杉木与七种阔叶树混交造林效果的初步研究

通过对7种优良乡土阔叶树种与杉木混交林的调查研究,结果表明:杉阔混交林提高了林分蓄积量,促进杉木和阔叶树种成林、成材。混交林中的杉木普遍比杉木纯林生长好,只有杉檫混交林例外。杉木和木兰科观光木、乳源木莲、壳斗科红锥、格氏栲以及樟科的檫树、樟树混交造林,有利于发展珍贵阔叶树种种群规模,具有推广应用前景。处理好种间关系是营造混交林成败的关键。     

不同类型沙松人工林产量及生长预测

文章对1963∽1964年在白石砬子自然保护区营造的沙松纯林、沙松-落叶松-阔叶混交林及沙松-阔叶混交林等不同林型人工林的固定标准地进行了产量观测，通过计算机拟合运算优化出指数函数Y=ae^bx，对各种类型沙松人工林进行了生长预测。结果表明，各类沙松人工林均有良好的发展前途，到55年生主伐时可获得可观的木材产量；除沙松-落叶松混交林外，其他几种混交林型材积生长量差异不显著；结合生态群落结构和生物多样性因素分析得出：在东部山区的适宜地区应大力推广培育沙松-落叶松-阔叶混交林等针阔混交林模式。     

南亚热带不同林龄人工针阔混交林物种多样性研究

为系统评价南亚热带不同林龄人工针阔混交林生物多样性的状况,在广东省佛山市云勇林场选择立地条件相近的针阔混交林,对乔木层、灌木层和草本层的生物多样性进行了比较。针阔混交林分为3个林龄段,其中针阔混交林Ⅰ为10-11a生,针阔混交林Ⅱ为7-9a生,针阔混交林Ⅲ为3-5a生。生物多样性用物种丰富度指数（S）、Shannon-Wiener指数（H′）、Simpson优势度指数（D）和Pielou 均匀度指数（E）衡量。结果表明：随着林龄的增大,针阔混交林乔木层和灌木层植物种数先减小再增大,草本层则先增大再减小。针阔混交林乔木层重要值最大的科均为杉科,其重要值随林龄的增大呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,表明杉木在演替过程中不断衰退,逐渐被阔叶树种所取代。不同林龄针阔混交林乔木层主要以樟科、金缕梅科、山茶科、大戟科、芸香科和木兰科占优。在乔木层,重要值较高的造林树种包括米老排、阴香、山杜英、藜蒴、香樟、火力楠、楝叶吴茱萸,这些树种适宜于本地区杉木林改造;重要值较高的自然更新乔木物种为鸭脚木、山苍子、山麻黄和银柴。在灌木层,重要值较高的物种因林分而异,藜蒴、鸭脚木、山苍子、山黄麻等乔木树种的幼苗具有较高的重要值,表明部分造林树种能够实现自我更新,群落处于正向演替过程中。草本层以蔓生莠竹、弓果黍、蕨、乌毛蕨和假臭草等为主。随林龄的增加,乔木层S呈上升的趋势,而H′、D和E表现为先降低后升高;灌木层S表现为先降低后升高,而H′、D和E呈现出下降的趋势;草本层所有指数则表现为先升高后下降。多样性指数的变化也反映出林分改造促进了群落的演替。     

Pine growth response to different site-preparation methods with or without post-plant herbaceous weed control on North Florida's Lower Coastal Plain

A study was initiated in 1994 to evaluate the effects of bedding timing and frequency and pre-plant herbicide application, with and without post-plant herbaceous weed control, on growth of three slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations and one loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation on flatwoods sites. Site preparation treatments included early bedding alone, late bedding alone, double bedding, early bedding plus banded pre-plant herbicide, and early bedding plus broadcast pre-plant herbicide. Each site preparation treatment was tested with and without a first-year post-plant herbicide application for herbaceous weed control (HC). Results ranging from age 5 to 11 are reported, depending on installation. Pine growth following late bedding alone was similar or greater than that with early bedding alone. Double bedding did not consistently increase pine growth as compared with single bedding alone. Early bedding plus either broadcast or banded pre-plant herbicide application generally exhibited greater pine growth than did bedding alone treatments or bedding plus post-plant herbaceous weed control treatments. Broadcast pre-plant herbicide application resulted in similar or greater growth than banded pre-plant herbicide application. Post-plant herbaceous weed control improved loblolly pine growth across all site preparation regimes on the one test location. For slash pine plantations evaluated, post-plant herbaceous weed control resulted in significant growth increases on some but not all sites. The differences in growth response to bedding and pre- and post-plant herbicide applications are discussed in relation to treatment efficacy in controlling woody shrub and herbaceous competing vegetation. Effective bedding and chemical site preparation reduces the need for post-plant herbicide applications for slash pine on certain sites. Good site preparation, including the application of herbicides for competition control, is essential for fast growing slash and loblolly pine plantations in the flatwoods.     

吉林蛟河针阔混交林乔木幼苗存活对密度和生境的响应

目的: 探究密度制约和生境过滤在群落、龄级和物种3个水平对幼苗存活的影响及相对重要性,为温带森林幼苗更新与物种多样性维持机制研究提供理论依据。方法: 基于对吉林蛟河针阔混交林209个幼苗监测样站连续3年（2016-2018）的动态监测及光照和土壤条件的测定,运用广义线性混合模型划分零模型、生物模型、生境模型和全模型4个模型,在群落、龄级和物种3个水平分析影响幼苗存活的因素及其相对重要性。结果: 2016-2018年累计调查到乔木幼苗共计3 970株,分属19种10科13属,其中重要值排名前5位的幼苗树种是水曲柳、紫椴、色木槭、红松和东北枫;至调查结束时（2018年9月）,幼苗死亡数量共计2 644株,存活率为33.4%;在群落水平上,幼苗存活率与异种幼苗邻体个体数、土壤有效钾和全磷含量均显著正相关（P < 0.05）;在龄级水平上,不同年龄幼苗个体的存活对生物邻体和非生物环境因素的响应存在差异,当年生幼苗存活率与同种幼苗邻体密度和异种幼苗邻体密度均显著正相关（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）,且与异种大树邻体胸高断面积之和显著负相关（P < 0.05）,多年生幼苗存活率与生物邻体变量无显著相关性,而与土壤有效钾和全磷含量等非生物环境因素显著正相关（P < 0.05）;在物种水平上,幼苗个体存活的影响因素表现出种间差异,水曲柳幼苗存活率与异种幼苗邻体个体数显著正相关（P < 0.05）,色木槭的幼苗存活率与同种大树邻体胸高断面积之和显著负相关（P < 0.05）,紫椴幼苗在土壤有效钾含量较高的生境中存活率更高,而红松幼苗偏好有效氮和有效磷含量较低的土壤环境。结论: 密度制约和生境过滤共同影响乔木幼苗存活,但其相对重要性随年龄和树种而变化。当年生幼苗存活主要受邻体的影响,而生境因素对多年生幼苗存活影响更显著。密度制约效应在吉林蛟河针阔混交林群落中得到验证,与土壤养分条件相关联的生境过滤作用对幼苗存活影响显著。在林分更新过程中需综合考虑幼苗个体存活影响因素的种间和龄级差异,在主要树种育苗及林下补植中需结合考虑不同树种偏好的生境因素进行适当管理。     

闽东沿海山地香椿湿地松混交林生长成效分析

通过对不同混交比例的香椿湿地松混交林与香椿、湿地松纯林的生长比较,并进行成效分析研究。结果表明：香椿与湿地松混交后,不同的混交比例,其生长量不同,在混交比例为1：2时,香椿湿地松生长量明显提高;在混交比例为1：1时,香椿的生长量提高,而湿地松的生长量受到影响。香椿湿地松以适当的比例进行混交造林,因种间关系协调,改善了林内的生态环境条件,促进了林木生长,且混交比例在1：2时,其生长效果佳,是闽东沿海山地理想的一种高产稳定、生态协调的人工针阔混交林类型。     

南亚热带不同林龄杉木针阔混交林土壤理化性质分析

森林发育对土壤理化性质有着重要的影响。在南亚热带,以杉木皆伐改造林地3个林龄段（3～5 a、7～9 a和10～11 a）的针阔混交林为研究对象,研究了土壤理化性质的变化特征以及不同理化性质指标之间的相关性。结果表明,土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度随林龄的增加呈上升趋势,而非毛管孔隙度和土壤通气度表现为先升高后降低。土壤pH值、有机质、全N、全P、全K、水解N、速效K随林龄的增加呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,而有效P处于下降的趋势。相关分析表明,不同林龄段针阔混交林的土壤容重主要取决于土壤有机质含量,自然含水量主要取决于毛管孔隙度;土壤有机质含量与全N和水解N相关性最高,土壤中绝大部分N素以有机态存在;而土壤有效P含量主要取决于土壤有机质含量,同时受土壤pH值影响也较大。     

Stand structure and establishment process of an old-growth stand in the mixed deciduous broadleaf/conifer forest of Mt. Moiwa Forest Reserve, central Hokkaido, Northern Japan

Stand structure of an old-growth forest was studied by tree (≥4.0 cm in DBH) census in a main plot of 1.3 ha and 8 additional plots (0.525 ha in total) located in the Mt. Moiwa Forest Reserve, central Hokkaido, northern Japan. Major tree species with ≥1.0% of the relative basal area and of relative number of trees (Acer mono, A. mono var.mayrii, Kalopanax pictus, Magnolia kobus var.borealis, M. obovata, Prunus ssiori, Tilia japonica, andUlmus laciniata) have positive values of skewness in DBH, which shows the abundance of smaller-sized stems. All stems over 1.3 m high in the main plot were mapped to clarify the relationship between stem densities and canopy states. Although advances from sapling (>1.3 m tall and <4.0 cm DBH) to small tree (10.0 cm ≤ DBH <25 cm) for all major component species, exceptP. ssiori andU. laciniata, were independent of canopy states, those ofP. ssiori andU. laciniata depended on canopy gaps.Betula spp. was the most abundant gap makers, butT. japonica andA. mono (including var.mayrii) were dominant species in the main plot. This suggests the shift of dominant species in the forest of the study site. Historical records of disturbance demonstrated that selective cuttings of conifers during the late 19th century were responsible for the dominance ofBetula spp. and the subsequent shift of dominant species. This fact suggests that artificial disturbance plays an important role in the establishment ofTilia japonica-Acer mono forest considered to be a climax of the mixed deciduous broadleaf/conifer forests.     

杉木枫香混交林生长及其效应研究

从林木生长及其与生态环境之间相互关系入手,对杉木枫香混交林与枫香、杉木纯林进行了定位调查研究。结果表明:混交林生长优势明显,有利于地力的维持和形成稳定的人工林群落。改善了林内的小气候条件和土壤的理化性状,是一种高产稳定、生态协调的人工针阔混交林类型,与杉木纯林相比,11年生混交林蓄积提高34.8%,土壤有机质含量增加43.3%,含氮量增加12.1%,速效氮、磷、钾含量分别增加11.5%、8.3%和11.3%。营造杉木枫香混交林是杉木纯林皆伐迹地更新,防治地力衰退的有效途径之一。     

西江中下游针阔混交林优势种群的结构及分布格局研究

以西江中下游的针阔混交林为研究对象,通过固定样地、每木调查和林下更新层调查法获得野外资料,采用径级代龄级的方法,研究主要优势树种的种群结构,以及应用方差／均值比、平均拥挤度指数、聚块指数、丛生指标、负二项式参数等5个指标分析其种群格局状况。结果表明不同优势种群的径级结构差异明显：马尾松和烟斗柯缺失或缺乏幼苗,为衰退型种群;福建青冈幼苗充足,中龄级立木占绝对优势,表现为增长型种群,但结构不稳定;鸭脚木幼苗数量丰富,径级分布呈倒J字型,为稳定的增长种群。种群的格局动态因树种和发育阶段而不同,表现为马尾松由均匀分布过渡到集群分布,福建青冈始终为群集分布,鸭脚木和烟斗柯则由幼苗的集群分布向成树阶段的随机分布转变,4个种群的格局动态呈现出聚集强度降低的扩散趋势。     

广东长潭省级自然保护区次生针阔混交林群落优势种群结构特征研究

基于UTM公里网格方法划分的66个网格,分析了长潭自然保护区次生针阔混交群落优势种群的结构特征,结果表明：（1）6600 m^2的次生针阔混交群落共计6 081株活立木,隶属于135种乔木树种,其中以杉木、马尾松、木荷、千年桐、山乌桕、毛竹、黄樟、藜蒴、青皮竹、枫香、罗浮柿、石栎等12种为优势树种。（2）12种优势树种的径级结构呈3种类型。木荷、枫香、千年桐、黄樟、藜蒴、罗浮柿和石栎等径级分布呈＂L＂增长型种群;杉木和马尾松因受人为种植和采伐影响,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级数量丰富,Ⅳ级数量迅速减少;而毛竹和青皮竹则受人为挖取竹笋的影响,Ⅰ级数量较少。（3）除山乌桕Ⅳ级为随机分布外,其他11种优势种均为群集分布,群集程度随径级增加,变化趋势不明显,反映了人为干扰成为影响长潭自然保护区次生针阔混交群落优势种群结构特征的重要因子。     

粤西次生针阔混交群落的林下植被物种组成与多样性研究

季风常绿阔叶林是南亚热带的地带性植被类型,经采伐干扰和人工造林后形成大面积的次生林。参照CTFS样地建设技术规范,于2006年在广东粤西马尾松针阔次生林建立2 hm2固定监测样地。在对样地进行调查的基础上,分析了林下植被的物种组成与多样性。结果表明：（1）样地共有维管束植物207种,隶属于79科144属,数量优势科为茜草科、大戟科、樟科、番荔枝科、紫金牛科、禾本科和蔷薇科;单种属植物较多（101属）,占总属数的70.14%。林下植物泛热带和热带亚洲成分占绝对优势,具有南亚热带向中亚热带过渡的特征。（2）物种的丰富度指数表现出乔木幼苗〉灌木层〉藤本层〉草本层;Shannon-Wiener指数表现出乔木幼苗〉藤本层〉灌木层〉草本层;Simpson指数则为乔木幼苗〉藤本层〉草本层〉灌木层;均匀度指数为乔木幼苗〉藤本层〉灌木层〉草本层。     

云南松与华山松人工混交林针叶光合速率对光及CO2浓度的响应特征

采用Licor-6400型便携式光合作用测定系统测定了人工混交林中云南松、华山松光合作用对光、CO2浓度的响应曲线,阐述了云南松、华山松光合作用对光和CO2浓度的响应特征.结果表明:云南松、华山松光合速率随光强或CO2浓度的提高而增大,均可用非直角双曲线拟合,并得出一些光合响应特征参数,两树种间差异显著(P＜0.05);云南松、华山松具有较高的光饱和点(LSP)和补偿点(LCP),表现为典型的喜阳性特点,具有较强的光能利用能力.在CO2饱和下,云南松、华山松最大净光合速率(Pmax)分别可达14.768、10.289 μmol·m-2·s-1,与光饱和下相比,最大净光合速率(Pmax)分别提高了56.9%和62.0%.与华山松及几个北方针叶树相比,云南松具有较高的光饱和点、最大净光合速率、RuBP羧化效率(CE)、光呼吸速率(却)、CO2饱和点(CSP),以及较低的暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光补偿点、CO2补偿点(CCP),云南松具有高光效和高CO2利用率等光合特性,属于高光能生产潜力的针叶树种.     

丘陵山地针阔混交林光合作用-光响应特性研究

为探讨丘陵山地针阔混交林中杉木、马尾松、红榉、闽楠、南酸枣5个混交树种对光环境的适应及生理响应,对5个混交树种树冠上、下层叶绿素含量、净光合速率、光响应曲线等光合特性进行了研究。结果表明:混交林中各树种净光合速率与树冠部位、叶绿素含量均达到显著相关性。闽楠叶绿素a/b最低,并具有较高的表观量子效率,为耐阴树种;南酸枣与红榉的叶绿素a/b较高,表观量子效率较低,为喜光树种;杉木、马尾松叶绿素a/b和表观量子效率居中,为喜光树种,略耐阴。闽楠、红榉、杉木光适应幅度较大,且兼具不同需光特性,是适宜的针阔混交造林配置树种。     

Wildlife responses to thinning and burning treatments in southwestern conifer forests: A meta-analysis

After a century of fire suppression, conifer forests in the western United States have dramatically departed from conditions that existed prior to Euro-American settlement, with heavy fuel loads and an increased incidence of wildfire. To reduce this threat and improve overall forest health, land managers are designing landscape-scale treatments that strategically locate thinning and burning treatments to disrupt fuel continuity, allowing managed wildfires to burn the remaining area. A necessary step in designing and evaluating these treatments is understanding their ecological effects on wildlife. We used meta-analysis to compare effects of small-diameter removal (thinnings and shelterwoods) and burning treatments, selective harvesting, overstory removal (including clearcutting), and wildfire on wildlife species in southwestern conifer forests. We hypothesized that small-diameter removal and burning treatments would have minimal effects on wildlife compared to other treatments. We found 33 studies that met our criteria by (1) comparing density or reproductive output for wildlife species, (2) using forest management or wildfire treatments, (3) implementing control-impact or before-after control-impact design using unmanaged stands as controls, and (4) occurring in Arizona or New Mexico ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) or mixed conifer (Abies/Picea/Pinus) forest. The 22 studies suitable for meta-analysis occurred ≤20 years post-treatment on sites <400 ha. Small-diameter harvest and burning treatments had positive effects but thin/burn and selective harvest treatments had no detectable effect on most small mammals and passerine bird species reported in studies; overstory removal and wildfire resulted in an overall negative response. We examined foraging guild responses to treatments; ground-foraging birds and rodents had no strong response. Aerial-, tree-, and bole-foraging birds had positive or neutral responses to the small-diameter removal and burning treatments, but negative responses to overstory removal and wildfire. Small-diameter removal and burning treatments as currently being implemented in the Southwest do not negatively impact most of the wildlife species in the studies we examined in the short-term (≤10 years). We believe a combination of treatments in a patchy arrangement across the landscape will result in the highest diversity and density. We recommend that managers implement thinning and burning treatments, but that future research efforts focus on long-term responses of species at larger spatial scales, use reproductive output as a more informative response variable, and target species for which there is a paucity of data.     

长汀生态恢复区不同混交比例针阔混交林内马尾松种群动态及其驱动机制

【目的】分析我国亚热带生态恢复典型先锋物种马尾松在不同混交比例针阔混交林内的种群动态及其驱动机制,为深入理解亚热带植被重建与恢复进程奠定基础。【方法】基于福建省长汀县生态恢复区4块不同混交比例针阔混交林内马尾松种群调查数据,构建积分投影模型并运用弹性分析、生命表响应试验等方法,探究混交林内马尾松种群动态及其驱动机制。【结果】针阔混交林内马尾松种群整体表现为持续衰退状态（种群增长率λ<1）,随着阔叶树种在林分中相对多度增加,马尾松个体平均存活率和平均繁殖率以及λ均呈先上升后下降趋势。弹性分析表明,个体存活对混交林内马尾松种群增长最重要,小径级个体正生长利于种群发展,繁殖对种群增长的影响较为有限。随着阔叶树种相对多度增加,对马尾松种群增长最重要的个体逐渐由幼苗转变为成年树,种群维持风险逐渐增大。生命表响应试验显示,个体生长差异是不同混交林间马尾松种群增长差异的主要来源。【结论】随着阔叶树种混交比例上升,马尾松种群内幼苗和幼年树的比例和重要性持续降低,成年树的比例和重要性不断增加,不同生活史阶段个体生命率的差异化响应驱动马尾松种群动态变化。