溶液载体和用药部位对甲硝唑在犬中透皮吸收的影响

研究不同的溶液载体（PBS,5％薄荷醇和5％氮酮）和不同部位的皮肤对甲硝唑在犬中体外透皮吸收和皮内摄取的影响。取下北京犬颈部、胸部以及腹部皮肤,-20℃保存。使用时,皮肤解冻固定在改良Franz透皮扩散仪上,保持恒速（200±1）r／min,恒温（35±0．5）℃。在扩散池中的皮肤角质层上加入2mL溶液载体（含甲硝唑58．4μmol）,以20％乙醇为溶剂溶解薄荷醇和氮酮,在预定时间点取样1mL,采用HPLC方法测定各接受液中的药物量和皮肤中摄取的药物量。结果显示,与PBS相比,薄荷醇和氮酮能增加所有部位甲硝唑的透皮吸收量和皮内摄取量（P〈0．05）。同一溶液载体在不同部位的渗透性存在差异,腹部〉颈部〉胸部,不同部位的皮内摄取量也存在差异,颈部〉胸部〉腹部。说明甲硝唑在不同溶液载体和不同部位皮肤的渗透性存在差异。     

薄荷醇和氮酮对甲硝唑在犬中体外透皮吸收的影响

研究不同的溶液载体（PBS,5％薄荷醇和5％氮酮）和不同部位的皮肤对甲硝唑在犬中体外透皮吸收和皮内摄取的影响。取下北京犬颈部、胸部以及腹部皮肤,-20℃保存。使用时,皮肤解冻固定在改良Franz透皮扩散仪上,保持恒速（200±1）r／min,恒温（35±0．5）℃。在扩散池中的皮肤角质层上加入2mL溶液载体（含甲硝唑58．4μmol）,以20％乙醇为溶剂溶解薄荷醇和氮酮,在预定时间点取样1mL,采用HPLC方法测定各接受液中的药物量和皮肤中摄取的药物量。结果显示,与PBS相比,薄荷醇和氮酮能增加所有部位甲硝唑的透皮吸收量和皮内摄取量（P〈0．05）。同一溶液载体在不同部位的渗透性存在差异,腹部〉颈部〉胸部,不同部位的皮内摄取量也存在差异,颈部〉胸部〉腹部。说明甲硝唑在不同溶液载体和不同部位皮肤的渗透性存在差异。     

利福平透皮溶液的经皮渗透研究

本实验采用Franz扩散池，研究了利福平（Rifampin）透皮溶液的体外透皮吸收情况。实验结果表明，透皮溶液中的药物能透过离体小白鼠皮肤，且透皮渗透促进剂能明显促进药物的透皮吸收。     

呋喃妥因透皮吸收作用的研究

采用简单小室法,初步研究了呋喃妥因软膏体外透皮吸收情况。结果表明,０．５％的氨酮对呋喃肥因无透皮促进作用,含２％氮酮的呋喃肥因软膏在各时间下的透皮吸收量比不含氮酮者均提高１倍以上;含２％与１％呋喃妥因的软膏之间,含两种透皮促进剂与一种透皮促进剂的软膏之间,呋喃妥因的透皮吸收在数量统计学上无显著差异。     

三组药物对离体猪皮不同部位透皮效果的研究

采用ZRS－4型智能溶出仪为体外透皮装置，用紫外分光光度计检测3组药物（黄连＋冰片、黄连＋冰片＋氮酮、黄连＋蒽诺沙星＋氮酮）对仔猪不同部位（腰背部、腹侧部、腹底部）离体皮肤的透过率。结果，相同药物在不同部位的透皮率差异显著（P＜0．05）；3组药物在相同部位的透皮率无显著差异（P＞0．05）。表明，机体用药部位的选择对皮治疗的效果具有重要意义。     

中药透皮吸收的研究进展

中药透皮吸收因无首过清除、血药浓度稳定等优点已成为经皮给药研究的热点和重点之一,与此相应的透皮吸收促渗剂、促渗方法也取得较大的发展.本文介绍了中药透皮吸收机理、透皮吸收药物的研究现状及促渗剂和促渗方法研究,简要分析了中药透皮吸收中存在的问题.     

不同剂量阿维菌素透皮溶液防治牦牛皮蝇蛆病效果观察

为降低防治牛皮蝇蛆病的药物成本,用不同剂量的阿维菌素透皮溶液对牦牛皮蝇蛆病进行了防治试验,试验结果表明:1/2剂量组(285头)的感染率降为0,驱净率100%;1/4剂量组(234头)的感染率亦降为0%,驱净率100%;134头对照组牦牛中感染124头的感染率为92.5%,平均感染强度8.38个.应用推荐剂量(0.1mg/kg)的1/2和1/4防治牦牛皮蝇蛆病,效果显著.     

对猪皮不同部位药物透皮效果的研究

本试验采用ZRS-4型智能溶出仪为体外透皮装置，用紫外分光光度计测得3组药物(1组：黄连 冰片；2组：黄连 冰片 二甲亚砜；3组：黄连 恩诺沙星 二甲亚砜)在30～35日龄仔猪的不同部位皮肤的透过率，以研究不同部位皮肤对不同药物的透皮效果的影响。     

松萝酸体外透皮试验研究

采用简化体外透皮释放测定装置 ,初步研究了松萝酸在透皮促渗剂作用下的透皮吸收作用。结果表明单一的透皮促进剂氮酮 ( Azone)及以氮酮为主的复合透皮促进剂 ( 2 % Azone 2 0 %丙二醇 ,2 % Azone 2 0 %二甲基亚砜 ,2 % Azone 2 0 %尿素 )对松萝酸的透皮吸收均无促进作用     

Vehicle Effects on the <Emphasis Type="Italic">In Vitro</Emphasis> Penetration of Testosterone through Equine Skin

The effects of three vehicles, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), ethanol (50% in PBS w/w) and propylene glycol (50% in PBS w/w) on in vitro transdermal penetration of testosterone was investigated in the horse. Skin was harvested from the thorax of five Thoroughbred horses after euthanasia and stored at −20^°C until required. The skin was then defrosted and placed into Franz-type diffusion cells, which were maintained at approximately 32^°C by a water bath. Saturated solutions of testosterone, containing trace amounts of radiolabelled [¹⁴C]testosterone, in each vehicle were applied to the outer (stratum corneum) surface of each skin sample and aliquots of receptor fluid were collected at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 20, 22 and 24 h and analysed for testosterone by scintillation counting. The maximum flux (J _max) of testosterone was significantly higher for all sites when testosterone was dissolved in a vehicle containing 50% ethanol or 50% propylene glycol, compared to PBS. In contrast, higher residues of testosterone were found remaining within the skin when PBS was used as a vehicle. This study shows that variability in clinical response to testosterone could be expected with formulation design.     

甲硝唑对鸡离体外周血淋巴细胞的作用

对咪唑类化合物甲硝唑对离体鸡外周血淋巴细胞(PBL)增殖及伴刀豆球蛋白A(ConA)诱导细胞(CIC)活性的作用并与咪唑类化合物左旋咪唑进行了比较；甲硝唑和左旋咪唑均以剂量依赖性方式促进鸡PBL的增殖；甲硝唑和左旋咪唑与ConA对促进鸡PBL增殖均呈现协同作用；甲硝唑和左旋咪唑对脂多糖(LPS)激活鸡PBL均具有明显促增殖作用；甲硝唑和左旋咪唑均可逆转磷酸组胺和肾上肾对ConA和nLPS激活鸡PBL增殖的抑制作用；高浓度左旋咪唑(100～400μg／mL)可明显逆转氢化可的松对ConA激活鸡PBL增殖的抑制作用，各种浓度甲硝唑和左旋咪唑均可明显逆转氢化可的松对LPS激活鸡PBL增殖的抑制作用；甲硝唑和左旋咪唑均可促进CD^ 4细胞增殖，抑制CE^ 8细胞增殖，使CD^ 4／CD^ 8细胞比值升高，CIC活性增强。     

Effects of Gonadotropins on In Vitro Maturation and of Electrical Stimulation on Parthenogenesis of Canine Oocytes

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of gonadotropins on in vitro maturation (IVM) and electrical stimulation on the parthenogenesis of canine oocytes. In experiment I, cumulus oocyte complexes were collected from ovaries at a random phase of the oestrus cycle and cultured on maturation medium treated with hCG or eCG for 48 or 72 h. There were no significant differences in the effects on the metaphase II (MII) rate between the hCG and eCG treatment groups over 48 h (5.4% vs 5.5%). The MII rate in the co-treatment group of hCG and eCG for 48 h was higher than in each hormone treated group (15.5%, p < 0.05). In experiment 2, the parthenogenetic effect on oocyte development, at various electrical field strengths (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 kV/cm DC) for 60 or 80 μs with a single DC pulse after IVM on the co-treatment of hCG and eCG, was examined. The rate of pronuclear formation (37.1%) in electrical activation at 1.5 kV/60 μs without cytochalasin B (CB) was higher than that of oocytes activated in the other groups (p < 0.05). However, we did not observe the cleavage stages. Also, CB did not influence parthenogenesis of canine oocytes. The results showed that the pronucleus formation rate, indicative of the parthenogenesis start point, could be increased by electrical stimulation. Therefore, these results can provide important data for the parthenogenesis of canine oocytes and suggest the probability of parthenogenesis in canines.     

不同浓度氮酮、薄荷醇对盐酸特比萘芬体外经皮渗透作用的影响

为选择促进盐酸特比萘芬(TBF)透皮扩散作用的促渗剂,选用立式Franz扩散池,以犬离体皮肤为透皮屏障,通过计算含不同浓度氮酮(AZ)、薄荷醇(MT)组盐酸特比萘芬透皮试验的累积渗透量Q、稳态流速Jss、渗透系数Kp和增渗比ER等参数来比较促渗效果.结果显示试验中所有组别促渗剂都具有促渗作用,作用由强至弱依次为1%AZ**>5%MT**>3%AZ**>3%MT**>1%MT*>5%AZ*,其中薄荷醇组促渗效果与浓度呈线性正相关,而氮酮组则呈线性负相关.虽然各组促渗剂均起促进作用,但薄荷醇组的效果优于氮酮组,加之薄荷醇属天然物质,毒副作用低,所以更适合作为药物外用制剂的促渗剂.     

The Effects of Wound Lavage Solutions on Canine Fibroblasts: An In Vitro Study

Objective —The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), sterile tap water, normal saline, and Ringer's lactate on wound healing in an in vitro model.
Study Design —The effects of PBS, sterile tap water, normal saline, and Ringer's lactate on a primary line of canine embryonic fibroblasts were determined.
Animals or Sample Population —A primary line of canine embryonic fibroblasts.
Methods —The effects of the various lavage solutions were determined by (1) vital staining of the treated cells with a 0.5% trypan blue solution, (2) evaluation of the amount of lactate dehydrogenase released by the treated cells, and (3) cytopathologic evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained monolayers of treated canine fibroblasts. The cells were exposed to the lavage treatments for the following time intervals: 0.5 minute, 1 minute, 2.5 minutes, 5 minutes, and 10 minutes. PBS was used as the control.
Results —Sterile tap water significantly damaged canine fibroblasts at all time intervals ( P = .05). This was attributed to the alkaline pH, hypotonicity, and presence of numerous cytotoxic trace elements in the tap water used. Cytotoxic effects were noted in fibroblasts after 10 minutes' exposure to normal saline; this may be because of the acidic pH of normal saline and lack of a buffering system. Ringer's lactate did not induce any significant fibroblast injury.
Conclusions —PBS and Ringer's lactate do not induce any significant fibroblast injury, whereas normal saline and sterile tap water cause mild and severe cytotoxic effects in vitro.
Clinical Relevance —Further clinical investigation is indicated to establish whether Ringer's lactate is the wound lavage solution of choice compared with normal saline. Sterile tap water may cause considerable fibroblast injury.     

The Macroscopic and Microscopic Effects of Intradermal Injection of Crude and Purified Staphylococcal Extracts on Canine Skin

Abstract— Intradermal injection of staphylococcal protein A, and crude extracts of Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus in normal dogs elicited dose-dependent increases in skin fold thickness. The most concentrated doses of S. inlermedius elicited a significantly greater response than the equivalent dose of S. aureus between 30 min and 4 h after injection (p < 0.05). This may be due to prior sensitisation or may indicate that S. intermedius is more virulent. At all other times and doses there was no significant difference between the two crude staphylococcal extracts. Histological examination indicated that while there were differences between the responses to the three extracts, all three elicited similar epidermal lesions (sub-corneal pustules, spongiosis and hyperplasia) and superficial perivascular dermatitis. A similar pattern of changes has been recorded in canine superficial pyoderma supporting the hypothesis that penetration of staphylococcal products into the dermis is involved in the pathogenesis of the lesions of pyoderma. Résumé— Des injections de Protéine A et d'extraits totaux de Staphylococcus intermedius et Staphylococcus aureus sur des chiens normaux entrainent des augmentations dose dépendantes du pli de peau et de l'érythème. La does plus concentrée de Staphycolococcus intermedius entrainent une réponse plus importante statistiquement significative que la réponse obtenue avec une concentration équivalente de Staphylococcus aureus entre 30 minutes et 4 heures après l'injection (p < 0,05). Ceci peut être due à une sensibilisation antérieure ou peut indiquer que Staphylococcus intermedius est plus virulent. Par contre, il n'existe pas de differences significatives entre les deux types d'extraits staphylocoques totaux à d'autres temps et concentrations. Les lesions histopathologiques montrent que tandis qu'il existe des differences entre les réponses aux trois extraits, tous les trois montrent des lesions épidermiques similaires (pustules sous cornées, spongiose et hyperplasie) et de dermatite périvasculaire superficielle. Des lesions semblables sont observées dans les pyodermites superficielles canines. Ceci conforte l'hypothèse que la penetration des produits staphylococciques dans le derme joue en role dans la pathogénie des lesions de pyodermite. [Mason, I. S., LLOyD, D. H. The macroscopic and microscopic effects of intradermal injection of crude and purified staphylococcal extracts on canine skin (Effects macroscopiques et microscopiques de l'injection intradermique d'extraits totaux et purifies staphylococciques sur la peau du chien.     

犬临床常见皮肤病的诊断与治疗

引起犬皮肤病的因素很多,论文通过查阅文献结合宠物临床诊疗病例,对犬皮肤病类型进行综合梳理,并对各类型皮肤病诊断和治疗进行阐述。     

浇泼剂对小鼠皮肤组织结构的影响

给小白鼠背部按一定剂量浇泼阿维菌素浇泼剂及倍硫磷浇泼剂，于８ｈ、２４ｈ、３５ｈ将用药小鼠处死，背部（用药部位）取材，分别进行光学显微镜及透射电子显微镜观察。结果，阿维菌素浇泼剂按０．００４ｍｌ／１０ｇ浇泼，约有２０％的表皮上皮细胞角化及脱落，而按０．１ｍｌ／１０ｇ浇泼，约有４０％的表皮上皮细胞完全角化及脱落、坏死，真皮胶原纤维减少、疏松、染色较浅泼有充血和出血现象；毛囊外根鞘上皮细胞浆内出现大量空泡、间质细胞内质网有轻度的扩张。倍硫磷浇泼剂按０．０４１３ｍｌ／１０ｇ浇泼，可见上皮细胞轻度角化、真皮胶原纤维淡染、疏松并有空泡变性及散在的红细胞；毛囊外根鞘及内根鞘细胞浆内有大量空泡、间质中胶原纤维染色不均。按０．１ｍｌ／１０ｇ背部浇泼透皮吸收促进剂，经不同时间取材进行光镜及电镜观察，未发现明显的组织结构变化。     

马皮肤成纤维细胞的体外培养与冷冻保存

本研究利用小组织块直接培养法得到了成年马皮肤成纤维细胞的原代培养物,再用酶消化法处理,能够纯化马皮肤成纤维细胞。成纤维细胞的冷冻保存,首先采用手工冷冻法,选用含有不同浓度保护剂如：二甲基亚砜（DMSO）、乙二醇（EG）、甘油（GC））和新生牛血清（NCS）的12种冷冻液对马皮肤成纤维细胞进行冷冻保存;其次用2种冷冻方法对马皮肤成纤维细胞进行冷冻保存,以24 h贴壁率评价冻存效果。结果表明,10% DMSO和20% NCS的DMEM冻存液,对马皮肤成纤维细胞的冻存效果好(24 h贴壁率84.98%)。从冷冻方法来看,程序冷冻法(86.32%）优于手工冷冻法（79.98%)(P<0.05)。