Gene expression profiles in the brain predict behavior in individual honey bees

We show that the age-related transition by adult honey bees from hive work to foraging is associated with changes in messenger RNA abundance in the brain for 39% of approximately 5500 genes tested. This result, discovered using a highly replicated experimental design involving 72 microarrays, demonstrates more extensive genomic plasticity in the adult brain than has yet been shown. Experimental manipulations that uncouple behavior and age revealed that messenger RNA changes were primarily associated with behavior. Individual brain messenger RNA profiles correctly predicted the behavior of 57 out of 60 bees, indicating a robust association between brain gene expression in the individual and naturally occurring behavioral plasticity.     

新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂行为与生理影响的研究进展

在过去的30年间,世界上农药种类的发展已经从有机磷酸酯类和氨基甲酸酯类转变成能够与昆虫乙酰胆碱受体结合的新烟碱类.新烟碱类杀虫剂通过作用于昆虫的乙酰胆碱受体,释放乙酰胆碱受体抑制剂,阻碍昆虫神经传导,影响昆虫正常生理行为,最终导致昆虫麻痹死亡.蜜蜂作为重要的授粉昆虫,在采集过程中,会经常接触到这类农药,不仅会对蜜蜂个体造成影响,蜜蜂采集归巢后,杀虫剂还会污染整个蜂群,这无疑给世界养蜂业带来了很大威胁.本文从蜜蜂的行为与生理方面进行综述,总结近年来有关新烟碱类杀虫剂对蜜蜂健康影响的报道,以期为后续相关研究与实践提供理论基础.     

Enzymatic basis of mannose toxicity in honey bees

Honey bees have a negligible amount of phosphomannoseisomerase, together with a high content of a hexokinase which phosphorylates mannose more efficiently than fructose or glucose. Competition at the phosphorylation level plus accumulation of mannose-6-phosphate can fully account for the toxicity of mannose in honey bees.     

Hearing in honey bees: detection of air-particle oscillations

Although the airborne sounds produced by dancing honey bees seem essential in the bees' dance communication, attempts to show directly that bees can detect airborne sounds have been unsuccessful. It is shown here that bees can in fact detect airborne sounds and that they do so by detecting air-particle movements. Most vertebrates, by contrast, detect pressure oscillations. Because all traveling sound waves have both components, either can be used in sound detection. The bees' acoustic sense appears to be sensitive enough to allow bees to detect the air-particle movements that occur within several millimeters of a sound-emitting dancer.     

Pollution monitoring of puget sound with honey bees

To show that honey bees are effective biological monitors of environmental contaminants over large geographic areas, beekeepers of Puget Sound, Washington, collected pollen and bees for chemical analysis. From these data, kriging maps of arsenic, cadmium, and fluoride were generated. Results, based on actual concentrations of contaminants in bee tissues, show that the greatest concentrations of contaminants occur close to Commencement Bay and that honey bees are effective as large-scale monitors.     

Colony defense by africanized and European honey bees

Africanized and European honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations showed quantitative differences in colony defensive behavior. Africanized bees responded faster and in much larger numbers than European honey bees and produced 8.2 and 5.9 times as many stings during two different experiments. Times to react to alarming stimuli were negatively correlated with the number of bees responding and to the total number of stings. The number of bees responding was significantly correlated to the total number of stings only for the Africanized population.     

Competitive interactions between neotropical pollinators and africanized honey bees

The Africanized honey bee, a hybrid of European and African honey bees, is thought to displace native pollinators. After experimental introduction of Africanized honey bee hives near flowers, stingless bees became less abundant or harvested-less resource as visitation by Africanized honey bees increased. Shifts in resource use caused by colonizing Africanized honey bees may lead to population decline of Neotropical pollinators.     

A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees

Nonlethal exposure of honey bees to thiamethoxam (neonicotinoid systemic pesticide) causes high mortality due to homing failure at levels that could put a colony at risk of collapse. Simulated exposure events on free-ranging foragers labeled with a radio-frequency identification tag suggest that homing is impaired by thiamethoxam intoxication. These experiments offer new insights into the consequences of common neonicotinoid pesticides used worldwide.     

RAPD分子标记在蜜蜂遗传育种中的应用

RAPD分子标记在蜜蜂遗传育种中得到较广泛应用 .利用 RAPD分子遗传标记 ,估测蜜蜂性别决定位点 (x)与低幼虫存活率位点的标记序列位置 (STS)之间的遗传距离为 1 .6c M;构建了蜜蜂 (Apismellifera)遗传连锁图 ,确定了蜜蜂性基因位点 (x)、黑色体色基因位点 (blk)、苹果酸脱氢酶 (Mdh-1 )位点分别位于第 3、6、1 8个连锁群 ;确定了影响蜜蜂采粉、报警信息素水平、螫刺行为和体长等数量性状的基因座位 ;筛选出 5种引物 ,这些引物所扩增的 RAPD标记可作为鉴别欧洲蜜蜂和非洲蜜蜂 (A. mellifera L.)的分子标记 .蜜蜂高产性状 RAPD标记的研究已取得一定进展     

Hybridization between European and africanized honey bees in the neotropical yucatan peninsula

A population genetic analysis of honey bees of the Mexican neotropical Yucatan peninsula shows that the range expansion of Africanized bees there has involved extensive introgressive hybridization with European bees. Yucatan honey bee populations now include many colonies with intermediate morphologies. Genotypes of mitochondria have disassociated from historically correlated Africanized or European morphology, producing diverse phenotypic associations. This suggests that the size of resident European populations may be important in explaining previously reported asymmetrical hybridization. Evidence of natural hybridization is encouraging for the use of genetic management to mitigate the effects of Africanized bees in the United States.     

生态条件的多样性变化对蜜蜂生存的影响

目的在云南省罗平县油菜花期,比较西方蜜蜂不同放蜂密度下东方蜜蜂采集行为的变化,以期从食物资源竞争的角度为合理保护中国本土蜂种和维持植物群落结构及其稳定性提供科学依据。方法调查九龙镇和大水井乡主干道上的西方蜜蜂放蜂密度,根据放蜂密度选择6个试验点放置供试东方蜜蜂蜂群;观测试验点农田、山林两种生境中访花的东方蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂数量以及东方蜜蜂访花频率、单花采集停留时间;调查试验点周围3 km内的显花植物种类,采集植物花粉与东方蜜蜂花粉团,计算蜂花粉团中不同花粉的比例;分析西方蜜蜂不同放蜂密度对东方蜜蜂采集行为和粉源植物利用的影响。结果油菜盛花期,山林中访花的东方蜜蜂数量比例大于农田样方;油菜末花期,西方蜜蜂蜂场大量撤离后,农田样方中访花的东方蜜蜂数量比例明显增加;农田样方中东方蜜蜂的平均访花频率与其周围3 km范围内的西方蜜蜂数量(密度)呈显著的正相关关系,单花采集停留时间与其周围3 km范围内的西方蜜蜂数量(密度)呈显著的负相关关系;山林生境中西方蜜蜂放蜂密度大的试验点,东方蜜蜂的访花频率高,单花采集停留时间短;各试验点东方蜜蜂采集的花粉团总数量与其周围3 km范围内的西方蜜蜂数量(密度)呈负相关关系;油菜花期东方蜜蜂采食零星粉源植物花粉的比例与其周围3 km范围内的西方蜜蜂数量(密度)呈显著的正相关关系。结论西方蜜蜂放蜂密度对东方蜜蜂的采集行为有显著影响,且西方蜜蜂放蜂密度越大,东方蜜蜂的食物生态位越偏离农田中的大宗蜜源(油菜),其采集区域朝着山林转移的趋势越明显。     

中蜂巢虫防治研究进展

\t\t\t\t\t目的\t\t\t\t\t中华蜜蜂“白头蛹”是危害养蜂业最严重的病害之一,至今尚未有中华蜜蜂“白头蛹”病因的确切报道。为此,本研究将对“白头蛹”的发病原因进行分析。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t方法\t\t\t\t\t在河北秦皇岛、陕西安康和辽宁丹东三地收集临床表现为“白头蛹”的中华蜜蜂病死幼虫,利用RT-PCR方法对常见蜜蜂病毒CSBV、DWV、BQCV和ABPV等进行检测,利用鲜血琼脂培养基进行细菌分离、培养。接种的样品经37 ℃培养24 h,挑选出培养基上不同形态的菌落(特别是具有β溶血环的菌落)进行菌落纯化培养。挑取单个菌落,革兰氏染色法观察细菌镜下形态;再对分离细菌的16S rRNA基因进行PCR扩增、测序,微量生化鉴定管对其生化特性进行鉴定。在对“白头蛹”病因综合分析的基础上,对粘质沙雷氏菌进行感染回归试验。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t结果\t\t\t\t\t病料中无常见蜂病毒;从3个地区的病虫体内分离细菌8株,包括粘质沙雷氏菌、表皮葡萄球菌、液化沙雷氏菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌,其中粘质沙雷氏菌在所有的样品中都检测到,鉴于此,对粘质沙雷氏菌进行幼虫感染试验,结果接种粘质沙雷氏菌幼虫不能正常化蛹、死亡,病理组织学检查出现了类似于临床自然死亡虫体的病变。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t结论\t\t\t\t\t结合相关报道,综合分析粘质沙雷氏菌可能是“白头蛹”的致病菌,应激因素是“白头蛹”发生的诱因。本研究为中华蜜蜂“白头蛹”病的致病原因分析及其防治奠定了基础。\t\t\t\t     

柑橘皮挥发油提取及HPLC测定柑橘皮挥发油中的柠檬烯含量

\t\t\t\t\t目的\t\t\t\t\t应用意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)为柑橘授粉,以研究意大利蜜蜂的传粉行为对柑橘果实生长发育及其品质的影响。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t方法\t\t\t\t\t设置蜜蜂授粉组和对照组,观测两组柑橘果实纵、横径生长动态,落果波相及坐果率,检测果实可溶性固形物、总糖、总酸和维生素C含量等指标。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t结果\t\t\t\t\t在花谢70 d后的发育过程中,授粉组柑橘果实的纵横径均超过对照组(P<0.05)。在落蕾落花期及第1次生理落果期,授粉组落果率(落蕾落花率)显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第2次生理落果期,授粉组与对照组的落果率无显著差异(P>0.05)。经意大利蜜蜂授粉的柑橘果实的维生素C含量、总糖及糖酸比与对照组差异显著(P<0.05),果实单果重显著增加(P<0.05),畸形果率显著降低(P<0.05)。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t结论\t\t\t\t\t意大利蜜蜂授粉可提高柑橘坐果率、单果重,改善果实品质,降低畸形果率,从而达到增产提质的目的。\t\t\t\t     

Attraction of the parasitic mite varroa to the drone larvae of honey bees by simple aliphatic esters

An important parasitic threat to honey bees, the mite Varroa jacobsoni, is attracted to its major prey, drone larvae, by methyl and ethyl esters of straight-chain fatty acids, in particular methyl palmitate. These esters were extracted from drone larvae with n-hexane and were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Their behavioral effect was evaluated with the use of a four-arm airflow olfactometer.     

氟虫腈与敌百虫对意大利蜜蜂的联合毒性评价

分别采用触杀法和摄入法测定了氟虫腈、敌百虫及混合配比对意大利蜜蜂的急性毒性.试验结果表明,触杀法处理的氟虫腈、敌百虫及混合配比48h对意大利蜜蜂的LD50分别为0.005546 μg/蜂、4.065μg/蜂、0.5057μg/蜂.摄入法处理的氟虫腈、敌百虫及混合配比48h对意大利蜜蜂的LC50分别为0.1015mg/L、13.89mg/L、4.335 mg/L.48h触杀、胃毒联合系数K分别为0.5140、0.8620.氟虫腈和敌百虫混配后对意大利蜜蜂的急性毒性为相加.     

Molecular determinants for the tissue specificity of SERMs

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) mimic estrogen action in certain tissues while opposing it in others. The therapeutic effectiveness of SERMs such as tamoxifen and raloxifene in breast cancer depends on their antiestrogenic activity. In the uterus, however, tamoxifen is estrogenic. Here, we show that both tamoxifen and raloxifene induce the recruitment of corepressors to target gene promoters in mammary cells. In endometrial cells, tamoxifen, but not raloxifene, acts like estrogen by stimulating the recruitment of coactivators to a subset of genes. The estrogen-like activity of tamoxifen in the uterus requires a high level of steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) expression. Thus cell type- and promoter-specific differences in coregulator recruitment determine the cellular response to SERMs.     

Investigation of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) breeds and populations for developing criteria for genetic certification of bees

Data on investigation of honey bee breeds and populations in Russia are given. The structure of populations and genetic diversity of breeds are studied with the use of mtDNA diagnostics. Amplification products with a fragment length from 300 to 1000 bp are obtained in various bee breeds by PCR. The main morphological traits of bees of various origins are given and the parent material for developing criteria for their genetic certification is selected.     

茶园花期用药后蜂花粉中吡虫啉及其代谢物残留的蜜蜂风险评估

为研究茶花蜂花粉中吡虫啉及其代谢物残留对蜜蜂安全的影响,在茶树始花期喷施10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂,测定防虫网大棚内茶花蜂花粉样品中吡虫啉及其代谢物吡虫啉烯烃、吡虫啉脲、6-氯烟酸的残留量,并结合现有毒理学数据和风险评估模型进行评估。结果表明:以风险商值(Risk Quotient,RQsp)进行初级风险评估时,吡虫啉在茶树上的使用对蜜蜂具有不可接受的急性接触风险;以暴露量/毒性(Exposure toxicity ratio,ETR)进行暴露评估时,蜜蜂急性经口风险可接受,而成蜂致畸风险在药后13 d内均不可接受。此外,ETR的评价结果还表明,吡虫啉对蜜蜂风险主要源于吡虫啉母体,代谢物的风险占比低于2%。基于风险评价结果以及本实验的局限性,对吡虫啉在茶树上的实际使用风险仍需开展进一步试验。