杉木土壤肥力观测及叶片营养分析

土壤肥力变化是造林地环境评价的主要内容之一。本研究通过对杉木造林地土壤的肥力观测分析,为杉木造林地的环境评价和防止杉木人工林地土壤肥力衰退,改善营林措施提供重要参考。１试验地基本情况试验地位于云南省东部罗平县八大河乡,东经１０４°４０′,北纬２４°２...     

The effects of teak monoculture on forest soils: a case study in Bangladesh

Teak plantations date back to 1871 in Bangladesh.This study was designed to assess how teak monoculture has impacted the soil properties in Bangladesh.Multiple linear regression and correlation matrices were estimated to evaluate these impacts.The means of soil physicochemical properties were compared across various attributes of the plantations.Older plantations accumulated more organic carbon in the soils than the younger plantations.Excessive removal of litter from the forest floor resulted in reduced levels of N, P, K, and other nutrients in the soils.Since bulk density was continuously decreasing deeper into the soil, the penetration of mineral nutrients into the soil was low.Furthermore, moisture content in the topsoil was significantly lower than that in the bottom layers due to the exposed and dry condition of the forest floor under teak plantations.For improving depleted teak plantation soils, teak could be planted with other tree species rather than just in monocultures.In addition, the forest floor could be enriched with leguminous herbs and shrubs to improve soil health in these plantations.     

新造林地土壤肥力变化规律研究

从不同森林类型土壤肥力状况的角度,对梧州共青林场新造未成林地的土壤营养元素含量进行对比研究,探讨了林地采伐更新为红锥（Castanopsis hystrlz）林和荷木（Schima superba）林后其森林土壤肥力的变化情况。结果表明,随着红锥林和荷木林的生长发育,各林地养分状况明显降低。和对照林地相比,土壤pH值、...     

不同造林措施对桉树人工林地土壤养分的影响

针对桉树人工林地力退化问题,通过比较两种造林措施下桉树人工林地土壤肥力特征发现,皆伐和造林时的人为活动对浅土层(0～20 cm)的土壤有松动作用,在一定程度上降低土壤容重,部分提高土壤持水量和孔隙度,但造林后林地土壤物理特性变差,炼山+机械挖桩造林措施对林地土壤物理性质破坏作用要明显高于伐根催腐造林;与皆伐前相比,两种造林措施均导致了林地土壤pH向酸性化方向发展;伐根催腐造林使得林地土壤有机质含量、全N、全K、Ca和Mg含量均较皆伐前大,炼山措施导致大量养分烧失和流失,故其最小;土壤微量元素中除了Cu以炼山造林地最大外,Fe、Mn、Zn、B均以伐根催腐造林地最大。     

Soil carbon and physical property changes in Brazilian Coastal Tableland soils with land use following deforestation

The Atlantic Forest has been deforested to the point that only about 7% of the original forest remains. Soil degradation, including loss of soil organic carbon (SOC), has often been associated with deforestation. In extensive areas previously occupied by Atlantic Forest the soil has a naturally compact subsoil horizon called the coeso. This layer challenges root development and plant productivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate soil carbon and selected physical characteristics under the influence of the native forest and post-deforestation agricultural practices. The management regimes were a native forest, a rubber tree plantation, a pasture and annual cropping. Two soil depths were investigated: 0 to 15 cm, corresponding to the A horizon; and 35 to 50 cm, corresponding to the coeso. Management influenced both SOC concentration and soil bulk density; however, SOC content was not significantly changed by any of the post-deforestation land uses. This result supports the annual cropping system that has been adapted by small landholders. Most interesting was the quantity of SOC found in the coeso, which was as much as 50% of the surface horizon.     

间伐强度对柚木林土壤质量及生长的影响

目的 探究不同间伐强度对柚木人工林土壤理化性质、酶活性及林木生长的影响,为柚木大径材高效培育和林地可持续经营提供理论依据。 方法 以15年生柚木纯林为研究对象,设置轻度、中度、重度间伐和对照4个处理。间伐3.5 a后,测定柚木生长量、土壤理化性质和酶活性等指标,分析不同间伐强度处理下各指标的差异。采用冗余分析法（RDA）分析柚木生长指标及土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质指标之间的关系。 结果 间伐对土壤理化性质及酶活性的影响主要表现在0～20 cm土层,间伐提高了土壤含水率,降低了表层土壤pH值;土壤有机质、碱解氮的含量随间伐强度的增大而增加,中度、重度间伐林分0～20 cm土层有机质含量比对照显著提高了18.2%和19.0%,碱解氮含量显著增加了15.7%和16.6%;间伐后土壤全氮和交换性钙含量也均增加。间伐显著增强了0～20 cm土层的蔗糖酶活性,而脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化无显著差异。柚木林分的平均胸径和单株材积随间伐强度的增大而增加,林分断面积和蓄积也均高于对照;重度间伐处理的林分各生长指标年均增量最大,并显著高于对照,平均单株材积和蓄积增量分别提高了80.0%和90.2%。土壤有机质、有效磷含量与柚木各生长指标呈正相关,田间持水量、土壤密度及总孔隙度是影响土壤酶活性的主要环境因子。 结论 间伐改善了土壤养分和水分状况,促进了柚木生长,林地生产力得到明显提高。间伐提高了与N、P循环相关酶的活性,显著增强了与C循环相关的蔗糖酶活性。对15年生柚木人工林进行间伐,适宜的间伐强度为40%～45%。     

云南热区西南桦人工纯林林地土壤的有机碳含量研究

在云南西双版纳的普文试验林场,通过对不同龄期西南桦人工纯林林地土壤有机碳含量的比较,并以当地的山地雨林、林龄较为接近的西南桦次生林和黄水(黄牛水 水锦树)次生林林地的土壤有机碳含量为参照,作了对比分析;还对西南桦人工纯林林地土壤的有机碳含量与其土壤肥力状况及物理性状的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:西南桦人工纯林随着林龄的增长,其林地土壤有机碳含量呈现出先维持再积累上升的趋势;15年生的西南桦人工纯林林地土壤的有机碳含量水平与黄水(黄牛水 水锦树)次生林相近,随其林龄的增长,预计会超过黄水(黄牛水 水锦树)次生林而接近于山地雨林。西南桦人工纯林林地土壤有机碳含量与其土壤全N、水解N、速效K含量、总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度等指标呈显著正相关,与土壤容重呈显著负相关,因此,西南桦人工纯林林地土壤的有机碳水平可用以指示其土壤的肥力状况。     

桉树人工林与天然林土壤养分的对比研究

在野外调查取样和室内实验分析的基础上,对人工林与天然林的土壤养分进行比较分析,结果表明人工林土壤表层的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾含量都明显低于天然林,反映了人工林对养分的旺盛需求和消耗,并且人工林还会造成土壤阳离子交换量的降低和土壤容重的增大。提出变炼山全垦为块状整地、轮栽并适当休闲养地、提高人工林生物多样性、建立复杂的人工林群落等措施,以实现桉树人工林土壤养分平衡与生态系统的良性循环。     

蓝桉造林施肥对林地土壤肥力影响的监测结果

为了解蓝桉人工林地土壤肥力的变化情况，进行了蓝桉施肥和造林后的林地土壤肥力监测和分析。经对设于保山市辛街３种施肥处理的蓝桉人工林地，进行为期两年（１９９３、１９９４年）的土壤１１项化学性状监测得出：土壤的有效Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的含量随林地的施肥而增加；造林两年后，土壤的ｐＨ（Ｈ２Ｏ）、ｐＨ（ＫＣｌ），有机酸，全氮，有效Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ，水解酸，交换性Ｃａ（＋＋）、Ｍｇ（＋＋）的指标均低于造林前。     

Impact of plantation forestry with teak (Tectona grandis) on the nutrient status of young alluvial soils in West Venezuela

On alluvial sandy loams in the western Llanos of Venezuela, biomass and inventories of macronutrients were determined for ten teak plantations (0.5–9 years old) and a mature forest stand which preceded them. Mean tree and stratified random sampling methods of estimating biomass are compared with regression estimates.Aboveground biomass of the mature forest averages 398 t ha^?1. The average yearly productivity of biomass per ha of the teak plantations is greater on sites with soils having higher clay contents; It was measured as 23 t (9-year-old plantation), 16 t (7 years), 10–14 t (6 years) and 7–14 t (4 years).The original ecosystem stores per ha for these sites range between 8380 and 8840 kg N (total), 4550 and 4890 kg P, 2290 and 2540 kg K, 6720 and 6850 kg Ca and 960 and 1760 kg Mg.In the mature forest most N, P and Mg is stored in the soil, whereas 70% of the K and 40–50% of the Ca is stored in the vegetation. The ecosystem K stores of the teak plantations are an average of 40% lower than in the original forest. This difference is interpreted as being due to leaching loss caused by replacement of the original forest.Using data from the literature and from this study, a nutrient budget has been calculated for the first rotation period of teak. It is predicted that substantial amounts of Ca will be removed from the site by the teak harvest. These exports may not be replenished by atmospheric inputs and soil mineral weathering, especially on the highly productive sites.     

连续两年桉树林下间种3种牧草对土壤肥力及地表径流的影响与评价

采用山毛豆（Tephrosia candida）、184柱花草（Styiosanthes guianensis）和桂牧1号杂交象草（ Pennisetun americanum × Pennlsetum purpureum ）×Pennisetum purpureum cv．Mott在桉树林下间种,间种方式有2种：桉树...     

Reclaiming sodic soils for wheat production by Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC afforestation in India

A green house pot trial was conducted to assess the impact of Prosopis afforestation on the productivity and fertility of degraded sodic soils in Haryana, India. Wheat (Triticum aestivum, L; cultivar HD 2329) plants were grown from seed on top soils collected from a chronosequence of 0, 5, 7, and 30-year-old Prosopis juliflora plantations established on highly sodic soils and a non-sodic reference soil collected from a local farm. The afforestation improved physical and chemical properties of surface soils by decreasing pH, electrical conductivity and exchangeable Na levels, and increasing infiltration capacity, organic C, total N, available P, and exchangeable Ca, Mg, and, K levels. The amelioration effect of the trees on top soil increased with duration of tree occupancy. Soil nutrient status under the 30-year-old plantation was higher than that of the non-sodic farm soil. The reduced soil sodicity and improved fertility contributed to higher germination, survival, growth, and grain yield of wheat plants grown on the Prosopis chronosequence soils, even surpassing the yield attained on the farm soil in the case of 30-year-old plantation soil. Sodium accumulation in the crop declined while N, P, K, Ca, and Mg uptake increased with soil plantation age reflecting the changing nutrient status of the rooting zone due to afforestation. Results confirmed that successful tree plantation may restore the productivity and fertility of highly degraded sodic soils.     

Soil changes induced by Acacia mangium plantation establishment: Comparison with secondary forest and Imperata cylindrica grassland soils in South Sumatra,Indonesia

Acacia plantation establishment might cause soil acidification in strongly weathered soils in the wet tropics because the base cations in the soil are translocated rapidly to plant biomass during Acacia growth. We examined whether soils under an Acacia plantation were acidified, as well as the factors causing soil acidification. We compared soils from 10 stands of 8-year-old Acacia mangium plantations with soils from 10 secondary forests and eight Imperata cylindrica grasslands, which were transformed into Acacia plantations. Soil samples were collected every 5–30 cm in depth, and pH and related soil properties were analyzed. Soil pH was significantly lower in Acacia plantations and secondary forests than in Imperata grasslands at every soil depth. The difference was about 1.0 pH unit at 0–5 cm and 0.5 pH unit at 25–30 cm. A significant positive correlation between pH and base saturation at 0–20 cm depth indicated that the low pH under forest vegetation was associated with exchangeable cation status. Using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with clay content as the covariate, exchangeable Ca (Ex-Ca) and Mg (Ex-Mg) stocks were significantly lower in forested areas than in Imperata grasslands at any clay content which was strongly related to exchangeable cation stock. The adjusted average Ex-Ca stock calculated by ANCOVA was 249 kg ha⁻¹ in Acacia plantations, 200 kg ha⁻¹ in secondary forests, and 756 kg ha⁻¹ in Imperata grasslands at 0–30 cm. Based on a comparison of estimated nutrient stocks in biomass and soil among the vegetation types, the translocation of base cations from soil to plant biomass might cause a decrease in exchangeable cations and soil acidification in Acacia plantations.     

Exotic Pinus carbaea causes soil quality to deteriorate on former abandoned land compared to an indigenous Podocarpus plantation in the tropical forest area of southern China

Soil properties under an exotic plantation (Pinus caribaea) and an indigenous plantation (Podocarpus imbricatus) were compared with adjacent secondary forests and abandoned land in the tropical forest areas of Jianfengling National Nature Reserve in Hainan province, southern China. The surface soil (0–0.2 m) under Pi. caribaea has higher bulk density, lower soil organic carbon, total N, total K, available N, microbial biomass carbon, and smaller soil microbial communities (as indicated by soil Biolog profiles) than under Po. imbricatus. Both land use types showed negative cumulative soil deterioration index (DI) compared to secondary forests. However, compared to abandoned land (DI = –262), the soil quality of Po. imbricatus showed improvement (DI = –194) while that of Pi. caribaea showed deterioration (DI = –358). These results demonstrated that these exotic pine plantations can significantly and negatively influence soil properties. By contrast, our results showed that adoption of indigenous species in plantations, or natural regeneration, can improve soil quality.     

蓝桉人工纯林土壤肥力研究

本项研究历时４年,研究结果显示,营造蓝桉纯林会引起林地土壤肥力明显降低,有机质、全Ｎ、有效Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、交换性Ｃａ２＋、Ｍｇ２＋等７项指标均直接受影响。蓝桉人工林,经造林初期林地施肥能提高其生长量,但不能阻止林地土壤肥力下降。由于施肥促进了林木的生长,故也加强了对土壤肥力的消耗。     

南亚热带不同人工林对土壤理化性质的影响及土壤质量评价

目的 探讨相同立地条件下的不同人工林对土壤理化性质的影响,为实现人工林养分的精确调控和可持续经营提供科学依据。 方法 选取在柳州沙塘林场马尾松采伐迹地上同为1987年营造的木荷、米老排、蓝果树和杉木人工纯林为研究对象,以未造林灌草地为对照,分层（0～15、15～30、30～50、50～70、70～100 cm）测定14个土壤理化性质指标,结合KMO和Bartlett球形度检验,采用主成分分析法对土壤质量进行综合评价。 结果 同种林分内,随土层加深,土壤密度递增,孔隙度、土壤有机碳、全N、碱解N、有效P含量递减。不同林分间各土壤理化性质差异明显,5种林地的土壤pH值变幅为3.94～5.12;土壤有机碳、全N、碱解N、有效P含量以及化学计量特征C:N、C:P、N:P比值均表现为：阔叶林>针叶林>灌草地;杉木林土壤的全P含量在所有林分中最低,杉木林生长可能消耗更多的磷元素;与对照灌草地相比,营造这4种人工林后使土壤全K含量明显减少,速效K（除米老排林外）也有相似规律,这种变化规律暗示了人工林对K元素的消耗量大;木荷林和杉木林土壤的pH值、全K、速效K及阳离子交换量的含量明显低于其它林分和灌草地。土壤综合质量根据主成分得分依次为：米老排林 >蓝果树林 >木荷林 >灌草地 >杉木林。 结论 （1）人工阔叶林比针叶林能更有效地积累土壤有机碳、N和P等养分,并能明显地优化土壤密度和孔隙度,在今后的造林实践中应优先考虑阔叶林。（2）人工林营造33 a后,土壤全K含量明显地小于对照灌草地,且不同林分间具有差异,因此,在森林经营时应注重K元素调控管理。     

马尾松人工幼林土壤肥力变化及其综合评价研究

通过分析广西环江县桉树林及砍伐后种植马尾松和荒地的土壤化学性质,运用灰色关联分析方法,研究和评价马尾松和荒地取代桉树后土壤肥力变化状况。研究结果显示:取代桉树林后,4.0a马尾松和荒地的土壤碱解N、有效P、速效K、交换性Ca和有效Zn有所提高,土壤pH值有所改善,而全N、全P、全K、交换性Mg和有效Cu有所减少。0～20cm层土壤有机质和有效B有所降低,20～40cm层的反而有所提高。不同林龄马尾松和荒地的土壤综合肥力普遍较差。造林4年后,同土层马尾松林的土壤综合肥力低于荒地。除4.0a荒地0～20cm层的土壤综合肥力基本无变化外,其他4.0a马尾松和荒地土壤综合肥力都有不同程度退化,而以4.0a马尾松20～40cm层的土壤肥力退化最严重。研究结果可为马尾松人工幼林的配方施肥提供理论依据。     

关于我国人工林长期生产力的保持

为了保持我国人工林的长期生产力和提高森林质量,达到可持续经营的目的。作者在以往研究工作的基础上,广泛收集了国内外有关成果与资料,概括论述了我国人工林森林生产力的现状、不能保持生产力的原因与机理以及长期保持人工林生产力的技术对策。按第八次清查的全国森林资源数据,每公顷蓄积量为89.79 m3,其中天然林为104.6 m3,人工林为52.76 m3,人工林森林生产力明显低于天然林;我国优势树种人工林每公顷蓄积量也不高,如杉木为69.8 m3,马尾松为56.2 m3,落叶松为58.6 m3,这些数据比日本2002年3月公布的人工林相似树种的数据低很多,如日本针叶树蓄积量为227.97 m3· hm-2,柳杉为295.83 m3 ·hm-2,落叶松为189.88 m3 ·hm-2。关于年生长量,按全国第七次资源清查的中龄林与近熟林的数据做统计：杉木人工林5.2~4.2 m3 ·hm-2,马尾松为3.2~1.8 m3· hm-2,柏木为3.4~3.2 m3 ·hm-2;但按作者掌握的我国重点或示范性、试验性小面积人工林生长量看,却很高,按我国编制的速生丰产林标准的生长量数据看比较高。我国大面积人工林生产力不高,短周期经营的杨树、桉树人工林也不高,主要原因是：（1）纯林化与针叶化严重。按第八次全国森林资源统计,纯林占人工林的85%,而且针叶化明显,人工乔木林10个优势树种中针叶林比例高达56.9%。人工纯林结构简单,生物多样性低,生物学上缺乏稳定性。人工纯林特别是针叶纯林,抗性低,抗自然灾害和大气污染能力均差,人工纯林维护地力的能力也弱。（2）集约育林的技术措施：立地控制技术未得到推广,适地适树适品种原则在育林中未能认真贯彻;密度、植被、地力控制技术也执行不力,大面积上的人工林仍属于粗放经营;连作引起林地土壤理、化、生物特性恶化,土壤质量衰退,导致林木生长不良,林分生产力逐代下降;造林作业造成水土流失,如杉木造林,传统的育林技术未得到明显改进,福建尤溪炼山后进行的3年观测结果表明,炼山和水土流失损失的有机质高达989.35 kg·hm-2,养分586.26 kg·hm-2。桉树在砖红壤进行的机耕整地,水土流失也很严重,不合理的造林作业,最终导致土壤质量与森林生产力下降。短周期培育人工林带来了2个重要问题,一是对林地肥力要求高,二是如何利用无性系才能保持长期生产力。短周期经营采用的无性系,生长速度快,生长量大,轮伐期短,养分需求量大,如刚果12号W5无性系,通常利用地上部分,以5~7 a的轮伐期计,消耗的养分达571.75 kg·hm-2,我国培养短周期人工林的土壤质量本底原本普遍不高,如果采取连作,土壤有机质养分会明显下降,土壤质量衰退,并对其功能产生危害。我国杨树、桉树等人工林要达到短周期持续经营,还需要实行多无性系造林。我国人工林长期生产力保持的技术对策,应采取先进的集约育林措施,包括遗传控制、立地控制、密度控制、植被控制与地力控制。     

岷江上游不同植被类型的土壤水分和物理性质

土壤水分-物理性质是衡量土壤质量的重要指标。本文测定了岷江上游理县云杉人工林、灌木林、经济林和农耕地的土壤物理性质。结果表明:(1)云杉人工林的土壤容重最小,土壤毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、田间最大持水量、毛管持水量显著高于其余3种植被类型;(2)灌木林与经济林的非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、田间最大持水量差异不显著,但灌木林的土壤容重显著小于经济林;(3)农耕地的土壤容重显著高于其余3种植被类型,非毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量、田间最大持水量显著低于其余3种植被类型。研究结果说明4种植被类型的土壤物理性质存在较大差异,选择合理的植被类型和减少人为干扰对于岷江上游地区植被恢复和生态功能改善具有重要的作用。     

人工林的土壤结构质量研究--以长江上游桤柏人工混交林为例

长江上游生态建设中,典型区营林10–20年的人工混交林有纯林化、衰败退化的演化趋势。本文以长江上游地区川中丘陵的人工林典型土壤为例,并以长江上游未受人为不良干扰的贡嘎山天然林土壤为对照,研究了人工林退化的土壤结构质量问题及其防治措施。结果表明:人工林土壤结构质量远不如天然林土壤。指出长江上游人工林土壤结构质量的退化,是人工林退化的重要影响因素。人工林土壤结构退化的主要原因是人为干扰,缺乏保护和科学管理。主要防治对策是:封禁生态修复和采取恢复枯枝落叶层、施有机肥等措施。