青海省环湖牧区家庭牧场生产经营模式探讨

本文紧紧围绕提高畜牧业和牧区经济的质量和效益,增加牧民收入这一核心,阐述现阶段在环青海湖区家庭牧场建设生产经营的标准、机制和模式,为在全省推广草地畜牧业家庭牧场提供一个可行的生产经营模式,对实现草地畜牧业持续、稳定发展具有重要的现实意义。     

青海省环湖牧区家庭牧场生产经营模式探讨

本文紧紧围绕提高畜牧业和牧区经济的质量和效益，增加牧民收入这一核心，阐述现阶段在环青海湖区家庭牧场建设生产经营的标准、机制和模式，为在全省推广草地畜牧业家庭牧场提供一个可行的生产经营模式，对实现草地畜牧业持续、稳定发展具有重要的现实意义。     

基于新牧区家庭牧场的草地可持续发展——以鄂温克旗巴彦呼硕嘎查为例

本文在分析国内外草地畜牧业家庭牧场优化经营模式,针对牧区所面临改善草原生态、提高放牧管理水平,发展现代畜牧业的问题,通过政府支持、部门资金整合、项目捆绑、嘎查自筹及融资,牧民自筹,企业赞助等形式,在基础设施日臻完善,人居环境优美,生态环境逐步好转、牧业稳步增效、牧民持续增收的新牧区发展道路上迈出了第一步,为总结草地畜牧业家庭牧场优化经营模式打下基础,成为呼伦贝尔市新牧区建设的典型试点嘎查。     

青藏高原牧区典型家庭牧场选择方法研究——以甘肃省玛曲县为例

青藏高原草原牧区典型家庭牧场选择对牧区畜牧业科研成果推广具有重要意义。以甘肃省玛曲县20户家庭牧场为基础,以户均草地面积、家畜数量、经济收入和支出4个因素作为典型牧户的选择依据,并分别对以生产资料为依据的典型家庭牧场、以经营水平为依据的典型家庭牧场和以生产资料和经营水平综合的典型家庭牧场进行了分析,选出牧户2、12、13和19为研究区典型家庭牧场,其户均草地面积、家畜数量、经济收入和支出分别为195.0 hm2、452.5羊单位、5.08万元和4.18万元。分析结果表明,这些家庭牧场能代表调查区多数家庭牧场草畜生产经营状况和牧民生活水平。     

A selective approach to typical householder farm in the pastoral regions of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau

青藏高原草原牧区典型家庭牧场选择对牧区畜牧业科研成果推广具有重要意义。以甘肃省玛曲县20户家庭牧场为基础,以户均草地面积、家畜数量、经济收入和支出4个因素作为典型牧户的选择依据,并分别对以生产资料为依据的典型家庭牧场、以经营水平为依据的典型家庭牧场和以生产资料和经营水平综合的典型家庭牧场进行了分析,选出牧户2、12、13和19为研究区典型家庭牧场,其户均草地面积、家畜数量、经济收入和支出分别为195.0hm2、452.5羊单位、5.08万元和4.18万元。分析结果表明,这些家庭牧场能代表调查区多数家庭牧场草畜生产经营状况和牧民生活水平。     

典型草原家庭牧场草地资源利用行为分异机制及管理策略研究

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟典型草原为研究区域,依据牧户调查样本数据及统计资料,研究家庭牧场草地资源利用行为分异机制及管理策略。结果表明,因牲畜规模不同,家庭牧场在融资、草场流转、超载经营等方面表现出差异性;分大户组和小户组对家庭牧场面板数据(Panel Data)生产函数模型回归,发现规模报酬和要素弹性存在分组差异。可见,家庭牧场草地资源利用行为分异的内在机制是以牲畜特殊资产性质为基础的家庭牧场融资能力-生产经营行为-草地资源利用行为的关联性差异,外部驱动条件则是市场化经营和草畜平衡管理制度。现行草原制度管理政策与家庭牧场差异性行为存在矛盾,建议设立草场流转补贴,以改善当前草场流转不畅的局面;考虑家庭牧场超载差异,减轻违规超载处罚力度,重视合法超载限额管理;加强牧业技能培训和非牧就业培训等,发展现代生态畜牧业。     

加强家庭牧场的建设促进草地畜牧业持续发展

家庭牧场是在我国牧区深化改革的基础上涌现出来的新生事物。它是适应我国广大牧区草地畜牧业生产力发展的基本生产经营单位。对实现高产、优质高效的现代化集约经营和加速草地畜牧业稳定、持续发展具有重要作用。在草地畜牧业生产中显示了强大的生命力和无比的优越性，是建立社会主义市场经济体制的重要基础和草地畜牧业新的增长点，是迈向现代化畜牧业的先行力量。具有草地资源利用合理、社会、经济、生态效益协同发展；基础设施加强，生产持续发展；科学经营，效益高；促进了商品和市场经济的发展；牧户的生活水平显著提高等基本特征。因此，要重视家庭牧场的建设，促进草地畜牧业持续发展     

家庭牧场优化模式在甘南州的推广与实践效果评价

通过牧民定居,草地围栏,人工种草,棚舍建设,畜群结构调整和疫病防治6项主要技术措施的应用,引导8户牧民建立并示范推广“六化”家庭牧场,使其由游牧业生产方式变为定居方式,实行产业化经营。结果表明,示范与推广区草地的畜产品产量明显增加,草原保护与利用关系进一步和谐,牧民收入有明显增加,生活质量得以改善,在甘肃高寒牧区推广运用“六化”家庭牧场优化模式有良好前景。     

草地畜牧业现状与未来发展趋势

<正>一、草地畜牧业概况草地畜牧业是利用草地直接放牧牲畜,或将草地作为饲草刈割地以饲养牲畜的畜牧业。现代草地畜牧业包括草地牧草生产、草地畜禽生产、畜产品加工与流通、草地牧场景观及文化经营等环节在内的产业,是一种重要的畜牧业生产方式和经济类型。草地牧场包含不同经济性质的牧场,既包括国营牧场,也包括家庭牧场和多种混合所有制的牧场。草地和生活在草地上的肉牛、羊、马、兔、鹅等草食畜禽是草地牧场主要的生产资料。现代草     

科尔沁草地家庭生态牧场模式探讨

针对目前科尔沁天然草地超载过牧、普遍退化的实际,论述了家庭生态牧场的概念和建设家庭生态牧场的重要意义,探讨了建设家庭生态牧场的可行性,提出了家庭生态牧场的总体规划模式,确定了每个家庭生态牧场家畜饲养规模控制在300个羊单位以内、出栏率达到100%;各类可食饲草料年生产能力208 065 kg;天然放牧场113.3 hm2,打草场20 hm2,多年生豆科人工草地6.7 hm2,青贮饲料地3.3 hm2的草畜平衡规划模式.     

The Michigan equine monitoring system. II. Frequencies and impact of selected health problems

A prospective study was designed to document the frequencies of equine health problems in the state of Michigan, USA. A total of 2469 horses from a random sample of 138 equine operations were monitored in the study in two 12-month periods: 1992–1993 and 1993–1994. All the major breeds of horses in the state were proportionately represented in the sample. Using weighted annual incidence densities as measures of disease frequencies, the 10 most frequently observed groups of health problems were (from most to least frequent) leg lameness, dermatological problems, respiratory problems, hoof and foot problems, reproductive problems, systemic problems, colic, whole body lameness, neurological problems and gastrointestinal problems (other than colic). This ranking of the top 10 health problems was different from the ranking provided by equine owners/operators at the beginning of the study.

Overall, very low specific mortality rates were observed in the study. However, the conditions that were associated with mortality resulted in fairly high case fatalities. The five specific illnesses that most commonly resulted in fatalities were (from greatest to least case fatality risk) systemic problems, colic, gastrointestinal problems (other than colic), neurological problems, and foot and hoof problems.

Impact of disease was evaluated in terms of average duration of a case and days lost for performance. Neurological problems, lameness and dermatological problems had the longest duration per case. Neurological problems, lameness, respiratory problems and gastrointestinal problems (other than colic) had the longest average days lost per case.     

Attitudes, procedures, and delivery of behavior services by veterinarians in small animal practice

OBJECTIVE: To survey veterinarians in small animal practice concerning their attitudes about delivery of behavior services, frequency of common behavior problems, manner in which services were provided, confidence in their clinical ability to treat these behavior problems, frequency of use of pharmacologic intervention, and number of dogs and cats euthanatized specifically because of behavior problems. DESIGN: Cross-sectional mail survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: Random sample of veterinarians in small animal practice in the United States. PROCEDURE: A self-administered mail survey was sent to a random sample of 2,000 veterinarians. Results were tabulated and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: It was estimated that approximately 224,000 dogs and cats were euthanatized annually in small animal veterinary practices in the United States because of behavior problems. Although veterinarians seemed unwilling to euthanatize animals for behavior problems solely on the basis of a client's request, many veterinarians did not routinely inquire about animal behavior and often were not confident in their clinical skills to treat behavior problems. Female veterinarians tended to be more proactive in addressing behavior problems and to have more positive attitudes than male veterinarians about the importance of animal behavior. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Efforts are needed to increase the number of veterinarians who systematically incorporate inquiries about animal behavior into routine clinical practice and to build the confidence of veterinarians for diagnosing and treating animal behavior problems.     

A survey of trailering problems in horses

A history form was sent to owners of 103 horses with trailer problems to determine what types of problems with trailering the horses exhibited, as well as the techniques the owners had used to mitigate the problem. Horses had problems with loading (53.4%) and traveling (51.5%). Of the horses who exhibited problems during travel, most had problems when the vehicle first began to move (53%) or when it went around a curve (47%). Less than half the horses (28.2%) had been cured by the methods the owners used. Breed differences in type of problems, in incidence of multiple problems, and in improvement were compared. There were no statistical differences in breed representation, either overall, or for any one particular problem or combination of problems. Quarter Horses, Thoroughbreds, and Arabians were the most commonly presented breeds and the most common breeds at the time of the survey. No breed was more likely to be cured/improved or not. Orientation in the trailer and association of the trailer with aversive experiences may be important components of the etiology of trailering problems.     

Seroprevalence of Canine Herpesvirus-1 and Brucella canis in Finnish Breeding Kennels with and without Reproductive Problems

We compared the serological status of Brucella canis and canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1) in Finnish breeding kennels with and without reproductive problems. Dogs from kennels with reproductive problems had significantly higher CHV-1 titres than dogs from kennels having no reproductive problems (p < 0.001). In dogs from kennels with reproductive problems 100% (32/32) had positive titres, whereas in dogs from kennels without reproductive problems 65% (22/34) had positive titres. The median titre for dogs from kennels with reproductive problems was 1 : 160 and for dogs from kennels without reproductive problems 1 : 80. The high prevalence of positive CHV-1 titres in this study indicates that prevention of the disease is difficult and reinforces the need to minimize the reproductive problems caused by CHV-1. All 388 dogs from 94 kennels had negative B. canis titres.     

A survey of swine production health problems and health maintenance expenditures

Swine producers in the Missouri Mail-In-Record program provided information on herd health problems, death losses and health maintenance expenditures in their swine herd for the years 1978 and 1979. Swine health problems and death losses dampen profits for swine producers. During the study period approximately one-third of all pigs raised by Missouri Mail-In-Record swine panel producers were affected by health problems. It is important for swine producers to keep health problems under control. Important health problems for swine producers were scours, pneumonia, salmonellosis, TGE, and influenza. Important death causal factors were crushing or trauma, scours, lack of milk, and pneumonia. Health problems and death losses were most severe during the first quarter of the year. The major swine health expenditure was for services which were farmer administered. On a relative basis smaller producers depended more on veterinarians for seervices than did larger producers. Also, producers that had more than one type of production technology (pasture, confinement, etc.) tended to have larger animal health expenditure levels.     

Behavioral problems in old dogs: 26 cases (1984-1987)

Among 26 dogs greater than or equal to 10 years old, the most frequent owner complaints relating to behavioral problems were destructive behavior in the house (n = 10), inappropriate urination or defecation in the house (n = 10), and excessive vocalization (n = 7). The most frequent behavioral diagnoses were separation anxiety (n = 13) and breakdown of housetraining (n = 6). Most of the behavioral problems in the 26 dogs began after the dogs reached the age of 10 years, and most of the dogs had been owned for many years without having behavioral problems. Few behavioral problems in old dogs had a medical basis. Most cases of inappropriate urination or defecation in the house were not related to urinary or fecal incontinence, but were exacerbated by problems such as degenerative joint disease and renal disease. Behavioral therapy is appropriate for behavioral problems in old dogs, and, taking into account an old dog's health and physical limitations, techniques used are the same as for younger dogs.     

Dairy-cattle health in Gyeongnam, Korea.

An animal-health monitoring system in the Gyeongnam area was started in 1997 to develop statistically valid data for use in estimating disease frequencies in dairy cattle, and the associated costs. The objectives of this study were to: (1) describe what was done to implement and maintain the system in Gyeongnam; (2) present selected disease frequencies; (3) discuss the epidemiological consideration of what was done and implications for results obtained.Veterinary medical officers (VMOs), comprising professors and graduate students from Gyeongsang National University, faculty of Gyeongnam Livestock Promotion Institute and clinic veterinarians, served as data collectors. After training on current disease and management problems of dairy cattle, interview techniques, sampling methods and data-collection instruments, the VMOs participated in selection of the sample herds and data gathering. Forty (n=40) of 167 dairy herds were selected randomly using a computer-generated list of random numbers and the VMOs visited farms once in a month for 12 months to collect data about management, disease, inventory, production, preventive treatment, financial and other relevant data. Strict data-quality control devices were used. Specific feed-back was developed for the producers and data collectors.The six disorders found most frequently in cows (from the highest to the lowest) were breeding problems, clinical mastitis, birth problems, gastrointestinal problems, metabolic problems and lameness. In young stock, respiratory, multiple system, breeding and gastrointestinal problems were predominant, whereas in calves, gastrointestinal, respiratory and integumental problems predominated.     

Behavioral problems of geriatric dogs and cats

Dogs and cats that have been perfectly acceptable pets for many years may develop behavioral problems with old age. Most often these problems develop in animals that have never been very well behaved but have been tolerated by the owners until the problem has somehow exacerbated secondary to some other geriatric problem. The behavioral problems of old dogs most likely to be encountered by the practitioner are those of deaf dogs, dogs that house-soil because of renal, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal problems, and dogs that are aggressive because of a change in the number of animals or humans in the household or that are aggressive secondary to a chronic painful condition such as arthritis. Common feline problems may concern changes in the cat's environment. The treatment of behavioral problems of old animals is similar to the treatment of the problems of young animals, except that the physical limitations and disabilities of the old, usually ill, animal must be considered. Owners should be advised of the behavioral problems that may occur secondary to degenerative diseases and also be persuaded to keep social and environmental changes to a minimum in an old animal's life.     

Investigation of mastitis problems on farms.

The production of high-quality milk is a high-priority issue for dairy farmers and milk processors. The investigation of mastitis problems on dairy farms is an area of increasing demand and is an ideal way for veterinary practitioners to increase involvement in production medicine programs. Goals for the amount of clinical and subclinical mastitis should be predefined on dairy farms, and a herd investigation initiated when needed. The use of a structured approach to mastitis problems can identify risk factors for infection, result in rapid resolution of mastitis problems, and hasten the application of appropriate preventive practices.     

Of Grouse and Golden Eggs: Can Ecosystems Be Managed Within a Species-Based Regulatory Framework?

Declining greater sage-grouse populations are causing concern for the future of this species across the western United States. Major ecosystem issues, including exotic annual grass invasion and conifer encroachment, threaten vast acreages of sagebrush rangeland and are primary threats to sage-grouse. We discuss types of problems facing sage-grouse habitat and argue that complex ecosystem problems may be difficult to address under the Endangered Species Act as currently applied. Some problems, such as anthropogenic development, can be effectively regulated to produce a desired outcome. Other problems that are complex and involve disruption of ecosystem processes cannot be effectively regulated and require ongoing commitment to adaptive management. We believe that historical inertia of the regulatory paradigm is sufficient to skew management toward regulatory mechanisms, even though complex ecosystem problems impact large portions of the sage-grouse range. To overcome this situation, we suggest that the regulatory approach embodied in the Endangered Species Act be expanded to include promoting management trajectories needed to address complex ecosystem problems. This process should begin with state-and-transition models as the basis for a conceptual framework that outlines potential plant communities, their value as sage-grouse habitat, and their ecological status. Desired management trajectories are defined by maintenance of an ecologically resilient state that is of value as sage-grouse habitat, or movement from a less desired to a more desired state. Addressing complex ecosystem problems will involve shifting conservation roles. Under the regulatory approach, programmatic scales define regulatory policies, and local scales focus on implementing those policies. With complex ecosystem problems, programmatic scales empower local conservationists to make decisions necessary to adaptively manage problems. Putting ecosystem management on par with traditional regulatory actions honors obligations to provide regulatory protections while maintaining the capacity of the ecosystem to produce habitat and greatly expands the diversity of stakeholders willing to participate in sage-grouse conservation.