲氧基苯酚,GC含量4.36%;4-丁氧基苯醛;GC含量3.23%;5-羟甲基-2-呋喃醛,GC含量2.96%;二聚1,3-二羟基丙酮,GC含量2.94%;丙三醇,GC含量2.77%;1(3H)-异苯并呋喃酮,GC含量2.57%。     

核桃叶浸提液对4种作物种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应

[目的]研究核桃叶水浸提液对小麦、油菜、桔梗和苦参4种作物的化感效应,筛选出适合核桃林下间作的作物类型,为当地核桃的农林复合种植提供理论依据.[方法]采用水浸提法提取核桃叶浸提液,并设置0.02、0.04、0.06、0.08、0.10 g/ml 5个质量浓度,以蒸馏水为对照,研究核桃叶水浸提液在特定浓度下对小麦、油菜、...     

落叶松水浸液对胡桃楸幼苗生长的影响

造林实践表明落叶松混交对胡桃楸的生长具有明显的促进作用[1],而从枯死的残体释放出来是化感物质向环境释放的途径之一。本实验采用落叶松的根、皮、枝、叶水浸液,配成不同的浓度,处理胡桃楸幼苗,以研究供体对受体的化感作用,探讨落叶松水浸液是否对胡桃楸幼苗的生长起化感作用,为落叶松化感作用的全面研究提供有益的资料和数据。     

核桃青皮提取物对玉米蚜的毒杀活性

研究不同条件下核桃青皮提取物对玉米蚜的毒杀活性。采用单因素和正交试验的方法,计算不同浓度、温度和时间核桃青皮提取物对玉米蚜的死亡率和校正死亡率,确定不同因素对核桃青皮毒杀活性的影响。试验表明,提取物浓度为100mg/mL、温度为25℃、时间为48h时核桃青皮提取物对玉米蚜毒杀活性最高。提取物浓度对核桃青皮毒杀活性影响最大,其次为时间因素。研究可为开发以核桃青皮为原料的植物性杀虫剂,实现安全高效的防治玉米蚜提供理论依据。     

核桃楸叶乙醇提取物对舞毒蛾幼虫的毒杀效果

采用常规提取法浸提核桃楸叶的杀虫活性成分,其中乙醇提取物对舞毒蛾有显著的触杀和胃毒作用,且两种作用方式无显著差异,施药时间≥3 d、药液浓度≥5g/L时,平均校正死亡率均超过50%.核桃楸叶乙醇提取物的触杀和胃毒作用强于氯仿萃取相和乙酸乙酯萃取相.     

核桃坚果水浸液对4种植物种子萌发及生长的影响

为探究核桃果实不同部位水浸液对植物种子萌发及生长的影响,本试验以莴笋、萝卜、马蹄金、野牛草4种种子为试材,对其进行核桃种子、种仁及种皮的水浸液浸泡处理,进而研究核桃果实不同部位水浸液的化感作用,旨在探讨核桃水浸液对4种植物种子萌发及生长的影响。结果表明,在特定浓度下,核桃种子的水浸液对莴笋、萝卜、马蹄金、野牛草种子萌发均起到抑制作用,对萝卜幼苗生长的抑制作用大于莴笋幼苗的生长,对马蹄金和野牛草种子生长的抑制作用大于莴笋和萝卜。核桃种仁的水浸液对幼苗生长的抑制作用大于其余2个部位的影响,表现为:核桃种仁大于核桃种壳和核桃种子。本研究探索了核桃种子水浸液的化感作用及抑制植物种子萌发的物质,为农作物间作套种、化感抗害提供了依据和指导。     

飞机草水提液对任豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以任豆为受体植物,研究了飞机草根、茎和叶的水提液对任豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应。结果表明,不同浓度水提液对任豆的化感作用强度不同,在100%高浓度下才能明显延缓任豆种子发芽速率和显著抑制幼苗根的生长;在不同部位水提液中,叶水提液的化感作用最强,且表现出低促高抑的现象;而各部位、各浓度的飞机草水提液对任豆的发芽率、苗高和干重等重要指标均无显著抑制作用,表明任豆对飞机草的化感作用具有较强抵抗力。     

核桃嫁接苗木质化和抗寒性因素分析

以核桃嫁接苗为试验材料,研究其在土施、喷施不同浓度PP333、不同高度的摘心和不同强度的修叶等处理条件下,苗木鲜质量和干质量之比、枝条经-25℃处理后电导率的变化。结果表明:土施一定浓度的PP333能显著提高核桃苗木的木质化程度,抗寒能力可以通过轻度修叶和一定浓度土施PP333来提高。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.