西北干旱区气候特点及城市树种选择

文章针对西北干旱区特殊的地域性气候特征,提出了城市森林建设在抑制风沙活动、改善人居环境舒适性及实现城市水盐动态平衡等方面的对策,并对适于该区域城市林建设的主要树种进行了简要的评述,可供干旱区城市林建设提供参考。       

笑山林场天然阔叶混交林资源现状

对新青林业局笑山林场的天然阔叶混交林进行了抽样调查,在树种组成方面对物种丰富度、树种组成指数、树种单调度、群落均匀度等指标做了详细的分析,采用倒J形曲线对林分的株数和径阶进行了拟合,同时利用理查德方程对林分的生长情况进行模拟得出结论：现有天然阔叶混交林阔叶多,针叶少;低价树种多,珍贵树种少;分布不均匀;主要树种的连年生长量呈现下降趋势,林木生长缓慢,生长潜力不大。应该对其进行人为的抚育更新,调整树种组成和林分结构,构建以针叶为主的针阔异龄复层混交林。     

Forest fragmentation,structure, and age characteristics as a legacy of forest management

The combination of forest inventory and satellite-derived landscape composition and structure provides otherwise unavailable information on regional forest conditions and enables investigation of the cumulative effects of forest management over time. Forest pattern results from a range of both natural and anthropogenic factors. This study characterizes the forest pattern of Vancouver Island, British Columbia (>32,000 km²) at the watershed scale, using new national datasets of Canadian forest composition and fragmentation, and relating these to forest inventory-derived age structure. Vancouver Island is extensively forested, possessing highly valuable and productive forests, and is managed to meet a range of stakeholder interests. Forest fragmentation metrics were derived from a satellite-derived, 25-m spatial resolution land cover map (i.e., grain) to represent patterns within 1 km analysis units (i.e., extent) for the entire forested area of Canada. We summarized forest fragmentation island-wide and compared trends between forest-dominated (>85% forest) and less-forested (<85% forest) watersheds. We also explored these patterns with partial canonical correspondence analyses to determine the independent and shared relationships of landscape composition, forest fragmentation, and spatial variables with forest age structure.     

南京城市森林结构特征与管理对策

随着我国城市美化运动和生态城市建设的发展 ,城市森林日益受到学者、政府和民众的关注 ,成为改善城市环境的重要因素。本文回顾了城市森林学研究的进展 ,发现有关城市树木群落生长特征及树木管理的研究在我国较少进行 ;根据对南京城市森林的抽样调查结果分析表明 ,城市树木树种构成集聚性明显而多样性较差、植株体量偏小、长势一般 ,城市扰动因子明显影响了树木的自然生长过程 ;通过对南京城市树木管理机构、措施及法规的剖析 ,指出我国城市树木管理体系中存在着管理机构职责不明、管理人员知识陈旧和管理法规纷繁复杂却难以相互衔接、可操作性差等问题 ,结合国外经验提出综合性树木种植规划及树木管理信息系统是建立现代化城市树木管理体系的先决条件和首要任务。     

Status of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City

According to a survey for the urban vegetation of Guangzhou, urban vegetation has a significantly difference from natural vegetation because of intense human impacts. The research was conducted in a synthetic survey for soil, species diversity, roadside trees and ecological function of urban vegetation in Guangzhou City. The results showed that: (1) soil densities of urban roadside and park forests were higher than mean density of natural forest soil. The pH values of soil in urban roadside were higher too, and the content of organic matter and the concentration of nitrogen were lower. (2) Species diversity of urban vegetation was lower. The most number of species was only 16 species in tree layers of urban forest. (3) Tree growth was limited by narrow space in high-density urban area, where the trees with defects and disorders were common. (4) Comparing with mature natural forests, the productivity of urban vegetation was lower. The effect of urban vegetation on balance of carbon and oxygen were influenced by the low primary production of urban vegetation. Therefore, the growth condition for urban vegetation should be improved. Biodiversity, primary production and ecological function should be increased for urban vecletation in order to improve urban eco-environment.     

Impact of Macrotermes termitaria as a source of heterogeneity on tree diversity and structure in a Sudanian savannah under controlled grazing and annual prescribed fire (Burkina Faso)

Macrotermes termitaria are conspicuous features of savannah ecosystems in the Sudanian and Sahelian zones of West Africa. The mounds, alive or abandoned, are a major source of heterogeneity in the landscape. The purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of termitaria on tree community in a state forest of the Sudanian regional centre (Tiogo forest, Burkina Faso), under controlled burning and grazing experiments. A comparative inventory was carried out in a split-plot experiment (16 subplots of 2500 m²): 8 subplots where fire regime and grazing were controlled and 8 subplots exposed to grazing and with annual prescribed fire since 1992. All tree individuals (≥1.5 m) were recorded, both on termitaria and outside and their basal area at stump level was measured. A total of 61 observed (or 65.7 ± 2.4 estimated) tree species were recorded on 28 Macrotermes subhyalinus mounds (54 observed species or 60.8 ± 3.3 estimated), the immediate surroundings (44 observed and 59.0 ± 0.0 estimated species) and the rest of subplots (56 observed and 63.6 ± 0.0 estimated). Specific density was higher on mounds in comparison with the surroundings (P < 0.05). Results showed that termitaria played a key role in maintaining higher species diversity as compared to their surroundings (P < 0.05). Differences in species diversity between termitaria and immediate surroundings appeared more pronounced in disturbed plots (submitted to both fire and grazing). Some species, such as Tamarindus indica, Boscia senegalensis, Cadaba farinosa, Capparis sepiaria and Maerua angolensis are found solely on termitaria. Besides, the density of trees was significantly higher on termitaria compared to the surrounding (P < 0.05), as well as total basal area per unit of 100 m² area (P < 0.05). We concluded that Macrotermes termitaria play an important role as a source of heterogeneity in this Sudanian savannah woodland ecosystem. This role is particularly important in ecosystems under stresses. Termitaria acted as refuge for tree vegetation. The density and dynamics of M. subhyalinus termitaria should, therefore, be taken into account in the global strategy of the forest resources management and conservation.     

Influence of tree species on understory vegetation diversity and mechanisms involved—A critical review for temperate and boreal forests

Tree species composition is a primary attribute of forest ecosystems, and is often manipulated by silvicultural practices. Forest management to diversify tree species is now being promoted to favor biodiversity. To assess the soundness of this policy we reviewed and analyzed the literature on the relationship between tree species composition and floristic diversity, including the mechanisms involved therein. Coniferous forests generally provide less diversified vascular understories than broadleaved forests. At the tree species scale, there are not enough reports to draw firm conclusions on the effect of any particular species. Mixing of deciduous and coniferous tree species generally affects understory diversity, but in almost all cases maximum diversity is observed in one of the pure stands, not in mixed stands. Understory vegetation is influenced by overstory composition and structure through modifications of resource availability (light, water and soil nutrients) and other effects, such as physical characteristics of the litter layer. Overstory light transmittance and diverse properties of forest litter are factors that have been most fully studied to date, but other factors such as throughfall water quantity and chemistry may also play a role. While the relative importance of mechanisms that account for the effect of overstory on understory biodiversity has often been discussed, these mechanisms have rarely been the subject of formal experiments. Overall, varying management practices and site attributes make it difficult to generalize results. They combine with the effects of tree species in influencing understory vegetation diversity, but they have been rarely considered. Future research is needed to gain a better understanding of the relationship between overstory and understory diversity and establish general laws.     

Ecological integrity of remnant montane forests along an urban gradient in the Sierra Nevada

Urban development typically has extensive and intensive effects on native ecosystems, including vegetation communities and their associated biota. Increasingly, urban planning strives to retain elements of native ecosystems to meet multiple social and ecological objectives. The ecological integrity of native forests in an urbanizing landscape is challenged by a myriad of impacts, such as forest management and invasive species. Environmental protection efforts in the Lake Tahoe basin, spanning the California/Nevada border in the Sierra Nevada mountains, over the past half century have resulted in the retention of thousands of parcels of remnant native forest located throughout the urbanizing landscape. The basin landscape provides an opportunity to evaluate the effects of land development on the composition and structure of remnant native forests along a gradient of urbanization. We sampled 118 sites located in remnant forests in the lower montane zone surrounded by 0–70% development. We also sampled forest structure in the landscape surrounding 75 of these sites to evaluate the contribution of remnant forests to the retention of native forest elements in the larger landscape. We characterized plant species composition and cover, vertical structure, and the density of trees, snags, and logs, as well as levels of ground disturbance and human activity. We found that remnant native forests retained much of their compositional and structural character along the development gradient, including large tree density, total canopy cover, and plant species richness. Notable exceptions were reductions in the density and decay stage of snags and logs, and the density of understory trees. We also observed increases in the richness and cover of herb and grass species and increases in the number of exotic plant species. In contrast, structural complexity was reduced in the landscape surrounding forest remnants in all measures except large tree density. We conclude that remnant native forests contribute significantly to maintaining native species in an urbanizing landscape, and that land conservation practices have an important role to play in protecting native forest ecosystems.     

成都市双流县东升镇新城区中心绿带城市森林营建模式及树种选择研究

城市森林生态、景观、经济和社会等功能的发挥依赖于其营建模式及树种的选择。本文以成都市双流县东升镇新城区中心绿带为例,在分析以乡土树种为主的常用绿化植物材料生态生理特性的基础上,探讨了在成都市新建城区内适用的城市森林营建模式及树种的选择。通过研究,得出了四种适用于成都市双流县新城区中心绿带城市森林的营建模式,并建立了相应的树种选择评价指标体系,科学地对植物材料进行了选择。     

Forest structure,habitat and carbon benefits from thinning floodplain forests: Managing early stand density makes a difference

Forest ecosystems are increasingly expected to produce multiple goods and services, such as timber, biodiversity, water flows, and sequestered carbon. While many of these are not mutually exclusive, they cannot all be simultaneously maximised so that management compromise is inevitable. We used a 42-year dataset from a naturally regenerating floodplain forest of the river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) to investigate the effects of pre-commercial thinning on long-term patterns in habitat quality, forest structure and rates of carbon storage (i.e. standing aboveground carbon). Estimates of habitat quality were based on the density of hollow-bearing trees because hollows are ecologically important to many species of vertebrates and invertebrates in these forests. Thinning improved habitat value by producing 20 (±8) hollow-bearing trees per ha after 42 years, while the unthinned treatment produced none. Unthinned (highest density) stands were dominated by many slender trees, mostly <25 cm in diameter, whereas thinned stands produced negatively skewed size distributions with higher median and maximum stem diameters. Moderately thinned stands (560 trees ha⁻¹) had the highest aboveground carbon storage rate (4.1 t C year⁻¹) and the highest aboveground carbon stocks (200.2 ± 9.6 t C ha⁻¹) after 42 years, while the unthinned treatment had the lowest carbon storage rate (1.6 t C year⁻¹) and an intermediate level of aboveground standing carbon (165.1 ± 31.1 t C ha⁻¹). Our results highlight the importance of early stand density as a determinant of long-term forest structure, habitat quality and carbon storage rates. We recommend that thinning be considered as one component of a broader strategy for enhancing the structure, habitat value and aboveground carbon storage of developing floodplain forests.     

Impacts of temperate lianas on tree growth in young deciduous forests

Lianas are often overlooked in temperate ecological studies even though they are important components of forest communities. While lianas have been shown to damage tropical canopy trees and reduce the growth of juvenile trees, the impact of lianas on canopy tree growth in temperate systems is largely unknown. Growth of trees ≥8 cm dbh was examined over a 9-year period within 50-year old post-agricultural secondary forests in the Piedmont region of New Jersey, USA. Five lianas, Celastrus orbiculatus, Lonicera japonica, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans, and Vitis species, occurred throughout the forest. Total liana basal area, number of stems, and percent cover within host trees were evaluated to assess liana burdens on 606 previously censused trees. These data were related to tree growth to assess liana impacts. Forest trees were separated based on their dominance in the canopy to determine whether lianas had the potential to influence forest composition. In general, lianas in the forests were fairly abundant, with 68% of the trees having at least one liana present. On average, each tree supported 9.7 cm² of liana basal area and 23% of the canopy was covered by lianas. Most of the variation in tree growth was related to the dominance of trees within the canopy, with canopy dominant and co-dominant trees growing 2.5× more than suppressed trees. Liana basal area and number of lianas stems were not related to tree growth, but liana canopy cover decreased tree growth. However, not all trees were equally affected as canopy cover of lianas only reduced growth in dominant and co-dominant trees. Lianas were most influential on host tree growth in unsuppressed trees when occupying a majority of the canopy, only a minority of forest trees. This suppression was not related to differential liana colonization of canopy trees as all canopy classes supported equivalent liana burdens. Though lianas impacted only a minority of the trees in this system, some liana species, C. orbiculatus and Vitis spp., are still increasing and may pose future risks to forest growth and development.     

无想寺森林公园麻栎次生林群落学特征

无想寺森林公园麻栎次生林群落中立木密集程度因样地不同存在一定的差异，群落垂直结构分为乔木、灌木和草本3个层次，群落中木本植物占优势；群落的植物区系特征具有明显的热带性质，但温带区系成分也占有一定比例；群落的外貌是由小型叶、单叶、纸质叶、非全缘叶为主的落叶高位芽植物所决定的，具有明显的温带向亚热带阔叶林过渡的特点；由麻栎立木结构表明该群落处于旺盛生长期；在演替过程中能够保持落叶阔叶林的稳定结构。     

连云港城市森林分布与优化途径

在深入分析连云港城市森林建设条件与现状特征的基础上,揭示城市发展与城市森林格局和结构的相互关系,针对依山临海和"一市双城"的自然人文特征,依据生态网络理论构建连云港城市森林格局,对照国内外相关研究成果提出城市森林布局优化与建设途径。       

Conifer leader browsing by roe deer in English upland forests: Effects of deer density and understorey vegetation

At moderate to high densities ungulates can impact negatively on forest crops and these may be managed by lethal control. In production forestry an understanding of the relationship between ungulate density, habitat-related factors and the incidence of tree damage may promote more efficient ungulate damage management than by lethal control alone. In plantation forests in the north east of England, the incidence of conifer leader browsing by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) was positively associated with an index of deer density (at the site scale) and planted crop tree density (at the feeding patch scale) and was negatively associated with the relative abundance of palatable understorey vegetation (at the site scale). An interaction between the deer density index and palatable understorey browse abundance was positively associated with leader browsing. Coefficients from the optimal model were used to construct a browse probability surface across a matrix of values of deer dung density and palatable understorey vegetation abundance. This illustrated a very different relationship between dung density and conifer leader browsing probability across the various levels of palatable understorey vegetation abundance. From this we hypothesise that in areas of limited palatable understorey vegetation abundance, higher levels of culling may be required to achieve reductions in the incidence of conifer leader browsing than would be necessary in areas with moderate to high palatable understorey vegetation abundance. Improvements to understorey vegetation in concert with roe deer population control may enhance the efficiency of deer damage management in upland areas with nutrient-poor soils.     

广州市城市道路绿化树种群落结构研究

采取典型抽样的方法对广州市城市要道林带绿化树种群落进行调查分析,对该群落的树种组成、重要值、生物多样性、群落结构进行量化研究,并对广州市城市要道绿化建设模式进行全面评价,为城市绿化建设提供科学依据。       

亚热带常绿阔叶林结构、树种多样性和土壤特性的研究(英文)

采用样地调查法,对日本冲绳岛北部的亚热带常绿阔叶林的林分结构,树种组成以及土壤特性等进行了调查分析。结果表明,该亚热带林具有林冠低矮、小径木多等特点。林分的平均林冠高度仅10m,平均立木密度达5400株·hm2(≥3.0cmDBH),其中胸径小于10cm的立木占64%。林分胸高断面积为54.4m2·hm-2。30个调查样地共出现树种数(≥3.0cmDBH)达80种,分属31个科。根据树种的重要值,Castanopsis sieboldii和Schima wallichii分别为优势树种和亚优势树种。树种多样性指数(H’)平均达3.63,均衡度指数(J’)为0.71,丰富度指数(S’)为4.72。这些多样性指数都随着优势树种重要值的增加而显著降低。土壤养分测定结果表明,该森林的土壤肥力低,异质性大,并可能存在Al毒害。由相关分析知,林分密度和优势树高均与土壤pH值呈显著正相关关系;多样性指数则与土壤交换性K ,Ca2 以及Ca2 /Al3 比呈显著的正相关,而与土壤有机碳,全氮和磷呈显著的负相关。这些结果说明土壤性质是影响冲绳亚热带常绿阔叶林林分结构和树种组成多样性的重要因素。图3表4参38。     

三明市森林资源结构调整

通过对三明市森林资源结构现状和森林生态环境质量分析 ,提出森林资源结构调整的原则、步骤和方法 ,并提出三明市森林资源结构调整的总体目标和措施     

德格县城乡人居环境绿化的思考和建议

文章简述了德格县的自然条件概况和城乡人居环境绿化情况,分析了该县城乡绿化存在的主要问题和不足,提出了推进绿化工作的对策建议,并根据实际调查情况,制定了全县不同区域的树种选择方案。     

杭州森林固持CO2效应

文章在分析杭州市主要城市森林生态系统碳汇／源基础上,提出了增加杭州市城市森林生态系统碳汇效益的主要技术措施．包括合理区划和选择土地利用方式、合理的森林生态系统管理方式和退化生态系统恢复、农田生态系统合理管理和耕作等。     

佛山市城市绿化建设存在的问题及对策

对佛山市城市绿化进行实地调查,分析当前城市园林绿化设计、施工与养护管理中存在的问题,提出了应树立正确的城市绿化建设观念、强化植物空间的设计、选用乡土树种为基调树种、彰显本地特色等建议,为佛山市乃至华南地区的城市绿化建设提供参考。